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~ ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD 


AND 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EpitEp BY 


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“Double, Double, Toil and Trouble.” 


An ant, a wasp and a bumble-bee 

Were met one day beneath a tree ; 

‘Alas’ said the wasp, ‘‘ the wood these days 
Is so very tough I am nearly crazed, 

Aud they have plastered the posts with creosote 
It has given me such a pain in my throat.” 


‘Pooh, pooh!” quoth the ant, ‘‘ your troubles are mean, 
Why they’ve slaughtered my aphids with nicotine, 

And filled my halls with a poison gas 

So that even our workers cannot pass ; 

Such an horrible odour you never sniffed, 

I’ve a racking cough and am terribly miffed !”’ 


The bumble-bee hummed in his contra-bass, 
As he wiped the pollen from his face, 
“This farmer of mine is exceedingly rude, 
He has cut his clover and starved my brood!” 
Then they groaned in chorus, to disappear, 
In the circumjacent atmosphere. 
ANON. 


FEB 26 1923 


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Vol. XXXY. No. 1. 


Che Enitomologist’s Recor 
Journal of Variation 


ipItTED BY 
Rionarp 8. BAGNALL, F.u.s., F.z.8. Jas. HE. COLLIN, F.z.s. 
Gurorez T. BETHUNH-BAKRR, F.L.8., F.E.S. H. 8r. J. K. DONISTHORPE, Ff.z.n., #.E.8. 
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(Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, F.z.8. AurrEp SICH, F.z.s. 
EB. A. COCKAYNE, w.p., F.z.8. (Rev.) Groner WHEELER, M.a., F.E.S. 
and 


Henry J. TURNER, F.z,s., 
Hditorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 
Myrmecophilous Notes for 1922, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.E,S. oe ie se Be 1 
Lepidopterology, Hy.J.T. - . oo bic nc ne sc oe 9 
Notes on Coccinellidae, G. B. C. Leman, F. E. s.. aS a i is as Pe 11 
Some Notes on Swiss Butterflies, the late A. J. Fison He : é ate aie ies 12 
Notes on CoiLectine :— Warwickshire Records of Tehneumoniiee: J. CW. Saunt te a0 13 
Current Norrs anp SHort Noriczs a ae ae Be os ss a SO 14 
Socrerims :—Entomological Society of London .. Ki 17 


Reviews :—The Proceedings of the 8S. London Bafomoloctal ie N. H. S., C. R.N, B. as 19 


JANUARY 15th, 1928. 


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JOURNAL OF VARIATION. 


WiGitis JOOS IN@e The January 15TH, 1928. 


Myrmecophilous Notes for 1922. 
By H. DONISTHORPH, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 
FormicipaE.—Myrmicinak. 


Myrmecina graminicola, Latr.—The very interesting colony of this 
species, which I have now had under observation for over twelve years, 
continues in a flourishing condition. The following is a short extract 
from the yearly journal kept for this colony during the past twelve 
months. During the winter the ants kept very quiet and very few 
deaths occurred. Very little food of any kind was given to them. 
April 28rd, some bits of raw beef were given, these were cut up by the 
ants and fed to the larvae: the latter having pellets of the meat placed 
on their bodies for them to chew at. April 27th, many large larvae 
present. May 2nd, first packet of eggs observed. May 28th, several 
packets of eggs, and g, ?,and 8 pupae. Several ? ‘“ Daddy-long- 
legs” given to the ants; their bodies were cut up and devoured, and 
numerous eggs, taken from them, fed to the larvae. June 11th, fresh 
packet of eggs, and four winged 2 @ present. June 22nd, very many 
winged 2? 9 andafew gf gf hatched; many eggs present. July 2nd, 
still more winged ? ? hatched. July 9th, the body of a ‘ Magpie- 
moth” placed in the nest, the ants would have nothing to do with it ! 
This shows how very distasteful the moth must be, as Myrmecina is so 
fond of an insectivorous diet, devouring greedily flies, earwigs, clothes- 
moths, and other ants, etc. July 24th, some of the winged ? @ had 
shed their wings, and this continued until October 29th. when only one 
@ remained with one wing left. The colony is now in a very flourish- 
ing condition—a large number of 8 8, still more dealated ? 2, and 
many medium and small larvae being present. The outstanding 
features are that many more winged females, and far fewer g 3, have 
been reared than in any single year previously, and the colony was 
given less food last winter than usual. It is very difficult to draw any 
safe conclusions from the above as to the reasons for the production of 
females (i.2., 2 9, not ¥ 8) at any timeinacolony. Professor Hmery 
has expressed the views that 2 ? are only produced from larvae which 
have been fed with liquid food disgorged into their mouths by the ants, 
and not by bits of insect and other animal food given to them. Also, 
that perhaps the most important reason why they are produced is when 
there is no 2 in a nest. If I had not read his papers I should have 
come to the conclusion that this year 2 @ were produced in my colony 


2 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


by an abundance of animal food (raw beef, etc.) fed to the larvae, after 
a winter of scarcity. Also in this colony there can never have been the 
impulse to bring up ? 2 through their absence, as the original 9 , the 
queen mother of the colony, was present in 1915 when winged 9? ? 
were first produced, and ever since then the colony has consisted of 
nearly as many @ Q@ as 3 8. 

Forel considers that the sex of an ant is already determined in the 
ege—as is the case with Termites. Space, however, will not allow me 
to deal with this subject at any further length here; but I hope to 
return to it in the future. 

Formicovenus nitidulus, Nyl.—Mr. H. J. Jeffery, of Newport, Isle of 
Wight, tells me he has found a colony of this little inquiline ant in a 
nest of Hormica rufa in Parkhurst Forest. ‘This is an interesting 
addition to the ant fauna of the Isle of Wight. 

Solenopsis fugax, Latr.—Mr. J. H. Keys, of Plymouth, sent me g o 
and 8 8 of the above species from the Lizard, in Cornwall, to confirm. 
It is a new county record, | 

Stenamma westwoodi, West.— When working fungi for Coleoptera at 

~“ Beechen Corner,” in the New Forest, in October, I captured several 
% % of this ant at the roots of a funeus. The only other record I have 
of this species from the New lorest is from specimens in the Cambridge 
Museum Collection, taken by the late Dr. Sharp. Mr. Hallett has also 
‘taken this ant in agarics,at Cwrt-yr-ala,in Septemberand October, 1921. 
*Mr. W. EH. H. Hodson tells me he has found a number of colonies at 
Winchmore Hill this year. It will be remembered that the only other 
actual nests of this species found in the British Isles are those discovered 
by Mr. R. A. Phillips, in Ireland [Trish Nat., 80, 125-27 (1921)]. The 
colony given to me by him in September, 1921, has progressed favour- 
ably, and not a single ant of the original colony died in the first twelve 
months I had it under observation. The following is a brief extract 
from my note book on this colony for 1922. April 25th, the queen laid 
her first eggs for the year and continued laying throughout the sum. 
‘mer. May 28th, a number of semipupae, some pupae and one coloured 
pupa present. June 5th, a few more coloured pupae present. June 
22nd, many light coloured 8 ¥ (callows) and one g hatched; 8 8 
continued to hatch during the summer, and a few callows died. October 
10th, I introduced a Stenamma % , from the New Forest, into this nest; 
not much notice was taken of it by the % 8 in the nest. When it 
approached any of them they backed away from it; it walked over the 
larvae, and endeavoured to make itself at home. ~I never saw it 
attacked and it lived in the nest for two days, but a dead ¥ was 
present in the hght chamber on October 18th, which was probably the 
New Forest specimen. October 15th, several long Dipterous larvae 
given to the ants, the 8 % arranged shai own eae on them in rows, 
like so many little pigs feeding side by side at a trough. 

The colony consists to- day (December 8th) of some 75 % %, about 
100 larvae, and the queen mother. 

Leptothoraw acervorum, F.—On July 14th ants from a colony of 
this species were observed coming out of and going in to some beetle 
‘burrows high up in an old apple tree in an orchard at Darenth Wood. 
The burrows were probably old ones of Scolytus pruni, which was in 
evidence in several of the ajpblle trees near at hand. 


MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1922. 3 


DonicHopERINAL. 

Tridomyrmex humilis, Mayr.—In March Mr. Keys sent me speci- 
mens of an ant to name, which had been taken in houses in Plymouth. 
These proved to be % 8 of the Argentine ant, and from a new British 
locality. This pest continues the rapid extension of its range. TWorel 
[Le Monde Social des Fourmis (4, 1921)j stated it had already been 
recorded from the centre of France. In my book [British Ants, 342, 
(1915)| [ mentioned that it had occurred at Belfast (in great numbers), 
and in Edinburgh, I have since recorded it from Eastbourne (in great 
profusion), Enfield, and Guernsey. 


TorMICINAE. 


Acanthomyops (Dendrolasius) fuliginosus, Latr.—On May 10th I 
observed a number of % 8 of this species marching in files on and near 
a large hollow beech at Rhinefields, near the Rhododendron Walk in 
the New Forest. As I have previously pointed out [Mnt. Lec. 31, 4 
(1919)|, this ant is very scarce in this locality, and this is the second 
time only that I have seen it in the Forest in all the years I have 
visited there. On May 5th the species occurred rather plentifully in a 
hedgerow along a bridle-path to Wimbledon Common. ‘This 1s the 
first time I have found this ant so near home; the actual nest was not 
found, but Owypoda vittata was running with the ants. 

On July 81st I picked up a winged female on a road at Barkham ; 
no nest nor 8 ¥ could be found anywhere near by. She got rid of 
her wings when placed in a box, and died in two days after she had 
been taken home and placed in a small plaster nest. 

During the seven years I have visited the fuliginosus colony estab- 
lished in a birch tree, of which it took possession at Woking on August 
27th, 1915, after a fierce battle with a colony of A. (C.) umbratus ‘(the 
original owners), I have taken 35 Gunnteneias species of myrmecophiles 
in ib. 

I eave a description of this Dente in 1916 [Hnt. Rec., 28, 2 (1916)]; 
and on February 2nd, 1921, I exhibited at the meeting of the Kntomo- 
logical Society of London [Proc. Int. Soc. Lond., 1924, vii.-ix.] a 
number of % 8 of A. (D.) fulivinosus, all of which had 8 8 of A. (C.) 
umbratus fastened by their mandibles to their legs, etc., from this 
battle, and 80 species of the myrmecophiles. I stated that it had 
seemed a good opportunity to note how soon a new nest became in- 
fested with myrmecophiles, and consequently I have visited this tree 
from time to time ever since August, 1915. 


The following is a list of the species taken in the order in which 
they were found, but ouly the dates of visits are mentioned when an 
additional species was found :— 
Woking, August 27th, 1915. 

Battle between d. (D.) fuliyinosus and A. (O.) wnbratus. 

. Myrmedonia lugens ) Running about among the ants. These 
cast three species must have followed the 

= Piylneyean lasiae fuliyinosus. 

_ May 10th, 1916. 

. Myrmedonia laticollis. 

. Tropidopria fuliginosa and no. 8 also present. 


co bo 


ot 


dl. 


32. 
33. 


4. 


THE ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. 


August 17th, 1917. 


. Scatopse transversalis var. 
. Amphotis marginata and no. 2 also present. 


March 19th, 1920. 


. Myrmedonia funesta. 
. Quedius brevis. 

. Microglossa gentilis. 
. Harpactes homberqt. 
. Aphiochacta aequalis. 


ciliata and no. 2 also present. 
April 4th, 1920. 


99 


. Myrmedonia limbata and nos. 2, 8, and 9 also present. 


May 30th, 1920. 


. Oxypoda vittata. 

. Ptenidinum formicetorum. 
. Beckia albina. 

. Limosina curtiventris. 

. Loxotropa fuliyinost. 


Laelaps (Laelapsis) cuneifer and nos. 8, 8, 9, 10, and larvae of 
9 also present. 
June 20th, 1920. 


. Ptenidium laevigatum and nos. 8, 9, 10, 12, 18, 14, 15, 16, and 


pupae of 9 also present. 


. Chalcid bred from Quedius brevis pupa. 


August 14th, 1920. 


. Ceraphron fuliginost and nos. 2, 8, 4, 6, 8, 9, and 18 also 


present. 
September 27th, 1920. 


» Othins myrmecophilus. 

. Spalangia erythromera. 

. Lagynodes niger var. aterior. 

. Aspilota nervosa. 

. Tetrilus diversus. Very young spiders and egg-sacks on carton 


of nest. 


. Quedius mesomelinus. 


. Larvae of Dipteron; small but fat and broad. Nos. 2, 8, 4, 8, 


9, and 11 also present. 
October 7th, 1921. 
Oxypoda haemorrhoa and nos. 2, 8, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 20, 25, 28, 29, 
and 80 also present. 
June 8th, 1922. 


Notothecta confusa. 
Dendrophilus pygmaeus and nos. 2, 8, 4, 6, 9, 10, 15, 20, and 
30 also present. 
September 22nd, 1922. 
Schizoneura corni, alate ¢ and nos. 2, 8, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 20, 21, 
30, and 383 also present. 


MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1922, 5 


October 18th, 1922. 


35. Proctrupid sp. ?, and no. 15 also present. 


Tn connection with a few species in the above list :— 


Nos. 2 & 4 (Myrmedonia cognata, Mark, and M. laticollis, Mark, are 
about equally common, and are _two of the insects most frequently 
found present in this nest. This is not generally the case with the 
the former beetle in fuliyinosus nests, either as regards to distribution: 
or numbers. 

No. 9 (Quedius brevis, Hr.). On June 8th I brought home some, 
larvae of this beetle and placed them in a cell with some refuse from the 
nest. One pupated on June 12th and hatched on July 5th, seventeen 
days being spent in the pupal state. 

No. 10 (Microglossa gentilis, Miirk) was not observed in this nae 
until March, 1920; since then it has been quite abundant at times. 
In 1909 I discussed the problem of this (and other) species inhabiting 
both birds’ nests and ants’ nests (Z’rans. Ent. Soc. Lond.) 1909 
398-402). ur 

No. 21 [Ptenidium (Matthewsiwm) laevigatum, Er.| has been found 
twice. I have little doubt that this is a myrmecophilous species. It 
has occurred with both Formica rufa and A. (D.) fuliginosus elsewhere.. 
One of the four specimens in the Matthews’ Collection was originally 
in his series of P. formicetorwn, and marked by him as being a typical 
specimen of the latter species, he having no doubt taken it with ants. 
Many of the British records of P. laeviyatum are probably erroneous. 

No. 25 (Spalanyia erythromera, Forst.) IL have bred this year from 
pupae from No. 80; this is a new host for the Chalcid. It will be. 
remembered that when I first discovered a host for this insect, I bred 
it from pupae of Phyllomyza lasiae. [For notes on the life-history, 
etc., of S. erythromera see nt. Rec. 84 4 (1922)]. 

No. 30. I have not so far been successful in breeding the imagos 
from these larvae, though I have frequently brought examples home 
and placed them in cells with bits of carton and refuse from the nest 
and damp earth. They always pupate, some fastening themselves on 
bits of the carton, but no flies have ever hatched out. These larvae 
are chiefly to be found in the earth, often very damp, immediately. 
beneath the carton of the ants’ nest. I have found Dipterous eggs, 
from which the larvae had emerged, attached to the carton of the 
nest, which I have thought might be those of this species. 

No 33. Dendrophilus pygmaeus, Li. This is the first time, as far 
as | am aware, that this Formica rufa guest has ever been taken in a 
nest of d. (D.) fuliginosus. As a second specimen occurred on 
September 22nd, it is not the case of a single chance specimen. 

The carton of the nest is of a hght brown colour. I keep the hole 
in the tree packed with grass, etc., in the usual manner, and of course. 
various species of non-myrmecophilous Coleoptera, etc., are often 
found, such as Aleochara succicola, Th., Atheta nigricornis, Th., Xan- 
tholinus linearis, Ol., Clambus punctulum, Beck., Hister merdarius, Hoft., 
Huplectus karstent, Reich., Coninomus constrictus, Gyll., Corticaria 
denticulata, Gyll., and C. eppelsheimi, Reitt., etc. I think that the 
reason that the fuliginosus have not deserted their nest, which ants 
will frequently do when continually disturbed, is tiat I generally give 


6 “THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


them some sugar when I repack the nest. Mr. Champion also 
occasionally visits this nest, and he kindly informs me what species of 
Coleoptera be finds present. I am indebted to him for the first record 
of No. 14 (Myrmedonia limbata, Pk.) ; healso found No. 82 (Notothecta 
confusa, Mk.) there this year, and Quedius ventralis, Ahr. 

Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) niyer, L.—On August 20th marriage 
flights of this ant took place both at Putney (noted by Miss I’. Kirk), 
and at Horsford in Norfolk, where I was at the time. In the latter 
locality the sexes of A. (C.) flavus, and species of Myrmica were also on 
the wing. Another flight occurred at Putney, on September 21st, all 
over the district, at about 5.80 p.m. Sparrows were catching the 
winged ants both on the ground and in the air, and a large green 
dragon-fly was “ hawking” them; flying up and down the Hazlewell 
Road. 

Acanthomyops (Chthonolasius) umbratus, Nyl.—When evening 
sweeping at Barton Mills on September 5th, numerous ¢ g and 
winged ? ¢ of this species were swept up off long grass, and were very 
active in the net. On September 22nd when evening sweeping at 
Woking, a single winged @ was netted. On being placed in a glass- 
topped-box she immediately got rid of her wings. 

Formica rufa, L.—On May 9th a single winged 9 was seen 
running in a sand-pit near Lyndhurst, New Forest, a marriage flight 
having no doubt taken place that morning, the day being hot and 
sunny. On June 6th at Woking a deilated 9 was picked up as she 
was crossing a foot path. This I took home and endeavoured to get 
accepted by some I’. picea ¥ ¥ from the New Forest. The experiment 
was not successful however; as she died (or was killed) in-a few 
days. 

Formica picea, Nyl.—On May 7th % 8 of this ant were running 
about all over the “‘ picea”” area in Matley Bog. Several nests were 
located ; the colony from one of these, which contained no less than 
15 deilated @ 2, was taken home and fitted up in a plaster nest. 
The ants were evidently not at home in the plaster nest; and the 
colony did not thrive, though eggs were laid and larvae brought up. 
Amonest other food given to this nest was a number of . rufa ¥ 
cocoons, some of which were cut open and the rufa pupae devoured ; 
others were allowed to hatch and the rufa % ¥% lived for some time in 
the picea colony. Latterly they were sometimes pulled about by the 
picea % 8, and all eventually died. I have presented the individuals 
which remained of the colony to Miss Cheesman of the Zoological 
Gardens, as she had prepared a formicarium in the Insect House, con- 
sisting of a bog with growing sphagnum, rushes, etec., for their 
reception. She tells me that they all went down into the sphagnum. 
at once on arrival; but have not appeared since. It remains to be 
seen if the ? @ will lay eggs, and the 3 8 build up a typical picea 
nest next year. 

Camponotus (Camponotus) herculeanus, L., subsp. pennsylvanicus, 
Retz.—Mr. J. W. Saunt sent me to namea number of ants comprising 
gS, winged 9 9, 242, and ¥ ¥, which proved to belong to the 
above subspecies. He told me that about July 7th he noticed a large 
deiilated @ ant on the floor of a saw-mill at Coventry, which he 
realised was not a British species. On hunting about he found a plank 
of American oak which had been bored by Coleopterous, or Lepidop- 
terous, larvae, and on cutting offa piece a hole was exposed which was 


MYRMECOPHILOUS NOTES FOR 1922. 7 


tigbtly packed with dead ants. After shaking out and removing with 
tweezers a large number of these, the entrances to a central chamber 
were exposed, and inside he discovered five live winged @ 9. Of 
course these ants had been introduced in timber from North America ; 
but how, and why, they came to be packed into the small space in 
which they occurred (Mr. Saunt kindly sent me the piece of oak and I 
should say the borings were Coleopterous) Iam quite unable to explain. 
In British Ants (p. 848) I give other records of this American species 
occurring in Britain. Winged ? 9 were also sent to the Museum (a 
year or two back), from Alfreton, Derbyshire, which had been imported 
from America in ash poles. 


COLEOPTERA. 


Atemeles emarginatus, F.—A specimen of this insect was found 

running at large in a sand-pit at Matley Passage, New Ilorest, on 
May 15th. A few Myrmicas were about in the sand-pit; the beetle 
had probably just left a Myrmica nest, preparatory to entering one of 
Formica fusca. 
_ Clythra 4-punctata, L.—A number of specimens were observed 
seated on brambles over a rufa nest in Ramnor Inclosure, New Forest, 
on May 11th. One pair, in cop., was quite close to the nest on a 
twig, and ants were continually running over them, apparently with- 
out disturbing them in any way. 


BRAcoNIDAE. 


Aspilota concolor, Nees.—Mr. Morley has kindly named for mea 
of this species which I took in a nest of Formica fusca at Box Hill on 
May 1st, 1910. I have several times taken Aspilota nervosa, Hal., in 
the nest of A. (D.) fuliginosus. Mr. Morley tells me that this genus 
is parasitic on Diptera; it is therefore certain that when found with 
ants, they are parasitic on the flies which have bred in the ants’ nests. 


Diptera. 


Microdon rhenanus, Andries, and JM. latifrons, Lw. ?—On May 6th 
I found one larva and a few empty pupa cases of a Microdon in a nest 
of A. (l).) niger situated in a stump of Scots pine in the New Forest. 
The larva was unfortunately injured when breaking up the stump 
with a digger, and as it died next day, it was placed in spirit. On 
May 11th I again visited the ride where the stump had occurred, to 
endeavour to obtain more specimens. A number of old, empty 
Microdon pupa cases were found in various pine stumps containing 
niger colonies (proving that the flies had been abundant last year), but 
neither larvae, nor live pupae, were seen. As the pupa cases were 
different from any I had previously seen lsent some to Father Wasmann, 
who informed me they were Microdon rhenanus, Andries, a rare species 
and new to Britain. He also kindly supplied me with the reference 
to the original description [Zeits. f. Wissen. Zool. cil, Heft 2 (1912)]. 
I subsequently gave a pupa case to Mr. Edwards for the Museum, 
with the reference, and he informs me that it does not agree with the 
description of M. rhenanus, and moreover he is of the opinion that it 
is that of M. latifrons. As I found Microdon puparia in several 
different stumps, they may not all belong to the same species, and it 


8 THE ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 


is most probable that those sent to Wasmann are M. rhenanus.* Of 
the others however I can only say that they do not appear to me to 
agree with one of JI. latifrons, taken by Mr. Champion at Woking, 
which I have before me. The latter is distinctly larger, the ground 
surface is smoother, and the raised reticulated pattern is neither so 
prominent, nor so pronounced ; moreover the shape is different, being 
more parallelsided, and not as narrowed towards the base. ; 

Microdon latifrons, Lw., was taken in Britain in 1875, at Oxshott, 
and in 1900 at Nethy Bridge, by Colonel Yerbury; and by the late 
Rev. H. 8. Gorham, in the New Iorest, in 1902: but these I believe 
were only specimens of the imago netted at large. Quite recently Mr. 
Champion found live pupae at Woking in ants nests under pine bark, 
and Mr. Main at Ascot, from which the flies were reared. It is un- 
fortunate that I was not put on to these localities in time to ascertain 
the host ant of the fly, which host, as far as I know, is unknown on 
the Continent. 

As is well known, the larvae of all species of Micr al occur in 
many parts of the world, but always in ants’ nests, where they pupate ; 
and have been known for many years. The food, however, on which 
they lived was unknown, and it had never been discovered until 1912. 
Unfortunately Forel, in his last volume [Le Monde Social des Fournis 
du Globe, 2, 118 (1922)|, states that it is still unknown. In 1912 
[Mut. Itec., 24, 35-6 (1912)| I demonstrated by experiment of what 
the food of these larvae consisted. It may be as well to recapitulate 
briefly what I then wrote concerning one from a number of the larvae 
of Microdon mutabilis taken in nests of Formica fusca, at Porlock, and 
introduced into a plaster nest containing a colony of that ant—‘‘ The 
smallest larva I had is now full grown and still alive to-day, December 
23rd, it having lved in my nest for over seven months.” [It 
subsequently pupated and hatched.|] ‘It is always in the chamber 
occupied by the ants. When they move it very slowly follows 
them. The ants often sit on it and walk over it, but they never 
feed it. In my former experiments [Hnt. Rec., 19, 255 (1907): 24, 
18-19 (1909)|, I kept the ants and larvae in a bow! with earth, and as the 
ants and the Microdon larvae were always beneath the earth, I could 
never see them without disturbing the nest. NowI have been able 
constantly to observe them, it is quite clear that the food of the larva 
consists of the droppings, and pellets (Janet’s Boulettes de nettoyage), 
of the ants. It has never had any other food in the bare chamber in 
which it lives, it has never gone to the honey which is in the last (the 
light) chamber, the ants have never fed it, and it has grown to a full 
size larva from a very tiny young one.” 


HeEtTEROPTERA. 


Nahis lativentris, Boh.ixamples of the larva of this bug were 
observed in company with 8 8 of Formica fusca, and F’. fusca var. 
glebaria, on the cliffs at Ventnor, I. of W., on September 9th. Mr. 
G. C. Leman and his son also found young stages of N. lativentris 
running about with % 3 of I. fusca at Southwold in August. On 
both of the above occasions the bugs were about the same size as the 


* Since this was written I have heard again from Father Wasmann and he 
tells me the specimens sent to him are M. rhenanus. 


LEPIDOPTEROLOGY. 9 


ants. Other records of the occurrence of the larva of this Nabis with 
ants may be found in the H'nt. Mo. May. cor June, 1921 [H.M.M. 57 
187 (1921)]. 


APHIDIDAE. 


Trama troglodytes, Heyden.—Specimens were found at large in a 
nest of A. (D.) niger under a stone at Freckenham, on September 5th. 
As usual when the nest was exposed the ants carried nae Aphids into 
safety. 

Aphis heraclei, Koch.—Many specimens occurred in a nest of 
Myrmica ruginodis at the roots of Heracleum sphondylium at Stowting, 
on June 30th. Forda formicaria was found in company with the 
Coccid Ripersia subterranea in a nest of A. (D.) niger under a large 
stone on the beach at Ventnor, I. of W., on September 11th. 


Lepidopterology. 

In the recently issued Trimestres of the Annales de la Société 
Entomologique de France the illustrious Abbé J. de Joannis has written 
a critical revision of the species of Lepidoptera whose larval stage 
produce or inhabit galls on plants in the European area. He has 
taken as the basis of his paper the great work of Houard, Catalogue 
des Zoocécidies des Plantes @Kurope et du Bassin de la Mediterranée, 
treating of each species in detail and finally showing that out of the 
62 species of Lepidoptera recorded by Houard 12 should be deleted as 
included upon incomplete or erroneous original and unconfirmed 
observations, while at the same time M. de Joannis adds 12 Huropean 
species, which are not included in the original work of Houard. 

These 62 species are divided among the families Sestidae 8, 
Pyralidae 1, Pterophoridae 2, Orneodidae 4, Tortricidae 24, Hypono- 
meutidae 1, Crelechtidae 15, Hlachistidae 9, Neptieulidae 2, Tineidae 1. 

The Abbé’s remarks and criticisms are written in a most kindly 
manner with ample apologies to the author for having to point out 
such a series of errors both of commission and omission. He quotes 
with much apparent pleasure, and as an incentive for future observers 
the words of the late Lord Walsingham in vol. xl. of the Ent. Mo. 
Mag.: ‘ One finds here | Biskra, Algeria] among the Micros an unusual 
proportion of gall-makers. This habit is adopted by at least seven 
distinct genera :—Phalonia, Oecocecis, Coleophora, and four new ones 
(Anoecisis, Cecidophaga, Hypocecits and Proactica). Iam able to record 
nine gall-making species in these genera without taking account of 
Amblypalpis olivierella, Ret., the galls of which I believe I also found 
on Tamarix, and two others, not yet bred, one on Gynimocarpon 
fruticosum, possibly an inquiline, and one on Haloxylon articulatum.” 

The following are the species given as “‘ cécidogenes ”’ by the Abbé 
Joannis with the host plant, those marked with an asterisk being 
found in Britain :— 

*Sciapteron tabaniformis, Rott., on poplars (Populus nigra, alba, etc.) ; 
var. rhingiaeformis, Hb., on P. nigra; and subsp. synayriformis, Ramb., 
on P. alba, ete. 

Sesia flaviventris, Stdgr., on willows (Salia caprea, etc.). 

S. triannuliformis, Frr., on Sorrel (umex acetosella). 

*Odontia dentalis, Schiff., on Mchium vulgare and Anchusa sp. 


10 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


Platyptilia nemoralis, Z., on groundsels (Senecio nemoralis, silvaticus, 
etc.) ; var. sarvacenica, Wk., on S. fluviatilis. 
*Pterophorus mnicrodactylus, on Hemp Agrimony (Mupatoriwmn 
cannahinum). 
Orneodes desmodactyla, Z., on Stachys sp. 
QO. dodecadactyla, Hb., on Honeysuckles (Lonicera aylosteum, 
caerulea). 
O. yrammodactyla, Z., on Seabious species (Scabiosa columbaria, 
maritime, etc.). 
QO, palodactyla, Z., var. perittodactyla, Stdgr., on Scabiosa ureeolata. 
*Tortrix paleana, Hb., on Plantaao lanceolata. 
*Oonchylis atricapitana, Steph., on Senecio jacobaea. 
C’. pontana, Stdgr., on the wormwoods (Artemisia campestris, ete.). 
C. corsicana, Wlsm., on Santolina chamaecyparissus. 
(. austrinana, Chrét., on S. rosmarinifolia ; var. jflorana, Chrét., on 
S. chamaecyparissus. 
(. hylarana, H.-S., on Artemisia campestris. 
©. clavana, Cst., on Artemisia gallica. 
CU. santolinana, Stgr., on Santolina rosmarintfolia. 
CU. evtensana, Ster., on Artemisia barreliert. 
Conchylis leucanthana, Cst., on Cephalaria leucantha. 
*“Hvetiia buoliana, Schiff., on pine trees (Pinus sylvestris). 
“FE. resinella, L., on pine trees (Pinus sylvestris, montana, ete.). 
*“(rypsonoma aceriana, Dup., on poplars (Populns alba, niyra, etc.). 
“Cr, incarnana, Haw., race dealbana, Frr. 
Pelatea festivana, Hb., on oak (Quercus pubescens). 
Semasia metzneriana, Tr., on Artemisia absinthium. 
S. ineana, Z., on Artemisia campestris. 
Kpiblema lacteana, Tr., on Artemisia campestris. 
“HF. tetraquetrana, Haw., on alders and birches (Alnus glutinosa, etc., 
and Betula pubescens, etc.). 
*h). luctuosana, Dup., on Centaury (Centaurea nemoralis). 
Grapholitha zebeana, Rtzbg., on larch (Larta europaea). 
*(7. servillana, Dup., on willows (Salix caprea, viminalis, cinerea, 
repens, etG.). 
G. conicolana, Heyl., on pines (Pinus sylvestris, laricio, etc.). 
*Argyresthia goedartella, Li., on alder (Alnus glutinosa). 
Parapodia sinaica, Frauenf., on Tamarisk (T’amaria gallica, etc.). 
*“(relechia mulinella, Z., on Dartsia aspersa. 
Phloeocecis cherreyella, Chrét., on Fagonia sinaica and I’. glutinosa. 
Lita yallincolella Mn., on Tamarisk sp. 
L. gypsella, Cst., on Aster acris. 
L. cauliyenella, Schmid., on campions (Silene inflata, nutans, 
italica, ete.). 
L. gypsophilae, Stt., on Gypsophila sps. 
I. coussonella, Chrét., on Silene sawifraya. 
Leleia brucinella, Mn., on Tamarisk. 
*Stenolechia gemmella, L., on oak (Quercus sessiliflora). 
Proactica halimilignella, Wism., on Atriplea halinus. 
P. echiochilonella, Chrét., on H'chiochilon fruticosum. 
Sclerocecis pulverosella, Chrét., on Limontastrum guyonianum, etc. 
Amblypalpis olivierella, Rag., on Tamarisk sps. (Vamaria jordania, 
articulata, ete.). 


“NOTES ON COCCINELLIDAE. 4 


* Blastodacna vinolentella, H.-S., on crab-apple (Pyrus malus). 
*Mompha decorella, Steph., on willow-herbs (Hpilobium hirsutum, 
montanum, parviflorin, angustifolium, ete.). 
M. nodicolella, Fuchs., on Hpilobtiun montanum and angustifolium. 
Staymatophora serratella, Tr., on snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus). 
S. teucriit, Wism., on Teuerfum fruticans. 
*Augasma aeratella, Z., on the bistorts (Polyyonum aviculare, 
arenarium, etc.). 
*Heliozela stanneella, ¥.R., on oaks (Quercus pedunculata, cerris, 
lusitanica, etc.). : 
Coleophora stefanti, Joann., on goosefoot species (Atriplea parvi- 
florus, etc.). 
Phyllobrostis eremitella, Joann., on spurge laurel (Daphne gnidium). 
Nepticula turbidella, Z., on white poplar (Populus alba.). 
*N. argyropeza, Z., on aspen (Populus tremula). 
*“Incurvaria tenwicornis, Stt., on birch (Betula alba).—H.J.T. 


Notes on Coccinellidae. 
By G. B. C. LEMAN, F.E.S. 


1. Hippodamia variegata, Goeze, ab. suparcuata, mihi. While 
collecting aberrations of this species in the summer of 1922 at South- 
wold, Suffolk, I found one with a formula not yet recorded. 

This aberration is distinguished from ab. arcuata, Leman, in 
having the confluence inverted and its formula is 1, 2, 8, 5+4+6, 4. 
Type in my collection. 

2. I found this species in fair numbers on nettles and the coarse 
tall grass typical on the beach in this district. The type form with 
9 spots largely predominated, followed by ab. constellata, Laich., ab. 
angulosa, Ws., and ab. similis, Schrank (138 spots). The following 
were found in much lesser ratio, viz.: ab. neglecta, Ws., ab. confluens, 
Sajo, ab. veloa, Ws., ab. 11-punctata, Schrank, and ab. abbreviata, Ws. 
Of each of the following I only took one specimen: ab. donisthorpet, 
Leman, ab. judii, Leman, ab. italica, Walt., ab. alacris, Ws., and ab. 
observepunctata, Schrank. 

3. Of the above forms I do not think abs. confluens, veloz, 
L1-punctata, abbreviata, julti, ttalica and alacris have been recorded for 
Great Britain, though probably they may be found in many collections. 

4. I took three specimens approaching ab. donisthorpet, Leman, to 
the extent that in two cases the left and right elytra respectively only 
have the typical confluence, while in the third case the left elytron 
has the typical confluence and the right elytron conforms to the 
formula of the type form (9 spots). 

5. One specimen of ab. anyulosa, Ws., is remarkable for the bold- 
ness and breadth of the spots forming the confluence. 

6. Out of some 200 specimens taken, only three (the typical form, 
ab. constellata, Laich., and ab, similis, Schrank) have the coronate form 
of marks on the thorax. 

7. Halysta 22-punetata, L.—At the same time I took this species 
in large numbers, not on nettles as | had expected, but on young oak 
shoots springing up from stumps of fallen trees, all in the length of 
one hedgerow. Incidentally these shoots were all attacked by the 
whitish mildew so often seen on young oaks. I took the species in all 


12 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


its stages and had not taken the larva or pupa before. These latter 
are readily distinguished from those of other Coccinellids by their 
distinct yellowish appearance. I brought back several of the larvae, 
which in due course pupated and emerged satisfactorily. 


Some Notes on Swiss Butterflies. 
{Supplementary to the Butterflies of See One, by Rev. Geo. Wheeler, M.A., 
F.E.S.] 
By the late MR. A. J. FISON. 
(Arranged and communicated by Miss L. M. Fison.) 

“The works of the Lord are great, sought out of allthem that have pleasure 
therein.’’—Psalm, exi. 2. 

(Concluded from vol. xxxiv., page 217.) 

Epinephele lycaon, Rott.—Fionnay, vii.; Nessel, 30.vii.90; Der- 
borence, 25.vili.90. 

Aphantopus hyperantus, 4.—Rhone Bridge of St. Triphon, 21.viii.03 
(lots) ; Charpigny, 3. ile 88; Gryonne, 22.vii.22; Champéry, 31.vii.22 ; 
Mt. Carré, vi. and vill. - Dent: du Midi. 

A. hyperantus ab. arete, Milliére.—Above Plan Cerisier ; Martigny 
Combe. , 

A. hyperantus ab. caeca, Fuchs.—Corbeyrier; Kclépens. 

Coenonympha iphis, Schiff—Bex; Montet, 15.vi.20; Gryonne 
Meadows, 1.vii.22; Charpigny, 3.vii.22; St. Triphon Marsh, 3.vil.22 ; 
Dent du Midi, 4.vii.22 ; Mont Carré, 21.vi. 

C. arcania, L., var. insubrica, Ratzer.—Le Prese, 13.vil.01; Faido, 
13.vil.03 (1). 

C. arcania var. darwiniana, Stdgr.—Bel Alp, 14.v1.90; Caux, vi. 

C. satyrion, Ksp.—Dent du Midi; Barmaz; Bonaveau, 8.vii.22 
(L.M.F.), very small spots, some none. 

C. satyrion, Ksp., var. wricolor, Wh.—Morteratsch Glacier, 19.v1.01; 
Hmosson; Col de Forclaz, 7. viii. 09; Teméley, 2.vili.10. No black 
spots on band. 

C. satyrion ab. caeca, Wh.—(1) Rigi Staffelhohe, 21.vi.04. 

C'. pamphilus var. iyo, Ksp.—Mt. Bré; Cassarate; Mendrisio, 
15.viii.02. 

C. tiphon, Rott.—Altmatt, 17.v1i.08; Arth-Goldau, 20.vi.04 ; 
Winsiedeln, 6.vii.04; Aigle beyond golf links by Canal, 16.vi.05, 5.E. 
corner, the best part. The forms found there are very interesting, 
some being dark and some pale. Leeuk, 19.v1i.07. ; 

Oeneis aello, Hb.—Saasegrund, 29.vi.94; under mountains from 
Vernayaz to Martigny, no doubt blown down. Laquinthal, 18.vii.08 ; 
under Dent de Morcles, 25.vi.90; Faulborn, 1.vi.14 (L.M.F.). 

Evrebia epiphron, Knoch., var. cassiope, Fabr.—Under Bel Alp, 
14.vii.90. 

E. epiphron ab. -nelamus, Bdv.—Furka; Triibsee; Zermatt ; 
Simplon ; St. Bernard ; Glacier du Trient. 

FE. epiphron var. valesiana, Mey.D.—Pierre-a- Voir ; Magenwald. 

EH. melampus, Fssl., ab. sudetica, Stgr.—Randa; (1) Pratigau. 

i. flavofasciata, Heyne.—Schafberg, §S. of Ist Restaurant, 
1-15.vii.04; Tscherva glacier, 30 mins. below and behind Restaurant, 
1 g, 10.vii.01; none there in ee first found about 1850. Now on 
S. side of Albrun Pass. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 13 


E. eriphyle, Frr.—St. Lucia, 30.vii.97. 

E.. pharte, Hb., ab. phartina, Stgr.—Anthémoz, 29.vi.02. 

E.. mnestra, Hb.—Boden Glacier, 18.vii.95. 

E. alecto, Hb., var. glacialis, Esp.—Fully ; Portailles; Vernayaz, 
18.vii.91; Mattmark See, 29.vi.94; Faulhorn, 1.viii.l4 (L.M.F.) ; 
Anzeindaz, 14.vii.91. 

E. manto, Ksp.—Dischmathal (near eriphyle locality), 11.vii.04 ; 
Fénistral Bridge, 4.viii.10; Chamossaire; Corbeyrier; Rochers de 
Naye ; varies greatly in size. 

E. manto, Esp., ab. caecilia, Hb.—Trient glacier. 

FE. ceto, Hb.—Belalp, 14.vii.90 ; Teméley, 8.viii.1900. 

FE’. medusa, Fabr.—With extra eye at apex of forewing (on one side 
only) likeab. eviades, Wh. Found 1in50soat Charpigny; andonthe West 
side of Gryonne between road and railway in May, 1906, I got about 
15 so. @s seem to have this eye at times. (16) Kclepens (marsh), 
20.v.90; Belalp, 14.vii.90; Monte Bré, 28.v.03; Caux, 18.vi.03 ; 
Faido, 11.vi.04 ; (8) Charpigny, 8.vi.07. 

FE. oeme, Hb.—Maderanerthal, 24.vi.96 ; Faulhorn, 1.vii.14; Dent 
du Midi, 29.vi.14, with var. valesiaca, Elwes; Lutschine Valley, 
8.vill.14 ; Champéry, 81.vii.22; Barmaz, 4.vili.22 (L.M.F.). 

E. evias, Godt.—Losone (1), 28.v.03; Asegna, 4.v.96; above 
Inden, 4.vi.94; Dent de Morcles (2/3 up), 15.v.94. 

FE. nerine, Frr., var. stelviana, Curé.— Under Piz Languard (near 
1st and 2nd snow), vii.04; Taschthal, 9.vii.965. 

fi. euryale, Esp.—Hmaney, 18.vili.09. 

E, ligea, lu.—Dent du Midi, 29.vi.14—21.vii.22; Gorge de Chau- 
deron; E. of Nioue, vii.; Fren'éres, 3.vii.18; Grindelwald, vii.14 ; 
Champéry, 80.vii.22 (L.M.F.). 

Fi, aethiops, Ksp.—-Charpigny, viii. 

E.. aethiops ab. leucotaenia, Ster.—Alpe de Bodine. 

Evebia pronoé, Esp., var. pitho, Hb.—Salanfe Road above Salvan, 
8.1x.10. 

FE. goante, Ksp.—Kmosson (Finhaut), 12.viii.09; sous Kippel, 
10.viii.90 ; Faulhorn, 1.vii.14 (L.M.F.). 

FE. gorge, Ksp.—Rothhorn nr. Brienz, 16.vii.92; Mattmark See, 
29.vi.94 ; Anzeindaz, 14.vii.91; Gornergrat, 5.vi.97. 

FE. tyndarus, Esp.—Faulhborn, 1.vili.14; Barmaz, 4.viii.22 (L.M.F.). 

FE. tyndarus var. dromus, H.S.—Nr. Anthémoz, 4.viii.03; Barmaz, 
1.vili.03. 

E\. Jappona, Esp.—Arpilles, nr. Martigny (2082 m.) (4), 9.vi.90; 
Faulhorn, 1.viii.14 (L.M.F.). 

Melanargia galathea, L1.—Charpigny, vi. ; Les Posses; nr. Gryonne 
at Bex. Some with blue spots at edge of W. Sierre, 8.vii.02; Bueé, 
3.vil.01 ; Bex, 8.vi.03. 

M. galathea var. galazaera, Esp.—Lavorgo, 9.vii.03; Mt. Bré, 
28.v.03 and 18.viii.02; (24) Lugano, 2.v1.96. 


TOTES ON COLLECTING, etc. 


WarwicksHirE Records or IcHNEUMONIDAE (lcHNEUMONINAE).—Con- 
sidering the meagre reports of Ichneumonidae from the Midlands, 
perhaps the following captures in the Coventry district will be of 


14 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


interest to readers. ‘These were all taken previous to 1922 and have 
all been determined by Claude Morley, F.Z.S., F.E.8. :—Prot- 
ichneumon laminatorius, F.—Bubbenhall, 80.vi.18, H. Cooke. Stenich- 
newmon trilineatus, Gm.—HKarlsdon, 1921, A. J. Aiers. S. ochropis, 
Gm.—Stockton, 12.vii.19. Cratichneumnon rufifrons, Gr.—Stoke, v1.16; 
Coleshill Bog, 28.vi.1917; Stoke, 29. v. 21. C. fabricator, Fab.— 
Common and generally distributed. C. annulator, Fab.—Common and 
generally distributed. C. fuyitivus, Gr. SS vestall, 31.vili.19; Stoke, 
28.v.21. C. gravenhorsti, Fnsc.—Coombe, 14.ix.16; Bubbenhall, LLy. 19; 
25.iv.20; Kenilworth, 8.viii.20. C. lanius, Gr. - Goleshill, 23.vi.17. Me: 
Tecniaimaroinen: leucomelas, Gm.—Stoke, Wall Teonublven nell 18.vi.18. 
M. saturatorius, L.— 9? Stoke, 1916.  Barichneumon gemellus, Gr.— 
Church Lawford, 27.vii.l9. B. ridibundus, Gr.—Coombe, 15.viii.20 ; 
Stoke, S.vili.21. B. albicinctus, Gr.—Bubbenhall, 17.vi.19. ~ B. 
bilunulatus, Gr.—Ryton, 6.vi.20; Brinklow, 12.1x.20. b. vestiyator, 
Wesm.—Kenilworth, 8.vili.20. Jchnewmon deliratorius, L.—Generally 
distributed. J. sarcitorius, .—Bubbenhall, 17.ix.17; Cubbington, 
7.vill.18; Canley, 14.v.19; H. Cooke. Bubbenhall, 3.vi.21; F. Bon- 
ham. J. latrator, Fab.—Coombe, 15.vili.20. J. molitorius, Gr.—Stoke, 
9.vii.20. J. ewtensorius, Li. Common and generally distributed. J. 
gracilentus, Wesm.—Bubbenhall, 17.vu.17; Hunningham, 6.vii.19 ; 
Canley, 29.v.20. TL. confusorius, Gr—Common and generally distri- 
buted. J. albiyer, Wesm.—Bubbenhall, 20.viii.17 ; 18.11.21; Baldwin. 
I. gracilicornis, Gr.—Brinklow, 2.vili.20.. Haephanes hilgris, Gr.— 
Coombe, 15.viii.20. Rare. Chasmias motatorius, Fab.—Brinklow, 
12.ix.20; Brandon, 7.1x.21. Ctenichnewmon castigator, Fab.—Coventry, 
90.vi.21. C. funerenus, Fre.—Coombe, 7.vili.21. Rare. C. divisorius, 
Gr.—Ryton, 10.vi.17. Spilichnewmon occisorius, Fab.—Stoke, 21.viii.20. 
Amblyteles subsericans, Gr.—Bubbenhall, 8.vi.18; Coo, & § , 15.vili.20; 
Ryton, 81.vii.21; Brandon, 7.1x.21. A. armatorius, ¥st.—Generally 
distributed. Probolus alticola, Gr.—Stoke, v.16 9. Murylabus lar- 
“vatus, Chr.—Bubbenhall, 25.vii.17. Rare. Platylabus pedatorius, 
Fab.—Binley, 2.x.21. P. phaleratus, Hal.—Stoke, 11.vii.20, H. Cooke. 
Very rare. Herpestomus brunneicornis, Gy.—Bubbenhall, 1.1x.18, H. G. 
Wagstaff.  Phaeogenes stipator, Wesm.—Binley, 2.x.21. Rare. P. 
planifrons, Wesm.—Stoke, 24.v.20; Coombe, 15.vili.20. P. impiger, 
Wesm.—Princethorpe, 26.v1.19. P. maculicornis, Ste.-—Cubbington, 
7.vili.18; Coventry, 15.v.19; Church Lawford, 27.viii.19; Stoke, 
8.vill.21.° P. stimulator, Gr.—Brandon, 1.vi.19; Coombe, 7.vi.19; 
Bubbenhall, 25.iv.20; Brandon, 11.vii.20. P. callopus, Wesm.— 
Ryton, 6.vii.20.  P. fulvitarsis, Wesm.—Brinklow, 27.vi.19. Diadro- 
mus troglodytes, Gr.—Stoke, 9.vit.20. Hemichnenmon elongatus, Rtz.— 
Stoke, 19; Smockington, 7.viil.20. Rare. <Alomyia debellator, Fab. 
—Common and generally distributed. (Zo be continued). wig W. 
Saunt, 58, Enfield Road, Stoke, Coventry. 


G};URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


The Linnean Society has awarded Professor E.. B. Poulton, F.R.S., 
etc., the Linnean Gold Medal, as a token of its appreciation of his long 
and important services to the advancement of zoological science. In 
a very appreciative and complimentary address, when handing him the 
Linnean Medal, the President of the Linnean Society gave a brief 


CURRENT NOTES, 15 


account of Poulton’s brilliant work; and he finally said— While 
occupied with your own researches, and advancing science by your 
writings, you have always been a most generous and appreciative 
helper of other workers in your subject. You have been especially 
successful in stimulating young collectors of insects to extend their 
interest to the broader problems of bionomics and make real scientific 
progress, etc. . .” How many of us, like the writer, can thoroughly 
‘endorse these remarks.—H.Sr.J.K.D. 

On December 12th we again had the pleasure of listenine toa 

lecture by Professor Poulton at the ‘‘Old Vic.” on ‘‘ Animal Warfare.” 
This embraced such varied forms as skunks, snakes, spiders, ants and 
other insects and their larvae, and was extremely interesting. It was 
‘thoroughly appreciated by a large audience, among whom we noticed a 
few well-known entomologists.—H.Sr.J.K.D. 
~The Entomological News has a short but interesting article on the 
‘Authorship of the Lepidoptera described in the Hneyclopédie Métho- 
dique, vol. ix., by A. W. Lindsey, of the Denison University, Ohio. 
‘He says the authorship of all the Lepidoptera is that of Godart not 
Latreille. The title of the volume under discussion is Encyclopédie 
Methodique—H Hntomologie. ou Histoire Naturelle— 
des Crustaces, des Arachnides et des Insectes. Mr. Lindsey extracts from 
the introduction the following sentence:—‘“A lexception des géné- 
ralités préliminaires, que je m’etois reservées, cet article Papillon lui 
(Godart| est absolument propre; et si la justice ne me commandoit 
point cet aveu, je ne craindrois point d’y mettre mon nom.” Mr, 
Lindsey adds a further footnote —“ Je n’ai autre part a soi travail que 
celle de lui avoir fourni des moyens d’execution et de l’avoir aide de 
raes conseils.” From this it certainly appears that the authorship of 
all the lepidoptera contained in that volume should be in future 
attributed to Godart and not to Latreille.—G.T.B-B. 

We quote on a current topic from the Les Angelos Times.—* Tue 
Bue Housr.—Over in Vienna an eminent biologist has performed some 
wonderful operations on insect life. He has transposed the heads of 
various bugs. He has grafted the dome of a beetle on the shoulders of 
a wasp, and made a mild-tempered and paticnt creature out of a fussy 
and useless one. It is significant that in all his experiments the head 
carries the initiative and inspiration. If he should take it in mind to 
eraft the noodle of a mosquito on the neck of a grasshopper, we would 
have a blood-thirsty creature with a barb-wire kick and the capacity of 
a saw-mill. When bees and butterflies have their heads transposed 
it is the brain that carries control of the body. The bee with the 
butterfly head becomes frivolous and only seeks the flower for its per- 
fume. On the other hand the butterfly with the brain of the bee 
attempts all the processes of honey-making and may develop a case of 
hives. If the scientists keep making progress we may soon see the 
crossing of a speed bug with a road beetle, and the production of a 
Ford that can not only think but climb trees.” 

The following Fellows are the Officers and Council of the Bit: 
mological Society of London for the Session 1923. President, . fi. 
Green, F.Z.8. Treasurer, W. G. Sheldon, F.Z.8. Secretaries, Sa. 
Neave, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., and H. Eltringham, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S. 
Librarian, H. J. Turner. Council, R. Adkin, E. C. Bedwell, J. E. 
Collin, I.Z.8., J. Davidson, D.Sc., F.L.8., J. J. Joicey, F.L.8., F.Z.S., 


16 THE ENTOMOLOGIS2’S RECORD. 


etc., F. Laing, R. Wylie Lloyd, W. G. F. Nelson, N. D. Riley, F.Z.S., 
Prof. Kh. B. Poulton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., etc., The Rt. Hon. Lord 
Rothschild, M.A., F.R.S., etc., and H. Willoughby-Ellis, F.Z.8. 

The following will be the Officers and Council of the $. London 
Entomological Society for the session of 1928. President, N. D. Riley, 
F.Z.S., F.H.S. Vice-Presidents, K. G. Blair, B.Sc., F.H.S., and H. J. 
Bunnett, M.A., F.E.S. Treasurer, A. E. Tonge, F.E.S. Librarian, 
A. W. Dods. Curator, 8. R. Ashby, F.E.S. Assistant Curator, T. L. 
Barnett. Hon. Secretaries, Stanley Edwards, F.L.8., F.E.S., and 
H. J. Turner, F.E.S. Recorder, L. Ki. Dunster. Hon. Lanternist, 
A. W. Dennis. Council, T. L. Barnet, 8. A. Blenkarn, F.E.S., F. B. 
‘Carr, A. W. Buckstone, O. R. Goodman, F.E.8., T. H. L. Grosvenor, 
F.E.S., H. A. Leeds, KE. Syms, F.E.S., C. L. Withycombe, B.Sc., 

The Bolletino Lab. Zool. Gen. e Agri. of Portici contains a number 
of contributions of original work done by the able scientists of the R. 
Scuola Superiore d’Agricoltura. Prof. Silvestri describes a number of 
Staphylinidae from the Indo-Malay region remarkable for their asso- 
ciation with ants. The paper is lavishly illustrated with line drawings. 
Minozzi gives the ants noticed in the neighbourhood of Sambiase in 
Calabria. Grandi contributes an account of his researches on the 
Parasitic Hymenoptera (Chalcididae, Agaonini and Sycophagint) 
occupying more than half the volume. Bezzi describes two new 
Trypaneidae (Dip.), which infest the Olive. 

Recent numbers of the Can. Hunt. contain among the more im- 
portant articles one by J. D. Detwiler on ‘‘ The Ventral Prothoracic 
Gland of the Red-humped Apple Caterpillar (Schizwra concinna),” 
giving a thorough investigation of the power which the larva has of 
ejecting an acid fluid from its body; and another by G. C. Crampton, 
“‘ Notes on the Relationships indicated by the Venation of the Wings 
of Insects.”’ 

The Ann. Soc. ent. Hrance, Trim. 1 and 2, just issued, contains the 
following papers :—IKieffer, ‘‘ Chironomides de 1l’Afrique équatoriale,”’ 
with 4 plates; Joannis, ‘‘ Revision critique des especes de Lépidopteres 
cécidogénes d’Kurope”; Brocher, <“ Etude expérimentale sur la 
functionnement du vaisseau dorsal et sur la circulation du sang chez 
les Insectes: la Periplaneta orientalis,” and the Obituary Notice of the 
eminent Coleopterist Louis Bedel. 

The annual volume of the Verhand. zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien for 
1921 received a while ago contains a further contribution to the 
Lepidopterous Fauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Dr. Karl Schwerda 
who since 1906 has worked continuously on this subject. The previous 
communications he has made will be found with the following 
references. Verhand. 1906; 1908; 1910; 1911; 1912; 1916; 1917; 
1918; 1920; Jahresber. Wien. Ent. Ver. 1908; 1912; 1918; 1914; 
1915; 1916; and Zeit. st. Hunt. Ver. 1919. Thus a tolerably complete 
fauna list has been made with notes on particular species. The 
present article contains a coloured plate. 

Conte Turati continues the Faunal work which he has been doing 
for so many years. and there lies before us a very important paper 
‘‘ Materiali per una faunula Lepidotterologica di Cirenaica’”’ 1922, 
giving an account of the Lepidoptera collected by Don Vito Zanon in 
Cyrenaica, including new forms which are described by Conte Turati 


SOCIETIES. 17 


himself. In a previous paper in 1921 it will be recollected, Conte 
Turati gave an account of the Lepidoptera collected in the same region 
during a motor tour by Prof. Ghigi. It is a great pity that such 
original work is marred by the noninformative nomenclature. Muchloé 
belemia glauce distincta alewandri is an awful infliction, and only tends 
to make our study a laughing stock to the ordinary seeker after general 
knowledge, and to the earnest student is a real hindrance without. 
something to show the taxonomie value given to the various names 
by the user. 

The volume of Annalen des Naturhistorischen: Museums in Vienna for 
1921 contains a long paper ‘“ Beitrage zur Hymenopteren-Fauna. 
Dalmatiens, Montenegros and Albaniens” by Dr. T. Maidli. It 
contains an account of the Aculeata and Chrysididae. 

In the the fifty-first Annual Report of the Entomological Society 
of Ontario we note a paper entitled the ‘ Inter-relations in Nature,” 
in which it is urged upon all observers especially upon the economic 
entomologist, to look upon this line of study as one of the most. 
important quests. The writer, W. Lochhead, styles all nature “a 
vast system of linkages’’ and quaintly reminds one of the rhyming 
chain of events we were accustomed to in our boyhood days, ‘This is. 
the cat that killed the rat that ate the malt that lay in the house that 
Jack built,’ adding ‘“‘ Man eats the fishes that eat crustacea tbat. 
eat infusoria that eat bacteria that feed on decaying organic matter in 
some pond.” 


SOCIETIES. 


Tue EnromontocicaL Society or Lonpon. 


_ November 15th, 1922.—The Secretary announced nominations for 
the Officers and Council for 1923. 

Exection or Frttows.—The following were elected:— Messrs. A. KE. 
Butler, The Nook, Cleveden, Somerset; G. W. Holloway, The Hill, 
Amberley, Glos.; Rev. J. F. Perry, St. Anne’s Priory, Edgehill, 
Liverpool; G. B. Ryle, Pangbourne, Berks; Bb. Stewart, Lovell 
House, Leeds, Yorkshire. 

Girts To THE Socrery.—The Treasurer announced the bequest of 
£1,000 by the late Mr. Hamilton Druce, the income from which is to 
be devoted to the Library. He also stated that Mrs. Newman had 
presented to the Society a portrait of the late Kdward Newman, who 
was President of the Society in 1858-4. 

Exuisitions.—Mr. C. L. Withycombe exhibited a photograph of 
clusters of larvae of a Cecidomyiid new to Britain, identified by Mr. 
IF, W. Edwards as probably Miastor hastatus, WKieff., and the exhibit 
gave rise to a discussion on the phenomenon of paedogenesis in which 
Messrs. Collin, Blair and Dr. Imms took part. 

Professor HK. B. Poulton quoted some original field observations 
on mimicry in butterflies in Central Africa by Dr. S. A. Neave, and 
discussed the evidence from various sources respecting the insect 
visitors of the primrose, particularly Bombylius spp. 

Mr. Arthur Dicksee exhibited some aberrant examples of Papilio 
from Formosa, including a specimen of P. horishanus, in which 
homoeosis was present. 

Papgrrs.— Lhe following papers were read:—‘‘ A revision of the 


18 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Australian species of the Genus Melobasis, Fam. Buprestidae, Order 
Coleoptera, with notes on allied genera,” by Mr. H. J. Carter, B.A. 
‘“« Description of the pupal shell of Lachnocnema bibulus,” by Mr. G. 
T. Bethune- Baker. 


December 6th, 1922.—Ositruary.—The President announced the 
death of Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., a former President, and a vote of 
condolence with his relatives was passed. 


Eiecrion or Fettows.—The following were elected.—Mr. Donald 
Allen, 21, All Saints Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham; Mr. H. L. 
Andrews, c/o John Heelas, Eisq., Queen Anne’s Mansions, London, 
Ss. 


Girts To THE Society.—The Treasurer called attention to two new 
portraits in the Meeting Room, and also exhibited the plans for a new 
Meeting Room which it was proposed to erect at the back of the 
present building at some future date. These had been drawn up 
by Mr. W. Rait-Smith and presented to the Society, and a vote of 
thanks to him for his generosity in the matter was passed unanimously. 


Tixurpitions.—Mr. H. Donisthorpe exhibited the larva and pupa 
case of a species of Microdon associated with ants and probably new to 
Britain. 

Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited a rare British Tortrix, Hedya simplana, 
F. von R., taken in N. Scotland. 

Dr. HE. A. Cockayne exhibited examples of homoeosis in butterflies. 

Capt. K. J. Hayward exhibited an aberrant example of Limenitis 
sibilla on which scales had apparently failed to develop in patches. It 
was from the New Forest. 

Dr. H. Eltringham discussed the structure of the tympanic organ 
on the sides of the abdomen in Noctuid moths referred to by Dr. 
Jordan at a previous meeting. 

Dr. K. Jordan, F.R.S., exhibited some mimetic Castntidae and gave 
some account of a scent organ that is found in them. 

Mr. L. B. Prout, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, exbibited 
Geometrids of the Genus Bordota, Wlk., and gave some account of 
examples of sexual dimorphism and mimicry in these moths. 

Mr. H. J. Durrant exhibited some rare and aberrant British 
Lepidoptera, including a Tortrix HEucosma plebeiana, L., new to 
Britain. 

Dr. H. Eltringham, on behalf of Professor Poulton, exhibited 
further examples of Heodes phlaeas race ethiopica from S.W. Uganda, 
and some Hast African Lycaenids taken by Dr. van Someran, showing 
the attacks of lizards. 

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited several remarkable groups of mimetic 
butterflies from Venezuela. 

Mr. W. J. Lucas made some remarks on the food preferences of 
Vespa vulgaris, L. 

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a series of varieties of British Lepi- 
doptera. 

Mr. G. Talbot, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, exhibited some 
remarkable and little known butterflies from the island of Buru, 
including a new Ornithoptera. 


REVIEWS. 19 


Dr. H. Eltringham showed on the screen a drawing of the 
Nemopterid larva exhibited at a previous meeting. 

Mr. Martin E. Mosely, who illustrated his remarks with lantern 
slides, gave some account of a scent organ in New Zealand Trichoptera. 


FWEVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Tue Procerpincs or tHE Sours Lonpon ENromoLocicaL AND 
Natura History Society. 1921-22. pp. xvii.-88.—The continued 
progress of this Society, which has attained its 50th anniversary, is 
again a matter for congratulation. The effects of the unsettling war- 
time are evidently wearing away, and the Society is now able to 
register just over 200 members. The Report of the Council modestly 
mentions that the number last year, 192, was a higher figure than had 
been reached for many years past. Our information does not go so 
far back as those days, but we are pleased to think that, with such 
evident vitality this Society presents a prospect of standing, if not 
already, before long, as second in number of members to the Ent. Soc. 
of London alone. 

The losses have been few, and the Obituary quite small, although 
this includes several well known and valued names. 

The augmentation of the Society’s Collection has continued. The 
bequest of the late Mr. Ashdown, including 2220 Coccinellidae, and 
Mr. Kemp’s British Odonata, which goes to make an almost complete 
series of that Order, are particularly to be noticed. There is a very 
evident desire exhibited to make the Collections as complete as possible 
in all available Orders, with the practical object of providing for the 
wants of students. 

The financial position is described by the Treasurer as being only 
‘‘at least as good as it was a year ago,’ and this in spite of the 
generous support of the Publication Fund. The old trouble of unpaid 
subscriptions would appear to be largely respcnsible for this dis- 
appointment. It would nevertheless appear that the balance of assets 
over liabilities is quite satisfactory. 

In pages the Proceedings remain smaller than in former years, due to 
the continued high cost of printing, but the paper used and the general 
get-up have not suffered. This restriction of space has prevented the 
publication of more than the President’s Annual Address and three 
other papers, and these not “in extenso.”’ 

The President selected for his subject the old-time tradition of the 
“ Will-o’-the-Wisp.” This tale is probably far from extinct yet in 
out of the way parts of Britain. We have a recollection of the half 
humorous remonstrance of J. W. Tutt, when we suggested the 
insertion in the Hntomologist’s Record of a then somewhat recent story 
from the West of England bearing upon this subject, which might 
well have ended in tragedy. ‘‘ Scarcely scientific,’ was his verdict ; 
but in it went! Personally we have never seen the phenomenon, and 
therefore have no right to give an opinion, but two or three times we 
have thought we saw it in likely situations, and suitable times of year. 
The complete explanation does not appear to be forthcoming, and 
probably, as the President suggests, there are several. It is far from 
easy to locate, or examine, objects at night, and we have ourselves 
known a white handkerchief which was hanging upon a bush near by, 
to be taken for a ghost at a distance. 


20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


The Paper by Miss Cheesman upon the ‘ Oviposition and Larval 
habits of Rhyssa persuasoria,”’ a parasite upon the larva of Sires gigas, 
based upon the observations and materials of Lord Sligo, deserves. 
notice, as filling a gap in the life-histories of both insects. 

Mr. C. D. Soar’s notes upon ‘“ British Hydracarina”’ revive the 
hope that our old friend may be persuaded to make the plunge and 
publish the results of his many years study of this interesting group 
of one of the ‘‘ neglected’’ Orders. Probably there is no one at the 
present time who knows as much as he upon the subject, and his 
results have been expected by the Ray Society for many years. We 
write feelingly, knowing well the hesitation which comes upon 
students, when they think that they never do know, and never will 
know, quite enough to encourage them to appear in print. 

The third paper, upon “ Highways and Byways,” by Mr. L. W. 
Chubb, Secretary to the Commons and Footpaths Preservation Society, 
will remind collectors that they also possess rights. 

A large proportion of the reports of Meetings is occupied by studies 
of the Zygaenidae, chiefly by Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, who is making a 
special study of these Lepidoptera. Whether all the named species 
are really distinct we do not know, but it would appear from Mr. 
Grosvenor’s experience that there is no great difficulty in obtaining 
cross-pairing between many of them, which ability would appear to be 
not uncommon amongst closely allied forms, We recall many years ago 
that Mr. W. H. B. Fletcher, then of Worthing, devoted some attention to 
this subject. We think the evidence that a certain proportion of the 
larvae—of 4%. trifolii at least, go through a second winter, is new, even 
if it apply only to larvae reared in captivity. 

The curious “‘ Cuckoo-spit ” exhibited by Mr. H. Moore, from East 
Africa, Ptylus flavescens, F., would appear to have been at least noticed 
before it was sent by Mr. 8. L. Hinde to Prof. Poulton and recorded 
in the Trans. Ent. Soc. London (2.1906). Reading at random an old 
volume of Science Gossip, 1872, p. 184, we found mention of a similar 
phenomenon quoted from Livingstone’s Missionary Travels. In answer 
to a letter of enquiry, Mr. K. G. Blair kindly explains to the writer 
that the Psychid described upon p. 48 of the Proceedings was identified 
after the exhibition of the specimens as being Heterogynis penella. It 
is interesting to notice that Bruand in his Monographie des Psychides 
includes and figures Heterogynis therein. Needless to say, that 
although the male imago of this genus closely resembles a Psychid the 
internal structure of the abdomen is totally different. 

At the Annual Exhibition special notice was devoted amongst 
other subjects to Dr. Cockayne’s method of examination of Lepidop- 
terous colours by ultra-violet light, to forms of Papilio machaon, 
Rumicia phlaeas, and of a large number of other species. 

Mr. R. Adkin has, we read, assigned the name var venosa, to a very 
marked streaked form of Diaphora mendica from Co. Tyrone. 

Of the three Field Meetings, the most successful would appear to 
have been that held by invitation of Mr. and Mrs. R. Adkin at 
Eastbourne, when many interesting, if not rare, insects were captured. 
We again regret the absence of plates. The difficulty connected with 
their production, at least in Britain, would appear not to have been yet 
overcome, but we cannot but confess that we should have wished to 
see at least a portrait of Dr. Chapman.—C.R.N.B. 


Subscriptions for Vol. XXXV. (10 shillings) should be sent ta 
Mr. Herbert £. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,”’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, 
S.E.14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from 
January 15th to December 15th, 1923.) 


Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be 
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.E. 14 


ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be nserted at a minimum. 
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisementsin proportion. A yveduction made fora series. 
Pat if ulars of Mr. Herbert EK. Page, ‘' Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.@. 14 

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same fo Mr. H. Ji. Paar ‘Bertxose,’” 
Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.E.., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed. 


Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the 
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data 
indispensable. Liberal return made.—W. G. Pether, ‘‘Thelma,’’ 4, Willow Bridge 
Road, London, N. 1. 


Duplicates.—Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), 
*B. quercus ?, Tiliw, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophearia vars. 
Paniscus. Desiderata.—Pupe of Dictmoides; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina, 
(dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria.—Aarold B. Williams, 
112a, Bensham Manor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


Duplicates.—Sybilla, Paphia, Io (2), Selene, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, Illustraria (autumn), 
Nastata, Roboraria ¢ , Prunaria (4) ¢ , Tipuliformis. Desiderata.—Castreusis ¢ , Cucullina, 
Cribrum, Cinerea, Ravida, Ashworthii, Notata, Obfuscaria, Smaragdaria and others, also 
vars. and local forms.—Harold H. Winser, Kent House, Cranleigh. 


Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, 
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. 
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.— 
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford. 


Wanrep.—Specimens or coloured drawings. Foreign forms of British varieties of 
British Lepidoptera. Orrrrep: Drawings of 2,000 varieties.—S. L. Mosley, Tolson 
Memorial Museum, Huddersfield. 


Duplicates. Cinerea ¢ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars. 
Immorata and other East Sussex species. 

-Desiderata.—Pupsx. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista, 
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctue 
in fine condition only.—A. J. Wightman, 85, Morris Road, Lewes. 


_ Cuance or Apprusses.—Rev. G. Wheeler, c/o Miss Swaine, Briarfield, Veuitajord: 
B.C. S. Warren, 14 Avenue de lV Eglise Anglaise, Suisse. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7, 
8 p.m.. Annual Meeting, 1923, January 17th. 


The South London Entomological and Natural History Seciety, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. . Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
1923, January 25th, Annual Meeting.—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s. 
Plaee, Blackheath, S.E.3. 


The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street I.C.2, first and 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors weleomed. Hon. Sec., W. E. 
Gurce, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16. 


All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turnur, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.E.14 


We must earnestly request our correspondents not to send us communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 


Lists of Durricarns and Drsmerava should be sent direct to Mr. H. E. Page, 
Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.H.14 _ 


OVA, LARVA, AND PUP-E. 


The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is 


H. W. HEAD, Gripe gist, 


BURNISTON, Nr. SCARBOROUGH. 


Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets 
etc., sent on application. 
Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. 


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STEVENS’S AUCTION ROOMS LIMITED, 
38, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 2. 


THE HORNE COLLECTION. 


Messrs. STEVENS will sell by auction, on TUESDAY, JANUARY 30th, 1923, at 12.30, 
the first portion of the well-known and extensive Collection of British Butterflies formed 
by the late Arthur Horne, Esq., F.E.S., of Aberdeen, including the Remarkable 
and Valuable Series of Varieties, many unique; specimens of the 
extinct Chrysophanus Dispar., and numerous rare species, most carefully selected by the 
late Mr. Horne from the leading Collections offered in recent years; all in the finest 
possible condition, and carefully labelled with date. 


Catalogues tn course of preparation. 


9026 MAR 1923 2 


Sybseriptions are now. due: 


Vol. XXXV. | Soe No. 2. 


Che Enitomologist’s Record 
Journal of Variation 


Hipirap BY 


-Ricuarp §. BAGNALL, F.1.s., ¥.5.s. Jas. E. COLLIN, F.r.s. 

Gnorce T. BETHUNH-BAKRER, r.1.s., F.E.S. H. Sr. J. K. DONISTHORPEH, F.z.5., v.E.8. 

M. BURR, D.sc., F..8., F.Z.8., F-E.8. _ Joun Harriury DURRANT, ¥-E.S. 

(Rzv.) C. R. N. BURROWS, r.x.s. Aurrep SICH, rF.u.s. 

EK. A. COCKAYNE, m.p., r.n-s. _ (Rrv.) Gzoreze WHEELER, m.a., £.5.s. 
and 


Henry J. TURNER, F.x:s., 
Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


Acanthomyops brunneus, a pores of Formicidae new to Britain, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S.., a 
Jib Seisie 2 & es 35 ae ae th 21 
Polymorphism of Pararge megera, Rouse Ver ity, 2 M.D. Ss - ae =e 2 23 
_ Myrmecological Notes, W. C. Crawley; B.A., F.E.S., PRES. Bee ae Re = 29 
_ The Horne Sale, 8.G.C.-R. Br vie Ee ae ae ‘Se 2h we a 32 
Life-history of P. hiera, A. Simian ag ze 2 34 
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ACANTHOMYOPS NISTHORPEA) BRUNNEUS, LATR. 21. 


Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) brunneus, Latr., a species of 
Formicidae new to Britain. 


By HORACE DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S., ete. 
Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) brunneus, Latr. 


Formica brunnea, Latreille, Hss. Hist. Fourmtis France, 41 (1798)!: 
Hist. Nat. Fourmis, 168 (1802)?; Jurine, Nouv. Meth. Class. Hymén., 
273 (1807)°. [‘‘lia fourmi brune,”’ Huber, Moeurs Fourmis, 52 
(1810)]*4. Formica brunnea, Losana, Mem. Accad. Sc. Torino, 31, 319 
(1884)* ; Schilling, Ubers. Arbeit. Schles. Ges. varterl. Cultur., 55 (1888, 
18389)°. Formica timida, Forster, Hym. Stud., 1, 35 (1850)"; Schenck, 
Jahrb. Ver. Naturk. Nassau, 8, 53 (1852)*. Formica brunnea, Schenck, 
Jahrb. Ver. Naturk. Nassau, 8, 126 (1852)°. Formica timida, Mayr., 
Verh. Zool. Bot. Ver. Wien, 5, 861 (1855). Formica brunnea, 
Nylander, Ann. Sc. Nat., 5, 68 (1856)".  Lasins brunneus, Mayr, 
Kurop. Formicid., 50 (1861)"; Taschenburg, Hymen. Deutschl., 240 
(1966)*. Lasius niyer race brunneus, Forel, Denkschr. Schweiz. Ges. 
Naturw., 26, 46, 49, 50, 217 (1874). Lasius brunneus, Hr., André, 
Rev. May. Zool. (8.8), 2, 180, 202, 216, 217, 219, 226 (1874)*: 
Ann. Soc. Ent. France (8.6), 1, 60 (1881): Spec. Hym. Hurope, 2, 
193, 198, 201 (1882)""; Lubbock, Ants, Bees, Wasps, 68 (1882). 
Lastus niger st. brunneus, Bryant, Fourmis France, 56 (1890). 
Lasius brunneus, Wasmann, Tijd. Entom., 84, 41, 45, 48, 62 
(1891). Lasius niyer race brunneus, Lameere, Ann. Soc. Hint. Belg., 
36, 64 (1892), Lasius brunneus, Dalla Torre, Cat. Hym., 7, 182 
(1893)”; Wasmann, Tijd. Nntom., 44, 14 (1898)*; 42, 163 (1899): 
Arch. Trim. Inst. Grand Ducal Luwemburg, 1, 11, 12 (1906)*; 
Kischerich, Ameise, 220, 221 (1906). Lasius niger brunneus, Bondroit, 
Ann. Soc. Ent. Bely., 58, 486 (1909). Lasius (Lasius) brunneus, 
Ruzsky, Hazan Vet. Inst., 29, 620, 633 (1912). Lasius brunneus, 
Adam and Foerster, Mitt. Badisch. Landesver. Naturk. Naturs., 19418, 
210%. Lastus (Lasius) brunneus, Forel, Mitt. Schweiz. Wnt. Gesell., 12, 
52,54, 55 (1915). Lastus brunneus, Schmitz, Natur. Genoots. Limburg, 
1915, 72-75". Formicina (Donisthorpea) nigra subsp. brinmnea, Kmery, 
Bull. Soc. nt. Italiana, 167, 170, 174, 177 (1916)”.  Lasins brunneus, 
Crawley, Int. Rec., 32, 197 (1920)*; Soudek, Zula. Otisk. Caso. 
Moravsk. Musea Zemsk., 4, 7 (1922). 

% Dirty yellow brown, head above and funiculi of antennae darker; gaster 
blackish brown ; scapes of antennae, mandibles, and tarsi brighter yellow. 

Head broader than thorax; ocelli small but distinct; eyes somewhat smaller 
than in niger ; frontal furrow well marked reaching median ocellus; scapes with- 
ont outstanding hairs. ‘horax with short silky pubescence more distinct «t sides. 
Seale square, slightly emarginate at apex. Tibiae without outstanding hairs. 
Long, 3:7-5mm. (2°5-4mm. teste André). 

Described from a number of % & from Theale. 

@ Lighter or darker yellowish brown; mandibles, antennae and legs lighter 
yellow. 

Head nearly as broad as thorax (considerably more so than in niger and flavus) ; 


scapes and tibiae without outstanding hairs; wings infuscate at the base. Long: 
7-8:-5mm. (6-9mm. teste André). 


Described from a deilated @ taken by me at Les Agittes, in 
Switzerland, October, 1912, anda winged ? from Bulgaria in my 
collection. 

Fesruary 15ra, 1923. 


22 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 


Original description of Formica brunnea, Latreille [Hss. Hist. 
Hourmis France, 41 (1798) ]:— 

“17 F. brune. brunnea. — LM 

O.p. Ferrugineuse foncée. Yeux, sommet de la téte et abdomen, noiratres. 
Kecaille carrée, presque bidentée. : 

Femelle. Brune noirdtre. Mandibules, antennes et pattes, ferrugineuses. 
Keaille bidentée. Abdomen large. Ailes longues: quelques nervures obscures sur 
la base des antérieures.’’ 

The male of Formica timida was described by Schenck [Jahrb. ver. 
Naturk. Nassau, 8, 54 (1852)] as follows :— 

“M. 2 L., auch kleiner. Glanzend schwarz. Oberkiefer schwarz mit einem 
etwas rothlichen zahne, zuweilen fast zweiziihnig. Stirnrinne sehr tief, von den 
Stirnfeld bis zum mittleren Nebenauge. Augen kahl. Fihler schwarzbraun, die 
Geissel nach dem Ende etwas heller ; Steilchen und Endglied der Geissel weisslich. 
Beine schwarzbraun, Gelenke und Tarsen blassriunlich, oft fast gelblich. Schuppe 
meist stumpfwinkelig ausgerandet, auf jeder seite der Ausrandung line Spitze mit 
langen Borsten. Kérper sparsam mit Borstenhaaren. Fliigel bis zur Mitte schwach 
briunlich getriibt, Adern und Randmahl braunlich. Am dbnlichsten der M. der 
fuliginosa. (den Unterschied f. bei dieser). Vor dem M. der gelben Arten schon 
dureh die kahlen Augen leicht zu unterscheiden ; characteristisch ist auch die 


Gestalt der Schuppe.”’ 
Habitat. 


Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) brunneus occurs in HKurope—France’, 
Belgium”, Holland’, Switzerland", Germany”, Luxemburg”, Italy”, 
e:c.; Asia—Caucasus!’, Asia Minor’, Palestine!’, Persia®*; and Africa 
—Algeria!’. 

British distribution as at present known :— 

Berkshire, Theale (Joy). 

A strong colony of this ant was discovered by Dr. N. H. Joy in the 
hollow of a large felled poplar, at Theale, in Berkshire, on January 
21st, 1923. As he realized that the species was unknown to him, he 
sent some workers on to me to name, and these I at once recognized 
as A. (D.) brunneus, Latr., an ant new to the British list. On 
February Gth I visited the nest with him and brought home a 
few of the workers to form a small colony in an observation 
nest. It is true that brunnews was recorded as British by the 
late F. Smith [Cat. Brit. Fossor. Hym., 11, 224 (1858): Trans. 
Ent. ‘Soc. Lond. (8.2), 4, 278 (1858), ete]; but in his 1871 
Catalogue [Cat. Brit. Hym. Acul., 2 (1871)] he gives it as a 
synonym of wubratus. It should probably have been referred 
to A. (U.) metus (as neither that species nor brunneus possess 
outstanding hairs on the tibiae), which was not then known as 
British. Smith’s record for Deal consisted of a solitary female, sorted 
out from a lot of other ants [Hnt. Ann., 1858, 89], and was almost 
certainly mivtus. It will thus be seen that Dr. Joy’s capture is a 
genuine addition to the somewhat poor ant fauna of this country. 

A. (D).) brunneus is a very timid ant [hence Férster’s appropriate 
name'| of retiring habits, and seldom leaves its nest; which will 
account for its rarity here. When the nest is exposed the ants seek 
safety in flight with great rapidity. It principally nests in old tree 
trunks—Schenck® says chiefly oak, more seldom in lime; Forel" gives 
walnut, chestnut, and lime; and Mayr” records it in Populus alba from 
Vienna—and prefers parks and wooded land to more open country. It 
has also been found under bark and in rotten wood, at the roots of trees, 
under stones, and even in the walls of houses. 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 23 


According to André” it feeds almost exclusively on the excreta of 
large aphides which it rearsin the galleries of the nest ; Lubbock” says 
it devotes itself principally to the aphides which live on the bark of 
trees ; and Schenck® mentions large grey plant lice which are found 
with it, and when disturbed the ants at once take them into the gal- 
leries. The marriage flight is said to occur in June and July, and 
Schenck® says it takes place between five o’clock and eight o’clock in 
the morning. The following myrmecophiles have been found with A. 
(D.) brunneus on the continent :— 

Coleoptera: Homoeusa acuminata, Mark; Microylossa pulla, 
Gyll.”, Ilyobates glabriventris, Rye”, Myrmedonia lugens, Gr.°, Atheta 
nitidula, Kr.8, Euryusa laticollis, Heer., I. sinuata, Kr, Claviyer 
duvali, Sauley”, Batrisus fornucarius, Aubé’, Batrisodes delaporte’, Aube”, 
B. adnewus, Hmpe*., B. venustus, Reich”. 

Araneina: Phrurolithus festivus, C.1K."1, Dysdera cambridgei, Thor. 

Acarina: Trachyuropoda bostocki, Mich.* 

Crustacea: Vlatyarthrus hoffmanseggi, Drdt.° 

This is the second species of ant that has been discovered in britain 
since the publication of my book on British Ants in 1915.. The first 
of these was Myrmica schencki, Wmery, discovered by Mr. H. M. Hallett 
at Sully, Glamorgan, and introduced as British by myself [Mnt. Nec., 
27, 265-6 (1915)]. A description of the g of M. schencki may be found 
in the Record for 1917 [lnt. Ree., 29, 32 (1917)]. 


On the Geographical and Seasonal Variations of Pararge megera, L. 
By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 
(Concluded from vol. xxxiv., p. 214.) 

Grade III.: As I have mentioned in connection with jilipluma, the 
summer characters of the latter get more and more accentuated as one 
proceeds southward, and the difference between them and those of the 
spring generation increase proportionately. One thus comes to a . 
region where a distinct grade is discernible in the main line of variation, 
as compared. with nymotypical filipluna of Belgium, England, etc., 
and where other features contribute to produce races perfectly different 
from it, transitional to those of the extreme south. Besides belonging 
on an average to grade III. by the underside of the hindwings, the 
shape of the wings is seen to be narrower, more pointed at apex and 
with a straighter outer-margin, culminating in form porrecta, Vrty. 
(int. Rec., xxxi., p. 126), the upperside markings are less extensive, 
the basal black patch of hindwings is very much lighter in tone and 
often nearly obliterated by the abundance of fulvous scales, the fulvous 
is brighter and notably so in some females. In the materials I have at 
hand I detect two primary races :— 

Race yvrvipior, mihi, can be described as simply being the grade 
which follows filipluimna on the main line of variation. Roughly its 
distribution may be said to include the greater part of the Iberic zone, 
the south of France (specimens I possess from Chautonnay in Vendée 
are already clearly a transition to this race), and the north of Italy; 
probably it is found even north of the Alps in particularly warm 
localities (certainly, for instance, in some parts of the Rhone valley). 
Remarkably large individuals appear now and then, especially in the 
female sex, and there are localities, such as the valleys of South Tyrol, 


94 THE ENLOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 


where they are so abundant that one has the impression of a distinct 
secondary race, which might well be named GRanprscens, mihi. 
Oberthiir mentions twice in his Etudes de Lép. Comp., vol. iii., p. 364, 
and x., p. 852, the race of Lectoure (Gers) as being remarkable, 
because of its strong tendency to an increase in the number of eye- 
spots, such as he has observed nowhere else. This race seems worthy 
of being recorded by a name, and I propose that of oceLnarior, mihi. 

Race prazaustrRatis, Vrty., II. and ILI. generations pamnINSULITALICA, 
mihi, exhibits all the features of vividior, but in addition to them it 
possesses others which include it in the south-eastern lyssa line of 
variation. These consist in the silvery white ground-colour of under- 
side of the hindwing, instead of the yellowish tinge of /ilipluma and 
vividior, and in the pearly grey tone of its diffused scaling. In vividior 
and in vividissimg, to be described in grade IV., this scaling is broken 
up into more or less narrow bands and patches, but these are dark and 
they stand out sharply on the yellowish ground-colour. In paeninsu- 
litalica these bands and patches are only slightly darkened and they 
shade off into the white ground-colour. It constitutes the summer 
generations of race praeaustralis, and it spreads over the whole of the 
Peninsular Italic zone. TI select as “typical” the second (June) 
generation, and the third (September), from the locality of my 
“typical” praeaustralis. It will be observed that they are but a grade 
further along the same line of variation as the latter and also that 
they differ less from it than does vividior from its own first generation. 
The size of paeninsulitalica is, on the whole, smaller than that of 
vividior and the very large individuals, found so frequently in the 
latter, are quite scarce here. 

Under the name of tigeliiformis I have described in the Bull. Soe. 
Hntom. Italiana, xlii., p. 269 (1911), a series of specimens I had 
collected near Piteglio, m. 700, in the Pistoiese Apennines (Tuscany) 
at the end of August of that year. They are very striking on account 
of the reduced extent of all the black markings above and especially on 
account of the total obliteration of the band which precedes the eye- 
spots on the hindwing, so that by these characters they might at first 
sight be mistaken for tigelius, their small size also contributing to 
increase the resemblance. A more accurate comparison, however, 
soon shows that they are not even transitions to it, because they show 
no signs of the chief characteristics of tigelins on the underside, and a 
further proof is that even the most extreme examples could not 
be mistaken for it, whilst no tigelins ever exactly resembles tigeltiforimis ; 
there is always a distinct gap between them. Since 1911 I have found 
this form to be largely prevalent, mixed with a few individuals bearing 
traces of the band mentioned, in other localities, such as the extremely 
parched one of Quercianella on the Tuscan coast, south of Leghorn. 
In these localities it thus constitutes a remarkable secondary aberrative 
race. As an individual form occurring occasionally it is mentioned by 
Zeller, Calberla, Oberthtir and others and in fact it is not infrequent 
as an individual variation of paeninsulitalica in all sorts of localities, 
and I even possess a small specimen of pracaustralis, with the features 
in question well marked on the upperside, collected in Florence on 
March 380th, showing it is produced by unsuitable conditions of 
various sorts. 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. 25 


Grade [V.: By the name of race vivipissima, mihi, I should dis- 
tinguish the striking summer generations of the race of the south of 
Spain and of some localities of Palaearctic Africa, larger in size than 
any other of the species and more brilliant in colouring on the upper- 
side, especially in the female sex ; some specimens are of a beautifully 
intense reddish fulvous, others, on the contrary are of a light yellowish 
fulvous, but usually very bright; the dark pattern is more slender than 
in vividior and the black is often mixed with chestnut, which gives it 
a reddish tinge rather than a deep black one; in some females it is 
quite pale on this account. (This form castanropreta, mihi, is 
frequent also in Italy in paentnsulitalica.) The underside of vividissima 
can, on the whole, be described as a grade further than vividior, but 
there exists a greater amount of individual variation than in other 
races, some specimens resembling vividior and others depulverata of 
srade V. 

Race lyssa, Htibner, Mur. Schmett, I., pl. 186, figs. 914 to 917: Kirby 
in his Catalogue only mentions Hubner in connection with this name. 
All the other writers, on the contrary, attribute it to Boisduval (/c. Hist. 
Lép., I., p. 222, pl. xliv., figs. 4, 5), on account of the wrong dates in con- 
nection with Hubner. As Hiibner’s plate 186 is amongst those issued 
from 18238 to 1833 and Boisduval’s book was published from 1832 to 
1841, it seems, on the strength of these new dates, all probabilities are 
in favour of the former haying appeared before the latter, but how it 
came about that Boisduval used the same name as Hubner, without 
qnoting him, remains a mystery. The only conjecture I can make is that 
the name was used in litteris by other entomologists and that speci- 
mens were sent to both labelled with it, as in the case of 1. jurtina 
race hispulla, published at about the same time by Esper and by 
Hiibner, and as in other instances of the sort, which are quite 
surprisingly. numerous in entomological literature. The features 
characteristic of the /yssa line of variation exist both in Hubner’s and 
Boisduval’s figures. The latter effectively described them as con- 
ferring on these megera a look very similar on the underside of hindwings 
to that of aera, L. At a closer inspection I find that what produces 
this is their more uniform tone, as also the darker and sharper streaks 
and circles round tbe eye-spots standing out more boldly and these 
circles being broader; the more uniform tone is due to the diffused 
scaling being either entirely absent, in extreme examples, or very pale 
and shadowing off in the silvery white ground-colour, so that no 
distinct bands and patches are to be seen, precisely as in maera; this 
character exists also on the basal half of the wing; here, in the fore- 
part of the space between the two central streaks and between them 
and the base, there survive traces of some darker patches than the rest 
of the diffused scaling, even in the greater number of the paeninsuli- 
talica individuals which resemble lyssa most, whereas these darker 
patches never appear in lyssa, just as they are never seen in maera. 
Hubner’s figures of lyssa by no means represent the most extreme and 
characteristic form along this line of variation; on the upperside the 
dark pattern is as extensive as in nymotypical megera of the north of 
Europe; on the underside the diffused scaling is, on the whole, more 
like grade III. than like the well characterised Jyssa in extent, but, not- 
withstanding this, the maera-like aspect is unmistakably there. Bois- 
duval figures specimens from Dalmatia in which all the dark markings 


26 THE ENTOMOLOGIS’’S RECORD. 


of both surfaces are very much less extensive. Staudinger in his 
notes onthe Lepidoptera of Greece had observed as early as 1871 
(Horae Soc. Ent. Rossicae, vii., p. 78) differences of this sort in the 
lyssa of various localities in the Balkans, and finds it worthy of atten- 
tion that specimens of the first generation from the Parnassus are 
lighter beneath than are June ones from Naxos and others from 
Smy rna. This is due to the fact that in megera seasonal dimorphism 
increases from north to south as far as the region of race vividior, 
because, as I have pointed out, the summer generations oradually 
change aspect, and that south of this region, in the Hastern Mediter- 
ranean, that dimorphism decreases again, because the first generation 
begins to follow in the same track of variation and ends up, in the 
southern Balkans and in Sicily, by acquiring the same aspect as the 
summer generations. The light and the dark formsare thus produced 
by all the generations and it is chiefly a matter of local conditions 
when one prevails markedly, as observed by Staudinger. 

Race australis, Zeller (Isis, 1847, p. 140): This author collected 
megera at Messina from the end of January onwards and got a few 
specimens at Syracuse in July. He too, who was so keen on seasonal 
polymorphism and deseribes it so well in many species, makes no 
remark about it in this one, but he describes the Sicilian race by the 
following words: ‘“ Wings more broadly ochreous, streaks on under- 
side of forewings thinner, underside of hindwings light erey.” I 
possess series from the neighbourhood of Palermo, collected during 
the spring, and one series from the Ficuzza (in the hinterland south 
of this town) collectedin August. Both series contrast markedly on the 
upperside with Hubner’s figures of lyssa by the limited extent of the 
black markings, and also with Boisduval’s, although to a lesser 
degree ; they are as reduced as the species can exhibit ‘them normally, 
except for tigelius. In the spring series none of my specimens have 
the band of the hindwing obliterated, as in tigelius and tigeliiformis, but 
all my August males have it entirely cancelled. As to the underside, 
it constantly exhibits the features of the lyssa line of variation. 
-I find that most specimens of both generations are quite alike, 7.e., 
with diffused scaling a little less extensive than in Htibner’s figure 
and a little more so than in Boisduval’s, but that variation in the 
first generation tends to produce forms culminating in a uniform pale 
erey scaling on the ground colour, which recalls the darkest northern 
races of maera, whereas in the summer generations it culminates in 
the disappearance of all grey scaling, so that the eround colour 
remains of a perfectly pure silvery white. I think that one is quite 
justified in selecting as the nymotypical form of Zeller’s australis the 
characteristic spring form just described, both because his description 
of either surface suits it admirably and because one understands that 
nearly all his specimens were collected at Messina in the spring. The 
features he mentions also separate well his Sicilian race froin lyssa. 
His name can thus be used for the first generation of Sicily. As to 
the summer generations one must conclude that they have remained 
to this day undescribed and unnamed. ‘To them, no doubt, belonged 
the Sicilian specimens mentioned by Oberthiir as particularly interest- 
ing because the male scarcely differs from tivelius, although the female 
always has the upperside pattern more developed than in the latter. 
I too, in fact, find no tigeliiformis amongst my females. I should not, 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. oT 


however, consider the males a transition to tigelius, as does Oberthur, 
but simply a parallel variation of the upperside characters, because the 
underside follows quite a different line. I propose the name of 
fIGELLYssa, mihi, for the forms just described, which combine the 
features of tigelitformis on the upper surface with those of /yssa on the 
underside, taking as *‘ typical’ my series of the Ficuzza. This name 
can thus well be extended to the summer generations of Sicily, taken 
on the whole. 


Grade V.: Race depulverata, Frihstorfer, Internat. Entom. Zeitschr. 
Guben, IIL., p. 188 (September 4th, 1909), is described as follows: 
“The ground-colour is lighter than in Spanish examples. On under- 
side of forewings the black bands are narrower than in Huropean 
specimens. The hindwings are prevailingly, yellowish and the grey 
suffusion is either entirely absent or only imperceptibly shadowed.” 
The “types”’ were from Algiers, Philippeville and Oran, collected by 
Seitz, but no mention of their dates of capture is made. I think one 
can safely infer from the description that it applies to the summer 
generations, because the African winter one is, to my knowledge, 
distinctly dark on the underside, whereas this is evidently the cul- 
niinating degree in the reduction of the dark diffused scaling. The 
light coloured upperside also distinguishes this race from vividissima, 
Vrty., of other African localities. It will be interesting to know how 
these various African races and forms stand to each other and what 
their distribution is exactly. 

Form inrratersa, mihi: [ have already stated that amongst the 
Sicilian summer individuals there occur frequently some with the 
eround-colour of the underside of the hindwings clear silvery white 
or very pale pearl-grey, on account of the total or nearly total absence 
of grey diffused scaling. This form is parallel to the African 
depulverata, in which the ground-colour is, instead, yellowish. Seitz 
in his Gross-schmett. figures a specimen of this sort as lyssa, but, now we 
want to carry analysis further, we must note that it is very different 
from that of Hubner, although it represents the superlative degree on 
the same line of variation. I think it will be found necessary to dis- 
tinguish it by the name of infratersa and I venture to forecast that it 
will be found to predominate in some localities and that it will rise to 
the rank of race. As a matter of fact, there remains to establish what 
distribution and what seasonal connections lyssa, infratersa and 
tigellyssa have in the Balkanic zone and in Asia Minor. In the Ent. 
Rec. for 1919, p. 126, I named emilyssa, from specimens collected on 
the Bosphorus, a form with heavy black markings on the upperside 
and “ total lack of grey scaling on the underside of hindwings.” Now 
that Hubner’s dark dyssa must be considered nymotypical, my emilyssa 
is scarcely worth distinguishing from it (I then compared it to 
Boisduval’s), but the name can still be useful to designate the form in 
which the upperside has very extensive markings, whilst the underside 
is the very light infratersa one. 

The following little Table shows how the different primary races of 
P. megera, li., and their generations, stand to each other :— 


A B Cc D 
I,: I. g.infrapallens. I. g. megera. I. g. tigellina. 
Ils g Il. g. filipluma. Il.&I11. g. tigelius. L.g.praeaustralis. 
lI II. & M1. g. vividior. Il. &I1.g. paenin- 


sulitalica. 


28 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


A B C D 
(1. g.? Lyssa. 
TA Il, & Ill. g. vividis- jl. g. australis. 
it sima. II. & Ill. g. tigel- 
( lyssa. 


V.: Il. & III. g. depul- 
verata. 

The Roman figures in the first column stand for the successive 
erades of the main line of variation described at the beginning of this 
paper. The four other columns are characterised by the following 
features on the underside of hindwings : 

A: Ground-colour yellow or reddish-yellow. 

B: Ground-colour yellowish; diffused scaling blackish in tinge. 

C: Ground-colour mostly white; diffused scaling of basal half of 
wing much more extensive and intense than that of outer half. 

D: Ground-colour silvery-white or pearl-grey; diffused scaling 
grey in tinge. 

The blank spaces in the above table correspond to features which 
to my knowledge, have not for the present been observed to prevail in 
any locality, so that they are not characteristic of any race or genera- 
tion, but they simply occur as variations. If it be found necessary to 
designate them, the following names may be useful ;— 

In the A line of variation, grades I. III. and 1V. might be called 
respectively: LUTEAFILIPLUMA, LUTBAVIVIDIOR, LUTEAVIVIDISSIMA, as they 
resemble the corresponding grades of line B, but they have a more 
decided tinge of yellow or reddish-yellow on the underside. They are 
to be met with in Palaearctic Africa. 

In the B line of variation, grade V., of a paler yellow on underside 
than depulverata, might be called paLuimepEPULVERATA. Found in 
Africa and southern Spain. 

In the C line of variation, I only know of the existence of grade III. 
as the form with the lghtest underside markings in the summer 
generations : TIGELICLARA. 

In the D line of variation, grade I. is exhibited by individuals of 
I. gen. pracaustralis from Peninsular Italy, with the darkest undersides ; 
the diffused scaling, however, is always of a paler tinge than in nymo- 
typical megera, and they might well be called 1vrracanuns. As to grade 
V., 1b is the form I have described above under the name of infratersa. 

The races of Pararge megera, L., and their generations can be 
summarised as follows :— 

Race megera, L.: I. gen. megera, L.; IL. gen. filipluma, Ball. 
Described from ‘“ Austria and Denmark,” it probably extends to the 
whole of northern and central Europe, with local variations such as the 
following :— 

Secondary race caledonia, Vrty.; Described from the northern 
coast of Scotland, is presumably produced in many particularly damp 
localities. 

Secondary race alticola, Vrty : Described from the Baths of Valdieri, 
m. 1875, in the Maritime Alps, is produced in surroundings unsuitable 
to the species, and chiefly in extremely dry and hot ones. 

Secondary aberrative race mediolugens, Fuchs: Middle Rhine, 
locally. 

Race vividior, Vrty.: I. gen. megera, L.; Il. (and III.) vividior, 
Vrty.: Iberic, Franco-iberic, and Northern Italic zones. 


MYRMECOLOGICAL NOTES. 29 


Secondary aberrative race ocellatior, Vrty.: Lectoure (Gers.). 

Secondary race grandescens, Vrty.: Described from South Tyrol, 
but presumably in all the regions of wividior locally. 

Race vividissima, Vrty.: I. gen. megera, L., ov infrapallens, Vrty. ; 
II. and III. gen. vividissima, Vrty.: South of Spain and in some 
localities of Palaearctic Africa. 

Race depulverata, Frihst. : I. gen. megera, L., or infrapallens, Vrty.; 
II. (and IIl.?) gen. depulverata, Frihst.: Described from Algiers, 
Philippeville, and Oran. 

Race praeaustralis, Vrty: I., gen. praeaustralis, Vrty.; II. and III., 
gen. paeninsulitalica, Vrty. Described from Florence, spreads to the 
whole of Peninsular Italy. 

Secondary aberrative race tigeliiformis, Vrty. Described from 
Piteglio, m. 700, in Tuscan Apennines, is produced locally in extremely 
parched surroundings. 

Race lyssa, Hiib.: generations still undefined. Balkanic zone and 
Asia Minor. 

Race australis, Zeller: I., gen. australis, Zeller; Il. and III., gen. 
tigellyssa, Vrty. Described from Messina, spreads to the whole of 
Sicily and perhaps to the localities of the Balkanic zone and Asia 
Minor. 

Subspecies tigelius, Bonelli (=paramegaera, Hiib.): I. gen. tigellina, 
Vrty.; Il. and IIL, gen. tigelius, Bonelli. Corsica and Sardinia. 

Note.—Not being acquainted with the two Asiatic forms megaerina, 
H.8., and transcaspica, Stdgr., I cannot establish their position in 
the variations of the species. 


Myrmecological Notes. 
By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S., F.R.H.S. 
Cerapachys LAMBORNI, Sp. NOV. 


%¢ L.5mm. Black; mandibles, antennae with the insertions, tarsi and tro- 
chanters, joints of coxae, the extremities of femora and tibiae and apex of gaster, 
russet. Whole body with a moderately long semi-adjaceut pilosity. 

Head a fraction longer than broad, slightly broader behind than in front, the 
sides feebly convex, the occipital border slightly concave, the posterior angles not 
sharp. 

Mandibles broad and triangular, the terminal border, which is slightly concave, 
is nearly twice as long as the internal, its basal halfarmed with a few minute blunt 
teeth. Clypeus short, concave from back to front, the anterior border feebly con- 
vex; the frontal carinae, one with the clypeus, form a lobe on each side between 
the articulations of the antennae; they converge behind, and are wider in front 
than in cribrinodis ; the anterior part of each carina, which carries the insertion of 
the antenna, is narrow and not bilobed as in cribrinodis. The carinae on cheeks 
are low, straight, and the anterior portion is raised in a blunt knob. 

Eyes slightly behind the middle of sides. Scapes very thick, reaching a little 
beyond half the distance to occiput. All joints of funiculus broader than long 
except the apical, which equals the 4 preceding. 

Dorsum of thorax slightly contracted in the middle, the epinctum broader than 
the pronotum, the whole feebly convex in both directions ; faint indications of 
both sutures barely visible. Declivity of epinotum finely bordered. Node nearly 
twice (1.7) as broad as long, truncate behind and before, very slightly broader 
behind, convex above, underneath with a blunt triangular tooth. Postpetiole (first 
segment of gaster) wider than petiole, wider behind, straight in front and at back, 
considerably wider than long. 

Whole body shining; mandibles punctured, head smooth and shining with 
scattered punctures. Mesonotum similarly punctured, but front of pronotum and 
the base and sides of epinotum coarsely rugose-punctate. Declivity smooth and 


30 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


shining, Petiole and postpetiole coarsely reticulate-punctate. Gaster smooth and 
shining, with smali scattered points. 


Type B.M. Monkey Bay, Lake Nyassa. (Dr. W. A. Lamborn, 
1915. No. 100.) Differs from cribrinodis in the points indicated, and 
in its larger size, darker colour, thicker node, and sculpture. 


Prenolepis JACOBSONI, Sp. Nov. 


% L.2.6mm. Yellow testaceous, head somewhat darker, the gaster dark 
castaneous, lighter in some specimens. 

Mandibles with 6 teeth. Head small, oval, as long as broad, broadest at eyes 
which are large and prominent and situated barely behind the middle of sides ; the 
head narrows rapidly behind the eyes, the occipital border straight. Clypeus cari- 
nate, the anterior border feebly sinuate, the posterior border marked out with a 
black line. Frontal area deep. Scapes long, extending more than half their length 
beyond the occipital border. 

Thorax strangulate and emarginate at mesonotum, the pronotum and meso- 
notum forming a curve with an obtuse angle at the suture, and the epinotum form- 
ing a rounded convexity. Scale thick, very inclined, straight and sharp-edged at 
top, the stalk long and thick, the whole pedicel fitting into a recess in the basal 
segment of gaster. This latter is concavely truncate at its anterior border. 

Head and gaster provided with plentiful long yellow-brown hairs ; pronotum 
has one pair of short followed by two pairs of long hairs; the mesonotum has one 
or two pairs of short hairs. The legs and antennae covered with plentiful long 
semi-adjacent pilosity. There are a few short adpressed hairs on the cheeks. 
lintirely smooth and shining. 


Fort de Kock, Sumatra. (Leg. EH. Jacobson. No. 1088.) Type 
W.C.C. coll. 

Recalls Pr. naorojt, Forel, from Assam and N.-W. India, but thorax 
not so pilose, the epinotal convexity only a little more than half the 
pronotal convexity (in naoroji not much shorter than the pronotal). 
The scale, truncation of gaster, and length of scapes apparently 
similar. 


Camponotus (Myrmamblys) reticulatus, Rog., race sericellus, Vieh., var. 
RUGOSIOR, Var. NOv. 


% Major, L. 5 mm. Slightly smaller than sericellus, the sculpture of head 
coarser, and pubescence on gaster less abundant. Mandibles with six teeth. The 
light colour of head extends as far as the eyes and over a great part of the space 
between the frontal carinae. Frontalarea dark. Bands on the borders of the seg- 
ments of gaster almost white. Otherwise corresponds to Viehmeyer’s description of 
sericellus from Singapore. 

% minor, lL. 3.6mm. Slightly smaller, otherwise corresponds to the race 
description. 

2 L. 5.6 mm. The light colour of head more sharply defined than in § 
major, and does not extend beyond the articulations of the antennae nor between 
the frontal carinae. Wings hyaline. Wing insertions yellow-white. Head smaller 
and narrower in front, and mandibles less massive thanin % major. ‘The angle 
between base and declivity of epinotum rounded. Otherwise like % major except 
for sexual differences. 

¢ L.4mm. Dark brown, gaster darker, almost black; mandibles, extremi- 
ties of cheeks, and articulations of antennae, paler; insertions of wings and the 
two hind coxae yellow-white. Borders of segments of gaster not paler than rest. 
Gaster abundantly pilose. 

The scapes extend more than one-third of their length beyond the occiput. 
Mandibles edentate. Clypeus feebly convex, the anterior border straight. Hyes 
occupy more than half the sides of head, which narrows behind. Node low and 
thick. 

Whole head feebly reticulate ; the thorax more faintly so, and shining ; gaster 
densely and finely transversely reticulate. 


Simatra, Fort de Kock, 1921. 920M. (Jacobson, 1175.) 
Kindly compared with a co-type by Prof. Emery. Types W.C.C. 
Coll. 


MYRMECOLOGICAL NOTES. ob 


Camponotus (Myrmosericus) rufoglaucus, Jerd., race fea’, Em., var. 
erythropus, Por. 


? (Hitherto undescribed.) L. 12 mm. Black; mandibles, most of clypeus, 
cheeks, insertion of antennae, frontal area and frontal carinae, the antennae, 
except the apical segments, and the legs, red; thorax dark reddish-brown. Wings 
hyaline, nervures brown. 

Head as broad or broader than thorax. Seale thin, broad and widely exca- 
vated at apex. Otherwise like the % major. 


Canary Islands. Dublin Museum, 11-1895. 
Polyrhachis thrinax, Rog., var. javanica, Mayr., &. 


The var. javanica, according to the description, has legs and 
antennae ferruginous, but two specimens from Sumatra have the 
antennae (except the last three or four joints of funiculus) and entire 
legs, dark brown or black. Mmery tells me he has a specimen from 
Singapore with similar colouring. As there does not appear to be any 
other difference in these specimens from the type, I prefer to record 
them as var. javanica, Mayr, simply. 

Fort de Kock, Sumatra. (H. Jacobson, 1097, 1920.) 

Worel (Formicides des Indes et de Ceylan, Part 111) refers to “ race 
javana, Mayr,’ and is followed by Bingham (Fauna of British India, 
vol. ii., Formicidae, p. 411). The name given by Mayr to his variety 
in Tijds. voor Entom., x., 1867, p. 20, is javanica. 


P. rastellata var. javana, Vieh. @ L.6 mm. 


A single @ appears to be this variety, as the legs are red and the 
tarsi black, as given by Viehmeyer as the colour of his var. javana (% ). 
He gives no description of the @. 

Fort de Kock, Sumatra. (Jacobson, 1177.) 


P. moeschi, For. 


% (Hitherto undescribed) L. 5 mm. 

Legs, black, insertions of antennae, and border of mandibles, brown. A few hairs 
on mandibles and anterior border of clypeus, and apex of gaster ; a row of bristles 
under first joint of tarsi; a fine scattered pubescence on femora, tibiae and gaster ; 
otherwise glabrous. Mandibles with five teeth. Clypeus strongly arched, not 
carinate, the lateral anterior border convex with a central projecting portion, 
occupying rather more than one-third of the whole anterior border, with a crenate 
edge ending in a tooth at each side. Frontal area broadly triangular, indistinct. 
Frontal carinae sinuate, equally wide in front of and behind articulation of antennae. 
Head as long as broad, widest at eyes, which are prominent and placed at the 
posterior angles ; occipital border convex. Antennae very long, reaching to base 
of gaster. 

The scape extends almost two-thirds of its length beyond the occiput. All 
funicular joints long and narrow, the 2nd shorter than the Ist or 3rd. Pronotum 
with rounded shoulders. Promesonotum convex in both directions, the meso- 
notum bluntly bordered. Thorax constricted and slightly impressed at meso- 
epinotal suture. Base of epinotum nearly twice as wide as long, barely half as 
long as declivity, with two long horizontal spines, slightly directed outwards, thick 
at base, almost as long as the declivity. Legs long. 

Node from the side more or less conical, from in front slightly wider at apex, 
sides straight; the two fine spines are horizontal, more widely spreading pro- 
Ee than the epinotal spines, nearly as long as the space between their 

ases. 

Shining ; mandibles with scattered punctures and finely striate at base. Rest 
of body with a fine ground reticulation, which on the promesonotum has a circular 
direction, and on scale and gaster is more or less transverse. 


Fort de Kock, Sumatra, 1921. 920 metres. (H. Jacobson, 1176). 
Type W.C.C. Coll. 


By. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


There is little doubt that this species is the 8 of Forel’s P. moeschi 
from Sumatra (Zool. Jahr. Suppl., xv., Band, 1912,?). It agrees very 
well with Forel’s description, allowing for sexual differences. 


The Horne Sale. 


The first portion of the collection of British Lepidoptera. formed 
by the late Mr. Horne of Aberdeen, comprising the Rhopalocera, was 
disposed of at Steven’s Auction Rooms on Tuesday, January 380th last. 

The collection was rich in remarkable aberrations, many of which 
were from the ‘‘ Webb” and ‘ Farn”’ sales, and was of very large 
extent, having been formed on geographical lines, there being long 
series of species from various localities in Great Britain and Ireland. 
Two cabinets one of 68 and the other of 18 drawers were required to 
contain the insects. The sale was well attended, there being several 
well known collectors from the North intent upon securing some of the 
treasures offered, whilst amongst the regular buyers several new names 
were responsible for substantial investments. The interest of a famous 
South of England collection whose owner is in India, were capably 
looked after by a well-known professional expert. There were no fewer 
than 538 lots and the total amount realised, including the 68 drawer 
cabinet, amounted to about £1,265, in my opinion a very satisfactory 
result. The “ Webb” sale realised about £1,400 and the ‘ Farn” 
sale about £1,850, but each of these collections contained a larger 
number of remarkable aberrations. The prices of insects purchased 
at recent sales were generally maintained, but there were many 
exceptions, and this was not surprising to the writer as in former sales 
these insects were undoubtedly too highly valued. It will be sufficient 
to refer only to the specimens which were most keenly competed for in 
giving details of the prices obtained. 

A fine variety of Papilio machaon with large blotches and diffused 
-band, bred in 1916, realised £11. Two lots each of 10 pink suffused 
Pieris brassicae with others 82s. 6d. and 40s. A large number of yellow 
lemon Pieris napi (nearly 50) sold in small lots of 3 to 7 with others, 
brought from £3 to £4 per lot. Specimens of female Muchloé 
cardamtnes blotched more or legs with male colouring realised £1 12s. 6d., 
£2. 2s., £3, £38 3s., £38 5s., £3 103., £5 and £6. Seven Pontia 
daplidice 20s. to £25s.each. Lot 48, a fine gynandromorphic Gonepteryx 
rhamnt, went very cheaply for £3 10s. The long series of Colias 
croceus (edusa) and C. hyale brought satisfactory prices, and among the 
former a golden orange male ab. chrysotheme brought £8 5s., and one 
clouded with black on all wings £4. Two suffused male Dryas paphia 
made 35s. and £4 4s. respectively, and an example with cell blotched 
black, banded and with rayed hindwings £6 10s. 

Lot 85, a female broadly rayed and suffused with black, £5 5s., and 
-one (lot 86) with large confluent spots forming bands, £3 10s. Another 
with forewings mostly black, with black and rayed hindwings, £6 10s. 
Lot 90, a very fine specimen almost exactly similar to Lot 85 already 
mentioned, but with the black of a deeper shade, brought the very 
satisfactory price of £18. Lot 98 represented an old friend, the well 
known entirely black valezina from the ‘“Farn” collection. Keen 
competition obtained the price of £18, being one pound more than 
realised at the “‘ Farn” sale when it was taken North by Mr. Horne, 
and it now returns to the South. 


THE HORNE SALE. 33 


Lot 96, a beautiful bred gynandromorph, which aroused much 
interest, the left side being true valezina and the right side partly vale- 
zina and partly ordinary male, was not dear at £17. Lots 91 and 92, 
containing a female with cuneiform markings in hindwings and one of 
the curious forms, which appear to be the transition stage between the 
type and valezina, £1 12s. Gd. 

Lot 101, an Argynnis cydippe (adippe), with large silver blotches at 
base of underside, West Wood, Kent, was obtained for £4 15s., pre- 
sumably a bargain, as it realised £11 when last sold at auction. LTuot. 
108, a dark and clouded Argynnis aglaia, taken by Mr. Horne at 
Balmoral, brought £7, and lot 109, a very beautiful melanic specimen, 
also of Horne’s taking, £14. Lot 119, a pale golden Brenthis selene, 
made £38 10s., and one veiled with black, £7. Lot 121, a B. selene 
without discal markings, with heavy black dashes round outer border, 
was a remarkable aberration and probably unique. ‘This was one of 
the best things in the sale, and was well competed for, realising £17. 
Lot 122, another beautiful aberration clouded with intense black and 
in perfect condition, £14, and a white or cream form £4 10s. a 
remarkably good price. Lot 124 a dark specimen from the ‘* Webb” 
sale fetched £5, a depreciation of 80s. Lot 129, a pretty rayed under- 
side, £5 10s. The I/ssoria lathonia were sold in pairs varying in price 
from 35s. to 47s. 6d. Lot 147, a nearly black Brenthis euphrosyne from 
the ‘‘ Webb” series, realised £7, a depreciation of £3 10s. 

A cream coloured specimen from ihe ‘ Webb”’ collection appreciated 
from 25s. to £3 10s. The white forms both of this species and 1. selene 
all fetched unusually good prices. Lot 150, one of the most curious 
forms of aberration that the writer has seen, the spotting having 
developed into ziezac lines, appealed to the buyers because of its rarity 
and went for £11. Lots 151 and 152, melanic specimens from the 
« Webb” and ‘‘Farn”’ collections, realised £6 10s. and £7 respectively, 
each having depreciated to the extent of 80s. Lot 156, a fine rayed 
underside, was well worth £8 10s. 

There were no very extreme vars. among the JMelitaea cinvia and 
M.athalia except an ab. navarina of the latter species, which was bought 
for£4. ‘There were very long series of M. awrinia (artemis) from various 
localities, and these were sold for from 80s. to £4 15s., the number of 
insects in each lot varying from 17 to 85. 

Lot 190 the very rare silvery white Polygonia c-album, taken by 
the late Mr. arn and which at his sale realised £21, on this occasion 
fetched £20. An interesting deep purplish brown specimen with few 
markings was well worth £6, and several. pale and golden specimens 
were bid up to 50s., 50s., £3 5s., £3 10s., and £3 5s. Among the dAglais 
urticae cream and dark blotched specimens fetched from 380s. to £5 5s. 
The Huvanessa antiopa were sold at 35s. each, but one brought £5 15s. 
Vanessa io with obsolete ocelli sold at 40s., 65s., 22s. and 40s. Lot 281 
realised £4, having been sold for£11at the“Webb” sale. Lot 226, which 
was auctioned recently at £12 12s., only realised £3 15s. on this occasion. 
More or less black Limenitis sibilla varied in price from 22s. to 55s. 
and 60s. Lot 264,a fine Apaturairis without white bands, brought £8 10s. 
and a similar one with blue patches only on each of the four wings was 
got for £9. This specimen realised £16 at the ‘‘ Mitford” sale. Light 


golden brown specimens of [pinephele jurtiua fetched from £2 5s. to 
£3 each. 


O4 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Series of Coenonympha tiphon from various localities were sold in 
lots of about 50 to 65, and fetched from 380s. to £4 10s. All the various 
froms were represented, except the Welsh. There were 15 Chrysophanus 
dispar sold, the prices being £7, £4 15s., £6 6s., £9 9s., £8 10s., £6, 
£5 15s., £6 6:., £6, £5 15s., £11, £5 10s., £6, £4 10s., and 55s. for each, 
according to condition. Among the C. phlaeas, lot 365, the specimen 
with large confluent spots from the ‘‘ Webb’”’ Collection, figured in 
Barrett, brought £10, a depreciation of £2. There were very long 
series of all the “ blues’”’ each containing the usual remarkable colour 
shades and extreme underside variations. Lot 402, an underside of 
P. icarus from the “ Farn ”’ Collection, fetched £6, and another of the 
same species from Ventnor, lot 405, £4. Another Lot 406 (‘‘ Webb”) 
35s. These at last sale realised £7, £5 10s., and £4 10s respectively. 
Lot 415, a true gynandromorph of Agriades coridon, only made £5 10s. 
the exact price it reached at the ‘“ Webb” Sale, the low price being 
accounted for by the want of freshness of the specimen. Lot 417, a 
fine and very perfect gynandromorph, left side male, right side partly 
female, taken at Reigate in 1914 by Mr. Quarrington, fetched the good 
price of £11 10s. 

Lot 457, a specinren with buff margins, rayed, etc., reached £9. 
Lot 488, ab. synyrapha, dusted with black and brown on one side, 
fetched £2 5s. Lot 445, an underside with deep black basal dashes 
and bands and spotless, brought £4 4s., and an almost entirely white 
obsolete underside, £2 15s. Leaden grey dgriades thetis (bellaryus) 
fetched from 26s. to 80s. each, and a beautiful- streaked underside, 
which brought £15 15s. when last sold, was ou this occasion obtained 
for the low price of £6 10s. A true gynandromorph of Celastrina 
argiolus was bought for £7, it having reached £14 14s. when sold at 
auction two years ago. A cream coloured Anyiades comma went for 25s., 
and an underside without markings, figured by Barrett, 35s. 

Owing to the late hour at which the sale concluded several of the 
buyers from the country had to leave to catch trains, and consequently 
the competition for the later lots was not so keen, and many good 
bargains were obtained among the “ Blues.” The 68 drawer cabinet 
brought the remarkable price of one hundred guineas. I understand 
that some more Chrysophanus dispar will be sold at the sale of the second 
portion of the collection on February 380th.—S.G.C.-R. 


Life-History of Pararge hiera. 
By A. SIMMONS. 


When collecting at Chamonix during June, 1922, I found Pararge 
hiera locally abundant. They were about on both sides of the valley, 
up the path to La Flégére, and also on the opposite side towards Mon- 
tanvers, the latter, however, was probably the most productive ground, 
the best spot being a rough bank just where the Montanvers railway 
leaves the second tunnel, at an altitude of 4,500 ft. They were par- 
ticularly fond of settling on dandelion flowers, but unfortunately were 
somewhat worn, so I caged two females to obtain ova. 

The weather was somewhat cold and broken, but eg@s were laid on 
the blades of grass from June 9th to 16th. The eess are spherical and 
creamy white in colour, changing two days before hatching to nearly 
black. The first larvae appeared on June 20th, and are a dirty white 


DESCRIPTION OF PUPA OF PARARGE HIERA. 385 


colour, with a black head, which is very prominent and seems much 
too large for the size of the larva. After the first moult, which com- 
menced on June 29th, the ground colour changed to a uniform light 
green, and they lost their black head, which became a little lighter in 
in shade than the general colour, but was still very pronounced. 

The second moult took place on July 10th, and this produced very 
little change except that six very faint white stripes appeared, three on 
each side, but were hardly perceptible. 

The third and final moult took place on July 19th, and again there 
was very little change in the colour, but the stripes were now more 
distinct, the head, however, was still very prominent, giving the larva 
an unhealthy, starved appearance, but this gradually disappeared as they 
neared pupation. 

When full fed the larva is 28mm. long, of a delicate green colour, 
a little lighter than grass. It is of the usual Satyrid form, tapering 
towards the anal extremity, with three nearly white stripes on each side; 
the two on the dorsal area are very close together, one near the spiracles 
and one midway between the two. ‘The head is much lighter in shade, 
and though not now so prominent it still appears too large for the 
larva. It rests in a straight position on its food plant, and when 
annoyed falls and coils itself into a ring. 

When full fed the iarvae all attached themselves to the top of the 
cage and changed to light green pupae, almost the same shade as the 
larvae. They hung head downwards without any girth or band, and in 
no ease did they attach themselves to the stems of grass. The first pupa 
appeared on August 3rd, and the last on August 28rd, en route for 
Eneland, producing a total of 104. The larvae were quiet contented 
little creatures, bearing their confinement well, and took readily to any 
erass. but were fed chiefly on Agropyrwn repens, and I do not think 
that I lost above four out of the whole brood. They fed both by night 
and day and no attempt was made to hide during daylight, in fact they 
~ seemed to enjoy the late afternoon sun. 

I thought that I should get them out during August as a second 
brood, but not one has showed any signs of changing, and the whole 
lot are evidently going to hybernate as pupae, a somewhat unusual habit 
for a Satyrid. 

It seems, therefore, that from 4,000 to 5,000 ft. hiera is only single 
brooded, and if a second brood does occur it may be only partial in 
favourable seasons, and probably at a much lower altitude. 

I left Chamonix on June 29th, staying about a fortnight at Mar- 
tigny, and going on to Bérisal on July 15th. I can claim, therefore 
(except the fortnight at Martigny, which was not very hot, only on four 
days did the temperature rise above 70°), to have fed the larvae under 
quite natural conditions, Bérisal 5,000 ft. being about the same altitude 
as where the parents were taken at Chamonix, and this may perhaps 
account for my success in rearing such a large number. 


Description of Pupa of Pararge hiera. 
By G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.S., F.Z.5., F.E.S. 
Mr. A. Simmons has asked me to describe the pupa of Pararge hiera 
which he found commonly at Chamonix. Since | wrote the deserip- 
tion I have had three imagines emerge out of six chrysalids sent me. 


36 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


One was shrivelled and I do not know the date of its emergence, but it 
was dead on December 30th last, on which day my wife told me there 
was a butterfly on the landing, which I found to be P. hiera. Then 
on the following day another emerged. Both these were quite perfect. 
The pupae were put in a gauze cage just by an east window, which was 
open all day. The other three pupae show no signs of maturity, but 
are the same clear green as ae were on the day I received them. 
Description of pupa:— 

Pupa, pale apple green, with very little yellow in it, wing cases slightly greyish 
with the green showing through. In shape it is thick and rather stumpy, with ap- 
parently no power of movement (I have seen no attempt at movement). It is very 
deeply rounded from the dorsum of the sixth abdominal segment to the cremastral 
attachment, which is situated right on the venter; the wing cases extend to practi- 
cally the fifth abdominal segment. To the naked eye the pupa looks smooth, but 
with a hand lens it is seen to be finely shagreened all over with fine irregular 
whitish elevations, the wing cases being broadly lined longitudinally as well. The 
antennae extend to the fifth abdominal segment, and the eyes are on the ventral 
surface. The thorax has a central longitudinal narrow projecting ridge, and it is 
sharply angled laterally near the middle, but rather nearer the collar at the juncture 
with the wing cases, and again at the front apex above the eyes, giving it a square: 
frons slightly angled forwards above the eyes. 

The spiracles show as circular depressions with central slits, above the 
spiracular row is a dorso-lateral row of simple whitish tubercles. The length is. 
154mm., the greatest diameter of the abdomen is 5mm. at the fourth abdominal 
segment, and the diameter of the thorax at the angled shoulders is 52mm. 


WOTES ON COLLECTING, etc. 


Lave APPEARANCE OF LirpIDOPTEROUS LARVAE IN 1922.—As a result 
of beating birches and beeches in the Box Hill district on October 10th, 
1922, the following larvae were obtained :—Hylophila prasinana (1), 
Drepana lacertinaria (3), D. faleataria (1), D. cultraria (several), Phalera 
bucephala (several), Dasychira pudibunda (1), Lophopterya camelina 
(several, many of them eet small), Pheosia (Notodonta) dictaeoides 
(several, mostly full fed), N. dromedarius (2, half grown), Demas coryli 
(1), Drtaena (Acronicta) psi (1), Acronicta leporina (2, full fed), Amphi- 
dasts betularia (several, in both early and late stages), Tephrosia crepus- 
cularia (1), Kphyra (Zonosoma) linearia (3), Cabera pusaria (1), Cidaria 
corylata (several), and some Tortrix larvae—not a bad result consider- 
ing the date. The young larva of Lophopterya camelina and the partly 
fed larva of Notodonta dromedarius did not arrive at maturity, possibly 
owing to the difficulty of obtaining their food plants in anything hke 
suitable condition, Allthe larvae of Amphidasis betularia, however, fed 
up and pupated, the last but one going down on November 27th, and 
the final survivor on December 10th; surely a record date. The pupa. 
resulting from the larva which went down on December 10th is small, 
but perfect, and it will be interesting to see whether the emergence of 
the imagines of this and some of the other A. betularia is retarded to 
any extent.—A. Russexx, Wilverley, Dale Road, Purley. January 8th, 
1923. 


ABERRATIONS OF RuHopatocera IN Hast Tyrone, 1922.—The follow- 
ing aberrations of common butterflies occurred in this district during 
the past summer, which was remarkable for the persistence of dull 
cloudy weather, accompanied with a slight but increased rainfall; May 
and September being the only months in which there was any con- 
tinuous fine weather, and then only for a very short period. 


OURRENT NOTES. 37 


Pieris brassicae—On September 15th a female of a pale yellow 
colour was captured. 

Pieris napi.—Several females of the summer emergence have three 
distinct spots on the posterior wings above ; the banded form, with the 
inner marginal streak and discal spots united, was more frequent than 
usual. 

Euchloé cardamines.—Two females in June, with two short black 
lines below the discoidal, between nervules 2 and 3, on underside of 
forewings, ab. dispila, Raynor ? I find that Sir C. Langham of Tempo 
Manor has a comparatively large number of this form (some of which 
are very distinctly marked), captured in his own neighbourhood (Co. 
Fermanagh). A male with the usual strongly marked spots on hind- 
wings, characteristic of the race hibernica, was transformed into con- 
spicuous black blotches ; this gives the margin of the wings a scalloped 
appearance. 

Epinephele jurtina.—A male from Lough Fea, in July, with an 
ocellated spot near the inner angle of the anterior wings above. 

Aphantopus hyperantus.—Several females of this species, with the 
ocellated spots and pale rings on upperside as large as those beneath. 

Coenonympha pamphilus——In a remote spot on the hills I captured 
a male aberration with two distinct black spots on the upperside of 
posterior wings along the border near the anal angle; this specimen 
has also a strongly defined black suffusion on the margins; a similar 
variety is mentioned by Barrett; and the late Rev. Frank EK. Lowe, 
M.A., records several examples from Orta (Hntom. Record, vol, xxii., 
1910, page 23). 

Rumicia (Chrysophanus) phlaeas.—A male with wedge-shaped spots 
on forewings, very stmilar to the variety figured in South’s British 
Butterflies, plate 101, fig. 11. 

Polyommatus icarus.—A male example with underside var. postico- 
obsoleta, Tutt, the forewings with four submedian spots; male and 
female underside forewings with a conspicuous white wedge-shaped 
streak from the discoidals and tapering to a point towards the base, an 
aberration which has, I believe, not hitherto been noted in this species. 
—Tuomas Greer, Stewartstown, Co. Tyrone. January 20th, 1923. 


S,URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


The “ Verrall ” Supper took place on January 16th, and was as 
regards numbers the most successful hitherto held. Over 120 guests 
sat down to a capital repast in the King’s Room at the Holborn 
Restaurant, with Mr. J. EK. Collin, the able managing director of the 
Association of Entomologists, under whose auspices the gathering is 
arranged, in the chair. The following is a list of those who accepted 
invitations :—B. W. Adkin, R. Adkin, H. EK. Andrewes, H. W. 
Andrews, Ii. B. Ashby, 8. R. Ashby, T. H. Ashe, F. Balfour-Browne, 
EK. C. Bedwell, G. Bethell, G. T. Bethune-Baker, K. G. Blair, L. A. 
30x, M. Burr, S. Blenkarn, R. T. Bowman, E. Brunetti, P. A. 
Buxton, A. Cant, F. B. Carr, J. W. Carr, G. C. Champion, C. A. 
Cheetham, W. EK. China, E. A. Cockayne, J. E. Collin, J. Collins, 
Col. Monckton Copeman, Col. 8. Curtis, Dr. Davidson, Dr. F. A. 
Dixey, A. W. Dods, H. Donisthorpe, L. EH. Dunster, J. H. Durrant, 
F. W. Edwards, J. Edwards, Stanley Edwards, Dr. H. Eltringham, 
L. T. Ford, J. 8. Fox-Wilson, G. E. Frisby, F. W. Frohawk, J. C. I’. 


38 THE ENIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Fryer, C. J. Gahan, Dr. F. Gaynor, C. Graseman, EH. EK. Green, 
T. H. L. Grosvenor, O. R. Goodman, P. Graves, T. W. Hall, H. M. 
Hallett, A. H. Hamm, B. S. Harwood, P. Harwood, H. C. Hayward, 
T. F. P. Hoar, Dr. D. Hunter, W. E. Hodson, Prof. Image, O. EH. 
Janson, A. H. Jones, Capt. H. Jones, D. Johnstone, C. F. Johnstone, 
Dr. N. Joy, Dr. K. Jordan, L. Lacey, F. Laing, H. A. Leeds, 8S. C. 
Leman, G. B. C. Leman, G. C. Leman, T. A. Lofthouse, W. J. Lucas, 
G. T. Lyle, H. Main, W. Mansbridge, A. W. Mera, Rev. F. D. Morice, 
J. P. Mutch, F. Muir, Dr. S. A. Neave, L. W. Newman, L. Nell, J. 
Peed, Col. H. D. Peile, F. N. Pierce, Prof. E. B. Poulton, R. M. 
Prideaux, Col. R. A. Rattray, W. Rait-Smith, N. D. Riley. A. H. 
Ruston, J. W. Saunt, Lt. Seabrook, V. E. Shaw, W. G. Sheldon, 
P. Z. Skinner, C. E. Stott, R. Stenten, EK. Step, C. F. M. Swynnerton, 
HK. E. Syms, W. H. Tamms, Rev. J. E. Tarbat, J. R. le B. Tomlin, 
A. E. Tonge, H. J. Turner, C. J. Wainwright, Comm. J. J. Walker, 
S. Walker, G. HE. R. Waters, Rev. J. Waterston, J. H. Watson, C. W. 
Whall, Rev. G. Wheeler, R. Wilding, B. S. Williams, C. B. Williams, 
C. L. Withycombe, H. Worsley Wood, L. H. Bonaparte Wyse, S. 
Yamada, Hashiro Yuasa. 

The action of the Council of the Entomological Society of London 
some two years ago, in taking measures to acquire a permanent 
premises for their library and meetings, has proved to be very popular 
among the Fellows of the Society, for we find on the list of donors to 
the housing fund the names of about one-third of the membership. 
Even fellows permanently located abroad have contributed. 


SOCIETIES. 


Tut Soutn Lonpon Enromonocicat SociEty. 


November 9th.New Memsers.—Mr. B. Jobling, 52, Charleville 
Road, W. Kensington ; Mr, C. H. H. Stokes, 107, Queen’s Road, Upper 
Norwood; Mr. G. E. Bryant, 168, Gloucester Terrace, W. 2; Mr. E. 
Meek, 119, Kempton Road, HK. Ham ; and Lieut. J. C. Seabrook, F.E.S., 
6, Warwick Place, Belgravia, were elected members. 

Eixureits.—The President exhibited numbers of living Ptinus tectus 
(Col.), and a spray of oak showing the operations of Attelabus nitens 
(Col.), preserved with imagines. 

Mr: A. A. W. Buckstone, long bred series of Spilosoma menthastrt, 
from Broadstairs, including an example resembling S. urticae in texture 
and marking. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner, the Coenonympha forms of C. iphis, C. arcania, 
var. satyrion and var. darwiniana, and gave an account of the variation 
and the distinctions between them. The series were from many localities 
in the Palaearctic Region. 

Messrs. O. R. and A. de B. Goodman, short series of the same 
forms. | 

Mr. W. J. Lucas read a paper, ‘“‘ The second Maxillae (labium) of 
the Paraneuroptera (Odonata), more especially as the mask of the Naiad 
Stage,” and illustrated his remarks with a series of lantern slides. 


FR EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Lr Monpe Socran pes Fourmis pu Guope.—By Dr. Auguste Forel, 


REVIEWS. 39 


Geneva. Librairie Kundig, Editeur. Tome 2nd, 1922. Pp. I.-III.+ 
184 ; 1 coloured plate, 3 black and white plates, and 38 text figures. 
The second volume of Forel’s Monde Social des Fourmis deals with 
Sensations, Physiology, Ants and Plants, Hosts, Parasites, and Nests. 
Chapter I., after some general remarks on the sensations of ants, the 
author divides them into Chemical Senses, under the headings Taste and 
Smell; the Sense of Motion (by which ants measure the distance they 
‘have travelled), and Equilibrium ; Other Sensations, general and local ; 
Physical Senses perceived from a distance, Temperature, Hearing, Sight, 
and sense of perceiving light. There is nothing new in all this (except 
perhaps the method with which it is dealt); most of the views and 
experiments of other myrmecologists being discussed. 1 might mention 
in connection with the sense of hearing that I tested ants in captivity 
with the Galton-Edelmann whistle in 1910, a perhaps more highly 
specialised and scientific instrument than had been used before for this 
purpose, the results bearing out the same views as those expressed by 
Dr. Forel. Chapter II., Physiology and Psychology of Ants. A num- 
ber of different phenomena dealing with the study of the functions of 
the organs, and the study of the mind are touched on—the effects of 
starvation, marriage flights, the absorption of the wing muscles by the 
blood after deailation, the pumping stomach, the glands, the language 
of ants, visual memory of place and time, etc. Chapter III., Ants and 
Plants, and Symbiosis. A general view of the relation between ants 
and plants, such as the gall-like roots of Myrmecodia and Hydnophytum 
inhabited by ants; leaves cut by the Attini for their fungus gardens ; 
the stems of T'riplaris, Cecropia, and spines inhabited by Pseudo- 
myrminae and other ants; several different species of ants amicably 
inhabiting the same plant; myrmecochorous seeds; Aristida (ant rice) and 
other grain cultivated by Pseudomyrminae, etc. Nepenthes sp. which 
digests ants in its pitchers; and Polytrichum which grows over and 
eventually obliterates hillock-nests of ants, are also referred to. In 
1910 I pointed out how many of the rufa nests at Nethy Bridge were 
being extinguished by the undergrowth. Chapter IV., Myrmecophilous 
Animals and Mimicry. The author recapitulates Wasmann’s four 
divisions of Myrmecophiles, and then divides the chapter up into the 
following heads—Mimicry: under this heading he refers also to the 
similarity of certain insects to green leaves, dead branches, ete. (I 
should prefer to call this Protective Resemblance) ; Trichomes, Canaux 
pores ; Offensive or aggressive methods ; Rapports internationaux (this 
is really the behaviour of myrmecophiles (and the ants) when intro- 
duced to ants of species other than those of their own proper hosts) ; 
Symphiles: under this heading he discusses the question of the pro- 
duction of Pseudogynes, and is evidently in entire agreement with 
Father Wasmann’s celebrated theory. Forel states the presence of 
Atemeles (and of Lomechusa) coincides with that of the pseudogynes. 
This, as I have pointed out, is not so in the Highlands ; moreover, it 
is a positive fact that though Atemeles emarginatus is common in Eng- 
land, not a single pseudogyne of Formica fusca has ever been found 
here. It is also stated that though the relations of the cause with the 
effect is unknown, his own observations and those of his colleagues 
confirm Wasmann’s theory ; ‘‘ Atemeles and Lomechusa, cause,’’ “ Pseu- 
dogynes, effect.”’ Professor Wheeler and I, however, have both ex- 
pressed the view that the presence of these beetles is neither always, 
nor the only, cause of the production of pseudogynes. Synoeques : 


40 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


under Dinarda he repeats the view that this beetle waves the tail under 
the face of the host because the latter is unable to grasp its body ; but 
I have shown that the reason is to give off the secretion with which 
the Myrmedonias and other myrmecophilous Staphs protect themselves 
when attacked by their hosts. Synechthres ; Cas particulars: dealing 
with Lomechusa, Thorictus, the Paussidae, etc. Under the last named 
beetles the unfortunate statement occurs that their larvae and pupae 
are quite unknown! In 1907 Adam Béving described and most beauti- 
fully figured the larva and pupa of Paussus kannegietert, Wasm., and in 
1918 Wasmann described and gave photographs of the larva of Plew- 
ropterus dohrni, Rits. Under Diptera the food of the larvae of Microdon 
is said to be unknown ; whereas in 19121 demonstrated by experiment 
of what it consisted. Chapter V., Parasites, Voaicology, and Monstrost- 
ties of Ants. 1 ar surprised to find the larvae of Clythra are classified 
under Ectoparasites! An ectoparasite isa creature which fastens itself 
on to the body of its host, which Clythra larvae certainly do not. The 
myrmecophilous mite which fastens itself on to the strigil of an ant is 
not, as is stated here, the Uropoda ovalis of Janet, but the Uropoda 
philoctena, Janet= Urodiscella philoctena, Trous. The Uropoda ovalis, 
Janet= Uropolyaspis hamuliferus, Mich., fastens itself to the femur of 
the second leg of its host. Janet’s paper was written in 1897 (in it he re- 
ferred to a mite as ‘‘ Neoberlesia sp.?”’ which we now know to be Sphaero- 
laelaps holothyroides, Leon.), and of course much has been written and 
discovered about the myrmecophilous acari since then. Under Her- 
maphrodites our author mentions that in 1908 Wheeler gave a list of 
all the cases of Gynandromorphs then known. Wheeler, however, 
published a second list in 19138, bringing the total of all such cases up 
to 80. Donisthorpe published a list in 1915, bringing the total up to 
84, and Crawley one in 1920 with a total of 48. Chapter VI., The 
Nests of Ants; under various sections dealing with all kinds of ants’ 
nests and their construction, contains a number of very nice figures 
and photographs of nests from all over the world. Under Carton Nests 
it is stated that Brun had observed that Lasius umbratus also made 
carton. This fact, however, was first discovered by me in 1912 (as is 
pointed out by Dr. Brun himself in his paper in 1913), and it is also 
further described, and a photo given, in British Ants, 1915. The plates 
and figures in this volume are as good as those in the preceeding one, 
though many of them are of course reproductions from other works. 
Unfortunately in our copy Plates ii. and iv. have been bound. upside 
down. Plate i. is beautifully coloured, and represents various cases of 
mimicry of ants by other insects, and ants. 

The chief criticism I have to make is that the work is not up to 
date ; the writings of some of the more modern workers (and indeed 
many of the later papers of the older writers also) being ignored. In 
a general work on the ants of the world, a reader who is not a specialist, 
but takes an intelligent interest in the subject. would wish to look up 
any part of it, to gather what are the latest views and discoveries up to 
the date (or near it) of the publication ; and not only what was known 
in say 1908, or earlier still! The book is of course well written, well 
printed, and interesting, and I wish sincerely it was not necessary to 
find the above faults with it. A review of the first volume may be 
found in Mnt. Record, 38, 59-60 (1921).—Horace DonsstHoree. 


Correction.—On page 18 of the January number the locality for 
H. simplana should have been Kent and not North of Scotland. 


Subscriptions for Vol. XXXV. (10 shillings) should be sent to 
Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Gross, 
S.E.14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from 
January 15th to December 15th, 1923.) 


Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be 
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 


ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted willbe nserted at a minimum 
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisementsin proportion. A reduction made for a series, 
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.H. 14 

Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. I. Page ‘ Bertrose,” 
Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.I., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed. 


Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the 
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data 
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G@. Pether, ‘‘Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge 
Road, London, N. 1. 


Duplicates.—Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), 
*B, quercus ¢, Tilie, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophearia vars. 
Paniscus. Desiderata.—Pupe of Dictmoides; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina 
(dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria.—Harold B. Jilliams, 
112a, Bensham Manor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


Duplicates. —Sybilla, Paphia, Io (2), Selene, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, Illustraria (autumn) 
Nastata, Roboraria ¢ , Prunaria (4) 3, Tipuliformis. Desiderata.—Castreusis ¢ , Cucullina, 
Cribrum, Cinerea, Ravida, Ashworthii, Notata, Obfuscaria, Smaragdaria and others, alse 
vars. and local forms.—Harold EH. Winser, Kent House, Cranleigh. 


Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, 
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. 
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.— 
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedjord. 


Wanrep.—Specimens or coloured drawings. Foreign forms of British varieties of 
British Lepidoptera. OrrzrepD: Drawings of 2,000 varieties.—S. L. Mosley, Tolson 
Memorial Museum, Huddersfield. 


Duplicates.— Cinerea ¢?, fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars. 
Immorata and other Hast Sussex species. 


Desiderata.—Pupsx. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista, 
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctue 
in fine condition only.—A. J. Wightman, 85, Morris Road, Lewes. 


CuancEe or Appress.—L. H. Bonaparte Wyse, Oxford Lodge, Shoreham-on-Sea. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7, 
8 p.m. February 21st, March 7th and 21st. 


The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
1923, February 22nd, Lantern Evening. March 8th, Paper by Br. Fremlin.—Hon. Sec., 
. Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.H.3. 


The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and~ 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. HE. 
Gurae, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16. 


jj}... mee 


All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. ‘TurNER, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.H.14 


We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 


Lists of Dupricarrs and Desiprrata should be sent direct to Mr. Hl. E. Page, 
Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.H. 14 


OVA, LARV4E, AND PUPAE. 


The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is 


H. W. HEAD, Gitoutoalagist, 


BURNISTON, Nr. SCARBOROUGH. 


Kull List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets 
etc., sent on application. 


Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. 


GREAT REDUCTION IN PRICES. 


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STEVENS’S AUCTION RGOMS LIMITED, 


(Established 1760.) 
38, KING STREET, COVENT GARDEN, W.C. 2. 


TUESDAY, FEBRUARY 20th, at 12.30. 


THE HORNE COLLECTION. 


Messrs. Stevens have received instructions to sell by auction the 
Second portion of the well-known and extensive Collection of British 


Lepidoptera formed by the late Arthur Horne, Esq., F.E.S., of 


Aberdeen, comprising the Sphinges, Bombyces, and part of Noctuae. 
Specimens of the extinct C. Dispar and 17 of N. Subrosea; 16 Pul- 
chella, 85 Centonalis, 20 Sicula, 19 Coenosa, 200 Alpina, 16 Erythroce- 
phala, numerous local races and Hybrids. The magnificent series of 
Varieties of A. Caja and Villica, Plantaginis, Dominula. Also a solid 
mahogany Cabinet of 40 drawers with enclosed bookcase over. 


Catalogues in course of preparation. 


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CONTENTS. 


PAGE, 
Notes on the Psychides, (Rev). C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S. Se oe be me xe Al 
Digne, etc., 1922, Douglas H. Pearson, F.E.S. .. me at $e 56 3c ae 44 
Hippodamia variegata, Goeze.—New aberrations, G. B. C. Leman, F.E.S. .. oe Sn 46 
A Summer Holiday at Nyons, Drome and La Sainte Baume, Var., (Lieut.) H. B. Ashby, 

OR er ee ee eae a hen ee! peri | age 
Notes on Coxnzcrine :—Warwickshire Records of Ichneumonidae, Cryptinae, Pimplinae, 
J. W. Saunt ie ae a5 ee, ca So ae aa is ots = 53 

- Current Notes anp Suort Notices a es a Ee we oe ae Ube 

_ Societies :—South London Entomological Society. Annual Exhibition .. aN a 54 
List of the Races of the Rhopalocera of Peninsular Italy, Roger Verity, M.D., and Orazio 

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MARCH 16th, 1928. 


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- NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 41 


Notes on the Psychides. 
By the Rev. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S. 


It may be remembered that in 1917 (Hnt. Record, vol. xxix, p. 69.) 
I ventured a preliminary note upon this puzzling group of Lepidoptera. 
During the long interval which has intervened, I have been engaged in 
collecting material, and trying to clear up the many difficulties which 
surround the study. Since this preliminary note I have reprinted (nt. 
Record, xxxi., p. 165) Tutt’s catalogue of the Palaearctic species, from 
British Lepidoptera, vol. 2, with a few minor alterations which 
appeared to be necessary. I have in the meanwhile lost several 
friends, Dr. Chapman himself, who first interested me in the study, 
and passed on to me a large store of material, F. G. Whittle, Arthur 
Bacot, and the Rev. I’. HK. Lowe, all active in supplying me with 
specimens and information. I also owe a debt of gratitude to the 
Misses Chapman, who after their brother’s death handed over to me 
all the remaining Psychides which they found in his innumerable 
store-boxes and drawers. ‘To those who are still helping me, I shall 
hope to tender earnest thanks later on. 

I stated in my original note that my object was to approach | the 
subject from the standpoint of the ‘“ genitalia.” My great drawback 
has been the difficulty of obtaining sufficient material. We all, I 
believe receive with reserve separations based upon single specimens, 
unless the distinctive features be so strongly marked as to render doubt 
upon the point to be out of the question. The limited material which I 
have been enabled to accumulate has severely hampered my progress, 
and frequently made it difficult for me to arrive at a definite 
conclusion. 

In several instances I have found upon receiving further specimens, 
that my first opinions have been erroneous ; and, while I am tempted 
to suppress several names as species, [ have also come across several 
evidently unrecognised forms, which have been passed as known. I 
have been successful in securing (so far as names go) at least ninety 
out of 148 species listed by Tutt, besides several not included in his 
list. There is however a proportion of single specimens which I am 
compelled to receive with considerable uncertainty, until their ey 
is confirmed. 

When I took up the study of the Psychides, my object was 
primarily to discover how many species occur in Great Britain. I soon 
found that I should have to extend my examination to the whole of 
the Palaearctic fauna, if only to make sure of the correct identification 
of our species. I also found that it would be extremely difficult to 
obtain British material, this, as well as Continental material, had often 
to be bought. I realized that although I could find in my immediate 
neighbourhood at least eight out of the twenty-one reputed British 
species, my correspondents did not seem to be so fortunately circum- 
stanced, and even of very abundant species, which I found in unlimited 
numbers, the specimens which I have received have often been limited 
to ones and twos. This is more extraordinary inasmuch as the wing- 
less condition of the mother would appear to postulate concentration 
of the offspring. 

The. Psychides would appear to be in ponsidenible demand at the 
auction sales. The names appear in italics, and the lots contains 

Marca. 15tu, 1923. . : 


42, THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


them fetch large money. One would be tempted to imagine that the 
purchasers buy ‘‘names’”’ rather than insects, as some curious facts 
have emerged, during the course of my accumulation of the British 
Psychides at such places. I have in my collection a series of six 
insects purchased at the ‘‘Iarn” sale labelled ‘‘ anicanella Mitford 6 
males, females and 8 cases.’’ I seem to have a sort of recollection of 
these specimens. Possibly the note to p. 287 in Tutt’s British 
Lepidoptera may refer to them. I have no means of telling whence 
they came. One bears the label “ Mitford,” the rest have none. Now 
Bruand named this insect, but only the female was figured. No one 
appears to have identified Bruand’s species to this day. These six 
specimens proved to be four Mpichnopteryx pulla, and two Fumea casta, 
that is to say, the two very commonest British species of the Psychides. 
So much for italics! I feel glad that I have removed these from being 
a further temptation to acquisitive, yet ignorant, collectors. A second 
instance of the same kind presents itself to me. At the ‘‘ Webb” sale 
I ran down a series of insects which had hannted me for some time. 
This consisted of two lots of 6 and 7 specimens, each lot being 
accompanied by a label marked in pencil “N.S. Tutt, p. 314.” They 
had appeared in the “ Burney” and ‘‘ Briggs” sales before they arrived 
at the ‘“ Webb” collection. They were identified as Mitford’s. I have 
from Chapman a very similar specimen named mitfordella. All these 
specimens are remarkable for the evidence of past neglect, in the 
shape of lost bodies, antennae, and legs, with the wings reduced to 
mere rags. I call them lots “A” and“ B.” ‘The six ‘‘A”’ specimens 
had two bodies between them, while the 7 ‘“B” had not even one. 
This of course was a great disappointment to me. The “A” 
specimens appear to be ordinary Fumea casta, while the “B” lot 
differ slightly therefrom, but are not mitfordella, as diagnosed by 
Chapman. 

So far for the ‘‘ rare species’ which I have succeeded in obtaining 
at sales. Now for such as I have not secured. 

Solenobia triquetrella, Hb., appears now and again in the catalogues. 
I have never managed to secure a reputed ‘“ British’”’ specimen of this 
insect. Again the charm of a name appears to act. 

Is there any proof that this insect occurs in Great Britain ? I have 
managed to secure specimens of the males of all the named Solenobiae, 
except the somewhat hypothetical, S. suifunella, Christ., S. fumosella, 
Hein., and S. pallida, Staud., excluding S. lichenella, Li. (which has 
no male), I have examined the final segments of the remainder, 
accepting the names under which I received them, and I find that save 
for the size, there is no obvious difference. The imagines also are 
separated almost entirely by size, colour, and (always obscure) 
markings. The females of the genus however, do show some difference, 
in the number of joints to the tarsi. Females of the Psychides are 
often difficult to procure. Collectors usually neglect to preserve this 
sex, and also the cases. I have managed however to secure records of 
a certain number, which I now give: 

S. inconspicuella, tarsal joints (of the three legs) 


ais sie Dad 
S. lichenella ?, British specimens, tarsal joints (of the three legs) 4 
S. cembrella var. pineti, tarsal joints (of the three legs) 5- 
S. triquetrella, tarsal joints (of the three legs) ... sid ate ie 
S. mannii, tarsal joints (of the three legs) 5 
S. clathrella, tarsal joints (of the three legs) 5 


NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 438 


Judging by the female legs, there are here certainly at least two 
species. 

Tested by the male antennal joints (always difficult to count) the 
facts stand thus : 


S. inconspicuella, Joints 26, expanse of wings, Tutt, 12:5 mm. 
S. nickerlii, 4 18, ? (C.R.N.B.), 11 mm. 
S. wockit, ea 27, from Tutt, 11-18mm. 
S. pineti, » 27-28, from Tutt, 13:14mm. 
S. triquetrella, 3 22, from Tutt, 14 mm. 
S. mannii, 3) 20-82, from Tutt, 15-5 mm. 
S. clathrella, BE 28, from Tutt, 16-17:-5mm. 


It would seem from this that the number of joints may depend 
upon the size of the specimens under examination. 

As to the cases, there is very little difference discernable except in 
the very much inflated male case of S. clathrella, otherwise it would 
appear to be a mere question of size, colour, and material. I 
find in Mucking, females with four, and also with five, jomts to the 
tarsi. Hence I judge (as Mr. Metcalfe pointed out to me), we have 
besides the ‘‘tnconspicuella group” the “triquetrella group.” As no 
males appear, it is impossible to refer to that sex, so I have to be 
satisfied that I collect (1) inconspicuella, or lichenella, and (2) 
triquetrella, pineti, mannit, or clathrella. 

To proceed. Another species which appears in the sale catalogues 
is Bankesta conspurcatella, Z. It would seem that there is some 
confusion here, based upon an old mistake of Stainton’s. In March 
of the year 1846 Mann captured in Tuscany 20 males. Submitted to 
Zeller (1850) they were named by him conspurcatella. One of these 
specimens is now in the Walsingham-Zeller Collection, in the Bzitish 
Museum, London. Whether Mann gave Zeller more than this speci- 
men I do not know, and the whereabouts of the 19 remaining speci- 
mens is unknown, at least to me. In March of the year 1867 Mr. H. 
A. Swinton captured at Warsash House*, Southampton, a Psychid 
which he sent to Stainton to be identified. Stainton had received in 
1861 specimens of the same insect from M. Fologne, taken near 
Brussels. He was on the point of describing the species as new, when 
he came across Zeller’s description of conspurcatella, and from this 
description alone, never, it would appear, having seen Zeller’s or 
Mann's specimens, identified the British and Belgian species therewith, 
(lintom, Ann., 1868, p. 127, fig. 3.) 

In 1899 Walsingham (/¢ntom. Record, xi. p. 256), having Zeller’s 
Specimen before him, separated the Swinton-Fologne species as distinct 
from Zeller’s, and named it staintoni, an undeserved honour surely 
after Stainton had made so careless an error. The specimens offered 
for sale under the name of conspurcatella are then all staintont, and are 
simply records of the neglect of the owners to notice Walsingham’s 
correction of Stainton’s mistake. In 1900 Tutt was enabled to publish 
full particulars of the life-history of staintuni, thanks to the capture of 
a large number at the original locality by H. R. Bankes in 1892. 

No later takings of conspurcatella have been recorded. 

(To be continued.) ‘3 

* Until now diplomatically concealed under the record ‘‘On the shore of 
Southampton Waters, opposite Calshot Castle’’ which very descriptive account 
led me to persuade my friend The Rev. J. E. Tarbat, of Fareham, to devote time 
and energy to the investigation of the whole of the shore of Southampton Water 


without success. Mr. Swinton later gave me full information, but Mr. Tarbat has 
not so far succeeded in tracing the insect. 


it THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


Digne, etc., 1922. 
By DOUGLAS H. PEARSON, F.E.S. 


It had long been a reproach that I had never visited Digne, which 
is sometimes spoken of as the Mecca of the Continental butterfly 
hunter, and this reproach my brother and I resolved to remove. i 

Leaving London on the morning of July 14th we arrived at Clelles 
before midday of the 15th in a pouring rain, and after some search 
discovered our registered baggage on the edge of a ditch beyond the 
platform, where it had been thrown from the van, much to the detri- 
ment of the contents, as we discovered later. We stayed at Clelles 
until the 18th, and picked up some useful things. The neighbourhood 
of the viaduct appeared to be the best ground, and here we were pleased 
to take two or three Melanargia galathea var. lewcomelas, which we had 
hitherto worked for in vain. On the patches of thyme were a number 
of Klugia (Thecla) spint and Nordmannia ilicis, most of the latter being 
strongly marked var. cerr?. One Polyommatus admetus var. ripartti was 
taken, and a few Scolitantides baton in one spot only, but P. damon was 
very plentiful in some of the meadows. Near the viaduct Melitaea 
parthenie was flying freely, and as it has usually been my luck to find M. 
athalia plentiful and M. parthenie very scarce, I brought home a fair 
number, but am disgusted to find that many of them appear to be J. 
athalia, and am more puzzled than ever with these two species. Most 
writers seem to rely upon the colour of the palpi to distinguish one 
from the other, so we turn to the authorities. Kirby, in Butterflies of 
Europe, says of athalia, “the palpi are pale yellow and are only occa- 
sionally reddish at the tips,” and of M. parthenie, “palpi as in athalia.” 
Wheeler says of athalia, ‘palpi dark brown above,” and of parthenie, 
‘“‘palpr golden brown above with a dark line below.’’ Kane does not 
mention the palpi of athalia, but of parthenie says, ‘‘ palpi yellow above.”’ 
Seitz says of athalia, “in doubtful specimens the palpi are a sure guide, 
which, when viewed from above, do not show any red hairs, but blackish 
ones, slightly intermingled with yellowish hairs beneath.’ He does 
not mention the palpi of parthenic. Wheeler describes the underside 
of athalia as “hindwing inner dark band generally broader at costa 
than in parthenie,” but Seitz says, ‘the markings of the underside are 
usually somewhat coarser, but too variable to afford any distinguishing 
character.” All of which is about as clear as mud! Many of these 
Clelles specimens have the wide median band of parthenie but the dark 
palpi of athalia. Would one be right in naming all specimens with 
yellow hairs above parthenie and dark ones athalia 2? Further hght 
would be much appreciated. 

On July 19th we moved on to Digne and cave there until the 
28th. Butterflies generally were not abundant, and though there was 
a fierce sun on many days it was accompanied by a cold ‘wind, which 
may have accounted for the scarcity. We only saw two Papilio alexa- 
nor, one of which was netted, but P. podalirius was fairly common. 
Female Polyommatus meleager were very scarce, and we only managed 
to take eight during our stay, one being ? var. steevent. Satyrus brisets 
was not out at Clelles, but we took a few at Digne, and plenty later on 
at Briancon, and one S. fidia was netted, but was too badly torn to 
keep. We were pleased toagain meet with I. galathea var. leucomelas, 
and took four in the corner of one meadow. P. admetus var. ripartit 


DIGNE, ETC., 1922. 45 


was fairly common and we took a nice series as 1t was a new capture 
for me. We also took anice little series of the summer form of Leptosia 
duponcheli, which was flying with L. sinapis, both being in good con- 
dition. Mr. Rowland-Brown, in 1912, pointed out that L. duponcheli 
can be distinguished from L. sinapis by the antennae, in L. sinapis the 
base of the club head being white in front, which white patch is want- 
ing in L. duponcheli. When using a thin black net the two species are | 
very easy to distinguish on the ground by this white patch. The wings 
are narrower and squarer in the male L. duponcheli, but in the female 
seem much the same shape as in L.sinapis. The dark marking on the 
costa of the forewing also seems less diffused than in L. sinapis and the 
ground colour not such a pure white. The undersides are practically 
pure white with a yellowish patch on the tip of the forewing, and are 
quite different from the specimens I have seen of the spring brood. S. 
actaea was a species which was new to me, and was therefore welcome, 
and with it S. cordula was flying, some of the ?s being still in good 
condition. COvenonympha dorus was fairly plentiful, and a very small 
race of P. icarus, which might easily be mistaken for Aricta medon 
(astrarche). Lavender is much advertised as a bait for butterflies, but 
we did not find it especially attractive, and the patches of thyme were 
generally much better attended. 

On July 29th we left Digne for Briancon, which I last visited in 
1911, and there we stayed for two days, and were pleased to meet with 
a few HMrebia neoridas, which we had not found at Digne. 8S. brisets 
was here plentiful and easy to capture, and we netted a few more S. 
actaea and three P. admetus var. ripartii. 

On August 1st we motored up to Lauteret and stayed there until 
the 7th. On the evening of our arrival we had a heavy thunderstorm 
and torrents of rain, but on August 38rd walked up to the Col de Galibier 
and had a good time with Hrebia ylacialis var. pluto on the old road 
which goes over the top of the tunnel at about 9,000 ft. There were 
a number about, but, as usual, the number seen was much greater than 
the number taken, as they flew over steep screes. The view from the 
top, with Mont Blane in one direction and Monte Viso in another, was 
very fine. On the slopes near the hotel we took a few Ayriades ther- 
sites, which I-had not previously taken, but they were very scarce. On 
August 6th we walked up the slopes of Galibier, but there was such a 
howling wind that we finally turned back before reaching the ridge 
aimed at, as walking was difficult. In a more sheltered valley on the 
way down we hunted the grass heads, and were well rewarded by a 
nice series of P.erds, Vacctniina optilete, Latiorina orbitulus, and a few 
Albulina pheretes, ete., one seed head being occupied by six A. niobe and 
two B. pales.. One g Melitaea cynthia was also taken. Zygaena exu- 
lans swatmed in thousands on the hillsides, but this was the only place 
where “‘ Burnets”’ were at all plentiful. At Clelles a few Z%. trans- 
alpina were met with (and here a transalpina was taken in copula with 
purpuralis), and at Digne five 7. fausta, one Z. hilaris, one 4%. ephialtes, 
and a few 4%. carniolica; probably we were too early for the main 
crop. 
We left Lautaret on August 7th, motored down to Grenoble—a 
lovely run—and thence straight home, bringing to a conclusion a very 
pleasant holiday. 


46 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Hippodamia variegata, Goeze.—New aberrations. 
By G. B. C. LEMAN, F.E.S. 

1. ab. harwoodi, n.ab. 

This aberration comprises the unique confluence of spots 1 and 5. 
Spot 4 is large and only escapes confluence pais spot 5 by a very 
narrow margin. The only other spots present are $ and 6. 

The type is in the collection of Mr. Philip Harwood, F.E.S., who 
kindly sent me his specimen, which he took at Little Hadham, Herts, 
on October 29th, 1911, for identification, and after whom I have the 
honour of naming it. 

Formuta: 1 + 5, 4, 6, 


bole 


2. ab. reichei, n.ab. 

A. mutabilis, Seriba, var., ‘“‘ Voyage en Abyssinie” par Fruet et 
Gallonier (Hntom.) p. 409. 1. (Reiche, 1850): A. mutabilis, Seriba. 
Mon. Coce. I. 40. No. 2. obs., and Mem. Ac. Iinp. Lyons, XV. 28. No. 2. 
obs. (Mulsant, 1866). 

“1. A. mutabilis :—Seriba.—var. 

“ Variété a six points noirs sur chaque élytre independam- 
ment de la tache scutellaire, les trois points postérieurs 
plus gros, réunis en une grande tache avee un point 
rouge au milieu. Pattes antérieures rouges, genoux un 
peu obseurs, branches des pattes intermédiares, base des 
cuisses et extrémités des jambes roussatres.”’ 

This variety 1s distinguished from ab. turiementca, Zoubk., by the 
presence of the red spot in the centre of the large blotch formed by the 
confluence of spots 4 + 5 + 6. 

aes 1,2,3,4+4+ 5 + 6 (in large blotch with red spot in 
centre), 4. 

3. ab. colligata, n.ab. 

A. variegata, Ws., B.T. II. Coce. (separat. Abdruck. aus der “ Zeit. 
fiir. Entom.”’ Neue Folge, Siebentes Heft. Breslau. 1879) pp. 5 and 6. 
1. 1. k. nee v. corsica, Reiche—B-T. I]. Coce. (1885) pp. 12-14. i. nee 
Vv. corsica, Riche ai Aiedie Journ. d Entom. (1892) XXVIII. 1. 12. 1 
nec var. corsica, Reiche—Ws., Deutsche Int. Zeit. (1900) pp. 122 and 
123. “ oder noch 4 mit 1 zusammen,’ nec ‘(var. corsica)’’. 

«k, P. 1 + 4 gross, bilden eine Langsbinde . . . . vy. 
corsica, Reiche.” [Ws., 1879.] 

“7, P. 4 ist gross, nach yorn und aussen gekriimmt, zu letzt 
mit P. 1 zu einer schiefen Liangsbinde vereinigt. 
Corsica Sardinien . . . vy. corsica, Reiche.”’ [Ws., 
1885. | 

This aberration has 13 spots, with 1 + 4 confluent (teste Weise), 
but it is certainly not the var. corsica of Reiche and cannot be confused 
with the latter. 

Formuta: 1 + 4, 2, 38, 5, 6, 4. 


4. ab. bilimbata, n.ab. 

This aberration differs from ab. limbata, Fabr., in having the 
additional spot No. 6. 

Fabricius (1781) describes his ab. limbata in Sp. Ins. II. App. 497. 
12 as under. 


HIPPODAMIA VARIEGATA, GOBZE. AT 


“12. Coccinella atra, coleoptorum disco rubro, limbata. 
Punctis duobus atris. 

“Media. Caput et thorax atra margine albido. Elytra atra 
ad suturam rubra puncto magno atro. Apex elytrorum 
rufescit.” 

Mulsant (1846) in Hist. Nat. des Col. under A. mutabilis, Seriba, 
var. C. makes the following observation (p. 41). — 

“Obs. Ici ce placerait la Cocc. limbata de Fabricius, si elle 
ne devait étre rangée méme de la liste des variétés de 
Véspece qui nous oceupe. Elle fut décrite par |’ Knto- 
mologiste de Kiel, sur un exemplaire du museum de 
Schultz, dont les élytres, selon toute apparence, se 
trouveraient accidentellement obscurcies. Fabricius dit 
quelle est noire, moins le disque des élytres qui est 
rouge et marqué d’un point noir sur chaque étui. Ou, 
suivant Schneider, qui parait avoir visité la collection de 
Schultz, l’exemplaire typique laisserait compter neuf 
points noirs sur chaque élytre dont la base et le bord 
externe sont obscurs.”’ 

On referring to Schneider (1792) New. May. II. p. 148, we find: 

“h. Coce. limbata, Fabr., aus der Schultzichen Sammlung. 
Sie ist der vorhergehende [=g. Cocc. 9-punctata, 
Schrank = H. varieyata, Goez.| ganz ibhnlich nur durch 
die schwarzebraune Farbe, womit der Grund und 
Ausserrand der Decken in betrachtlche Breite ange- 
flogen, etwas verstellt; doch lassen die neun grosser 
schwarzen Punkte leicht ausfundig machen.” 

Weise (1879) in his B-T. refers to a specimen in the Berlin 
Museum :— 

‘m. Fled. mit breiten, scharf begrenzten, schwarzen Saume, 
der mehr als 4 der Breite einnimmt und P. 5. (1 Sttiek 
diesser sch6nen Var. auf dem Berliner Museum) : 
v. limbata, Fabr.”’ 

In his 1885 edition Weise uses the same phraseology with the 
exception of ‘‘ Seitensaume” for ‘‘ Saume”’ and, what will appear 
significant, he omits any reference to the specimen in the Berlin 
Museum. 

I wrote during 1922 to Professor Kélbe of the Berlin Museum and 
asked him to look up the specimen referred to by Weise in 1879 and 
send me a diagram of same. This he very kindly did, but his dia- 
gram, while agreeing in other respects with Fabricius’ description,. 
and that of later writers, discloses the presence of two spots, viz., 
5 and 6. 

In this latter respect, the specimen now at the Berlin Museum 
does not tally with Fabricius’ description, and, while it is difficult to 
say with any certainty which of the two spots, 5 or 6, he intended by 
the phrase, ‘“puncto atro magno,” yet in view of the fact that 
normally spot 5 is the large spot on this series, coupled with Weise’s 
distinct reference to spot 5—and he appears to have seen such a 
Specimen at some time—I think we may accept spot 5 on the ab. 
limbata, Fabr. 

I have therefore named the specimen now at the Berlin Museum 
ab. bilimbata, to distinguish 1t from ab. limbata, Fabr. 


48 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Formura: 5, 6, $ and a black marginal border covering about 4 of 
width of elytra, from margin to suture, tapering towards apex, which 
is red. 


5. ab. hepatizon, n.ab. 

There is a very curiously marked specimen in the general col- 
lection at the South Kensington Museum labelled, ‘India. Adon. 
Mulsant var.” in which all the spots are confluent to an abnormal 
degree, including the upper spots with the lower. 

The markings include a series of three confluences all connected 
inter se, viz.: (i) 4+8+42, then (ii) 144, crossing (1) at right angles ; 
and (iii) 4+5+6, which is a liver-shaped blotch containing the red 
spot found also in ab. reichii, mibi (Supra. 2), confluent with (ii). 

Whether the additional spot mentioned by Mulsant, Spec. des Col. 
Trim. Sec:, pt. 1, 88, 1 (1851), and. Mem. Ac. linp. Lyons, xv., 27, 1 
{1866), as occurring in his var. doubledayi immediately below spot 1 is 
present in this aberration I cannot say. 

The thorax has one of the normal forms of this species, viz., two 
whitish spots and slight medial depression at apex. 

Type in §8.K. Museum. 

Formuta: 4+8-+2 crossing at right angles confluence 1+4+45-+6, 
of which 4+5-+6 forms a large liver-shaped blotch, with a red spot 
in centre. 


6. ab. ellisi, n.ab. 

This aberration differs from ab. harwoodi, mihi, in having spot 4 
joined to the confluence of 1 + 5, which is the distinguishing feature 
of ab. harwoodi. Spot 1 is larger and the confluence bolder, the other 
spots present being 6 and $. 

I found this aberration in the collection of Mr. H. Willoughby 
Klis, F.Z.S., F.E.8., who kindly placed his series of this species at my 
disposal, and after whom I have the honour of naming it. 

Mr. Willoughby Ellis informs me this aberration was taken by Dr. 
Tait at Swanage in June, 1900. 

The type is in the collection of Mr. Willoughby Hllis. 

Formunta: 1 + 5 + 4, 6, 4. 


7. Correction for locality of ab. bearit, Leman [Hnt. Rec., xxxiv., 
No. 6. p. 102. 8. (1922)]. 

The locality for this aberration should have been given as “ New 
Brighton, Cheshire, and not Southport. 


8. Correction of British Record of ab. alacris, Ws. [Ent. Rec., 
XXXV.,j NOW ds ps 115.2. (1923))). 

Closer examination proves this specimen to be ab. obversepunctata, 
Schrank, and this record should therefore be expunged. I much regret 
this error. 


A Summer Holiday at Nyons, Drome, and La Sainte Baume, Var, 
in July, 1922. 
By LIEUT. E. B. ASHBY, F.E.S., and memb. Soe. ent. de France. 
When Mr. F. T. Gilliat kindly asked me last spring to join him 
and his brother, the Rev. $8. W. KE. Gilliat, in a butterfly hunt in 


A SUMMER HOLIDAY AT NYONS, ETC. 49 


Southern France, I suggested to him that we should retraverse some 
of the ground collected over by the late Mr. Rowland-Brown and Mr. 
Warren and described in the Hntomologist of past years. We agreed 
that it would be worth while to do this and we accordingly arrived at 
Nyons on July 6th, via Paris, Valence and Pierrelatte. We stayed at 
the Hotel Colombet at Nyons, which is satisfactory for a short stay of 
a few days and reasonable, but we must warn any entomologist who 
may follow us to keep carefully all his captures and collecting 
material, etc., under lock and key during his stay, as the spirit of 
curiosity (and consequent loss or damage) is developed to an extra- 
ordinary degree at this hotel. 

We found insects in the Nyons district comparatively scarce, 
probably owing to the great drought of 1921, but during the four days 
we spent there we captured between us the following (omitting 
those very commonly met with anywhere): Papilio machaon, P. 
podalirius, P. alewanor, Gonepteryx cleopatra, Pieris manni (abundant), 
Melitaea dia, M. phoebe, M. didyma, Melanargia galathea var. procida, 
Kluyia spini, Nordmannia ilicis, Lycaena arion, Agriades thersites, 
Hirsutina admetus var. ripartii, Polyommatus escheri females only, 
Satyrus fidia (one taken by Mr. F. T. Gilliat), Satyrus circe, S. 
hermione, Coenonympha arcania, C. dorus, Epinephele jurtina var. 
hispulla, E. pasiphaé, and Polygonia egea. I also took the Paraneur- 
optera (Odonata) Cordulegasta annulatus (very common), Sympetrum 
meridionale, Lindenia forcipatus and Aeschna mixta (very abundant) ; 
the Hymenoptera Mylabris quadripunctata, Scolia hirta, Bombus 
ligusticus, Pimpla instigator, Halictus quadristrigatus, Anthophora 
quadrifasciata ; the Dipteron Selidopogon diademe, besides the Moths 
Zygaena lonicerae, 4. filipendulae, Z. ephialtes ab. athamanthae and 
Acontia lucida. P. alewanor was anything but common and after many 
hours hard work I only succeeded in getting two, both fine female 
specimens. The males were apparently quite over at this date. 

On July 8th we took the autobus to Rosans in the Hautes-Alpes, 
a distance of 89 odd miles, arriving there about 9 a.m. We soon 
found to our regret that the main object of our journey, Melanargia 
japygia, race cleanthe, the rarest of French Melanargias, was quite over 
this year, judging by the very few chipped and worn specimens met 
with. However, Mr. Gilliat took a nice series of Polyommatus admetus 
race ripartit, and amongst a number of very fresh M. galathea, race 
procida, which I secured, there was an extremely dark melanic form, 
which is very striking in appearance. At this place we took fresh 
Satyrus cordula, Pontia daplidice, Anthocharis cramert var. ausonia, 
and Scolitantides baton, with the Cicada, C. frawina, which was both 
noisy and abundant, flying from tree to tree on the lower sides of the 
slopes. The collecting ground at Rosans is very extensive, rising for 
some considerable distance behind the little hotel of the village. We 
can recommend this hotel for a few days stay; it is clean, the food 
is well served and tariff satisfactory. We returned to Nyons in the 
evening after a very interesting day. During our last day at Nyons, 
in a fruitless effort to get more specimens of P. aleavanor, of which we 
saw a few, but could not get near among the scrub on the steep hill- 
sides, I got a female Heodes dorilis and two H. alciphron var. gordius 
females. Nyons.was essentially the Land of Olive Trees and the 
little green berries will later on produce the full-grown fruit in 
December. 


50 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


We left Nyons on July 10th, and as we had two hours to wait at 
Pierrelatte, we tried to collect along the banks of the P.L.M. main 
line in a tempestuous wind. In a few sheltered hollows we found 
Thymelicus acteon abundant, a specimen of Satyrus briseis, Agriades 
thersites and Acronicta rumicis, with some commoner insects. 

We stayed the night of July 10th at Aubagne, beyond Marseilles, 
and leaving early the next morning we reached the hotellerie at La 
Sainte Baume by autobus a little before midday. Most of the time 
we collected along the wooded escarpment at the back of the hotellerie ; 
and also along the broad and hot expanse of the Plan d’Aupe, a 
plateau of considerable length running roughly east and west from 
the hotellerie, which faces north; also about the top portion of the 
road leading from Ste. Baume to Nans, and on the zigzag path to Nans, 
which leads down off from the main road shortly after it begins to 
descend. We also found it well worth while to work the ground imme- 
diately in front of the hotellerie as far as and to the right of a 
large cross, standing high on some boulders to the north. It is prudent 
to keep well to the path here to avoid the dangerous boulders and the 
crevices which for the most part are difficult or impossible to cross. 

One day I walked to the Col de Bretagne, but met with nothing 
interesting after leaving the Plan d’Aupe, which swarmed with many 
species of Orthoptera, though the view of the hills of Provence and 
the sea beyond was very fine. Another day I walked up to the grotto 
of St. Mary Magdalene above the forest south of the hotellerie, but a 
camera is more useful than a net up there, and the views ought not to 
be missed. 

When we first arrived at Ste. Baume we found Polyommatus dolus 
in good condition, but not very common. It was distributed all round 
the borders of the forest land, and we afterwards found it much more 
abundant in the woody “ oases’’ stretching out from the main forest 
on to the Plan d’Aupe to the west of the hotellerie. S. actaea we 
found just coming out on rocky ground a little north of the hotellerie, 
to the right of the above-mentioned cross. Both sexes were out. 
Laeosopis roboris was much too worn, although we took a round dozen 
between us. It occurred mostly on the bushes and scrub on both 
sides of the Nans road, just where it begins to descend, and also along 
the ridge due west from this towards the direction of the above- 
mentioned cross. , 

Of Brenthis hecate a few fair specimens were obtained after careful 
selection on the outskirts of woods and on thistle heads among fir 
plantations, on the Plan d’Aupe. SS. brisets commenced to emerge 
about July 14th, and soon became exceedingly abundant in both 
sexes, the first female emerging a few days after the 14th. Many of 
the females were the aberration pirata. The second brood of Limenitis 
camilla was emerging at both Nans and Ste. Baume about July 16th. 

On the 18th the Rey. S. Gilliat and I descended to Nans by the 
zigzag footpath which is considerably shorter than the main road and 
we had a famous lunch at the Grand Hotel de Lorge at Nans-les- Pins’ 
to give the little place its full name. We found the proprietor very 
polite and he remembered the names of quite a number of British 
naturalists. On arriving at Ste. Baume I had been given the rooms 
which had just been vacated by Dr. Rosa, who had gone down to 
Nans, from where he wrote me, but unfortunately I did not see him 


A SUMMER HOLIDAY AT NYONS, ETC. 51 


again at Nans as he had gone before I visited the village. On 
this visit to Nans we took the only Dryas pandora I have seen 
in Provence this year, a female of 6. hecate, a nice series of a 
small race of Hpinephele ida, which appears to reach its highest 
limit here a little way below the Hotel de Lorge, where I 
found it along a good path behind the hotel leading towards the 
village, Mrynnis altheae one, a very dark [iimicta phiaeas, and a speci- 
men each of Hesperia sao and H. carthami. We also took a small 
number of Zygaena occitanica, freshly emerged, and a couple of Z. 
fausta. Here as at Ste. Baume butterflies were comparatively scarce 
compared with the usual abundance in July in a normal year. 

The numerous carp in the Hotel ponds at Nans were stated to be 
37 years old; they are well fed by the numerous summer visitors to 
the Hotel. Specimens of Libellula depressa in their full blue plumage 
were flying over these pools and could easily be caught when settled, 
as they frequently did. S. alcyone was flying all along the zigzag path 
between Nans and Ste. Baume in very fair condition. One day in the 
forest at Ste. Baume we met M. Francois Bernard of Dunkirk, a 
coleopterist and member of the Hnt. Soc. of France, who gave me a 
Specimen of Ledra aurita (Hem.) he had just taken. 

Besides the insects above mentioned we found between us in the 
Ste. Baume district (omitting the commoner species) the following 
Rhopalocera :—P. podalirius, P. machaon, Pieris mannit, Colias croceus, 
Gonepteryx cleopatra (abundant), Nordmannia ilicis, Strymon w-album, 
Bithys quercus (abundant, very large specimens), Muyouia polychloros, 
Polygonia c-album, Huvanessa antiopa, Melitaea athalia, M. cinxia, M. 
didyma, M. dia, M. parthenie, M. phoebe, Dryas paphia, with several 
very fine var. valesina, Argynnis cydippe, Celastrina argiolus (large), 
Scolitantides baton, Polyommatus escheri, Agriades thetis, A. coridon, A. 
thersites (fairly plentiful especially in fir copses just outside the edge of 
the forest), S. alcyone, S.circe, 8. brisets, Hpinephele lycaonand var. lupinus, 
a fine form of S. semele, Melanaryia yalathea tending towards var. 
procida, M. arge, M. syllius (one worn), Coenonympha dorus, C. pam- 
philus var. lyllus, Rumicia phlaeas var. eleus, Thymelicus acteon, Pyrgus 
proto, Hesperia onopordi male and female, ete. 

Heterocera :—Smerinthus quercis, Ino globulariae, Sesia asiliformis, 
Zygaena trifolii, Z. transalpina ab. astrayali, Z. fausta, Lithosia com- 
plana, Catocala conrersa, ('. nyniphaygoga, Polyphaenis sericata, Cilia 
glaucata, Pseudopterpna pruinata, Boarmia lichenaria, and Hylophila 
quercana. 

Coleoptera :—Strangalia armata, Ergates faber, Criocephalus rusticus, 
Leptura fulva, Trichodes alvearius, Mylabris quadripunctata, M. variabilis, 
M. 12-punctata, Clytus floralis, Leptura hastata, Cetonta aurata, Crypto- 
cephalus seamaculatus, Lampra festiva, Chlorophorus trifasciatus and 
Scarabaeus laticollis. 

Paraneuroptera :—Aeschna mixta, A. cyanea, Calopterya viryo, C. 
haemorrhoidalis (the two last caught at Ste. Maxime and given me), 
and Myrmeleon europaeus. 

Hymenoptera.—Ammophila sahulosa, Humenes unguiculus (a wasp, 
erroneously called a bee, Hnt. Rec., vol. xxxiy., p. 161), Polistes 
gallica, Bombus pratorum, Vespa germanica, Discolia quadripunctata, 
Bembex sinuata, Philanthus triangulum, Halictus sexcinctus, the Bra- 
conid Glyptomorpha pectoralis, and one of the rare Cryptochilus octo- 
maculatus, Anthophora gallica (dubia). 


52, _ THE ENTOMOLOGIS1T’S RECORD. 


Orthoptera.—Aedipoda miniata, Caloptenus italicus and nymph, 
Oedalus nigrofasciatus (flavus), Decticus albifrons, Bacillus gallicus, 
Stenobothrus yrammicus, Barbitistes fischert, and Leptophyes puncta- 
tissima. ; . 

Rhynchota.—Ledra aurita, Cicada fravina, Pentatoma rufipes, Har- 
pactor tracundus, and Carpocoris purpuretpennis. 

Diptera. —Volucella inanis, V. zonaria, Sphaerophoria nigricoxa, 
Tabanus bovinus, Anthrax fenestrata, Fallenia fasciata, Stenopogon 
sabandus, and Selidopogon diademe. 

I was glad to take a good long series of Sesia asiliformis, all on 
one large blackberry bush still in blossom along the Nans road. 

The greatest disadvantage we found was the continuous very gusty 
wind which blew most days in full force across the Plan d’Aupe. 
Barring two very slight showers we had no rain at Ste. Baume. We 
found M. Pedone at the hotellerie most obliging and he is very anxious 
to increase the numbers of his British clientéle. 

It was not until July 20th that I succeeded in finding Hirsutina 
dolus in any number. Previously to that date we had found it very 
sparsely distributed in many places around the hotellerie. But on 
this date after déjetiner, towards 5 p.m., on the Plan d’Aupe, I dis- 
covered both sexes in considerable numbers at rest on long grass 
stalks in a sheltered position under one or two isolated trees, but still 
getting the rays of the afternoon sun. With them were a few Agriades 
coridun and C. pamphilus var. lyllus, with one or two Pyrgus. proto. 
These trees were the extension of a copse that juts out into the plain 
about two miles due west from the hotellerie on the left. It would 
seem from this that H. dolus is decidedly gregarious in its habits and 
so different from A. coridon, which rests scattered all over the plain 
on lavender, etc. Evidently this is the time of day to get H. dolus in 
any number at this locality. The species appears considerably less 
active than A. coridon. 

On July 22nd the Rev. S. W. E. Gillat gave me a specimen of 
the “stick insect ’’ he had taken, most probably coming from a fir-tree 
near by. Unfortunately we did not see any more and I was unable to 
observe its habits in the open. The species is Bacillus gallicus; it is 
herbivorous, sluggish and harmless, of a curious stick-like build, 
always apterous in Kurope. Only one other species occurs in S. 
Kurope and N. Africa, viz., B. rossii. They may be found all the 
year round in very hot places in the extreme South of Hurope. In 
France B. rossii has been taken at Hyéres, Cannes, Ste. Maxime and 
Draguignan, but the male is excessively rare. 

Our very pleasant visit to Ste. Baume was enlivened by the great 
numbers of pilgrims to keep St. Mary Magdalen’s day and who also on 
Saturdays and Sundays thronged the hotellerie. The legend of the 
grotto above the hotellerie has a great hold on the Provengals and one 
of the most beautiful sights I shall ever remember was that of the 
grotto chapel at midnight, lit up for mass, the rays of light streaming 
down over the dark and silent forest below, and the deep tones of the 
clear church bell as, in the stillness of night, it pealed forth its call to 
the assembled pilgrims to worship. 

We left Ste. Baume on July 24th, accomplishing the hazardous 
descent in safety, and went direct to Marseilles by way of Auriol, 
after a very happy and successful trip in Provence. 


NOTES ON COLLECTING.’ 53 


On the way home, however, I spent a few days at Lardy, in the 
Department of the Seine-et-Oise, easily reached from Paris, Gare 
Austerlitz, in little more than an hour. There is a fine expanse of 
collecting ground here, on the uplands rising from just north of the 
railway immediately from the station. Colias hyale was in great 
abundance, P. machaon some and Lycaena arion; abundance of 
‘ burnets”’ Zygaena fausta, Z. carniolica, Z. filipendulae, Z. ephialtes 
ab. athamanthae ; and Orneodes hevadactyla. Among the Hymenoptera 
were Philanthus triangulum, Athalia glabricollis, Bombus agrorum and 
Anthophora dispar. The Neuroptera were Ascalaphus longicornis 
female, and Chrysopa vulgaris. The Orthoptera were Ocdalus nigro- 
fasciata, the larva of a species of Mphippiyera and Oedipoda iminiata. 

In conclusion, | must express my best thanks to Messrs. Blair, 
China, Edwards, Tams, and Dr. Uvarov of the Natural History 
Museum, and to the Rey. F. D. Morice and Mons. J. M. R. Surcouf, 
of Paris, who have all invariably given me the kindest assistance in 
helping me to name some of the more unfamiliar species. 


YOTHES ON COLLECTING, etc. 


WakwicKsHIRE Recorps or IcHNeUMONIDAE (Continued).—Crye- 
TINAE.—Crotocryptus- parvulus, Gr.—Coombe, 9.v.20. Cubocephalus 
brevicornis, Tasch.—Brandon, 2.xi.19. CC. oviventris, Gr.—Stoke, 
17.vii.20, rare. Microcryptus abdominator, Gr.—Stoke, 10.vi.18 ; 
12.vii.19 ; 10.vii.21; Canley, 11.v.21. MV. leucostictus, Gr.—Stoke*, 
22.v.20. Glyphicnemis profligator, Fab.—-Generally distributed. G. 
brevis, Gr.—Wyken, 4.vi.17. G. erythroyaster, Gr.—Stoke, 7.vi.21. 
Phygadeuon variabilis, Gr.—Coombe, 29.v.21.  P. exvigquus, Gr. — Stoke, 
Wil; SC. 125 jamaor, Eve Sole, wjpiilS)s Alaa s lesen orn, 
19.x.19. Panargyrops tenuis, Gr.—Stoke, 10.vi.17. Hemiteles necator, 
Gr.—Stoke, 10.v.21.. H. bicolorinus, Gr.—Stoke, 1.vi.19. AH. areator, 
Pz.—Common and generally distributed. A. cinyulator, Gr.—Stoke, 
22.v.21. H. castaneus, Tasch.—Stoke, 15.vii.21. HA. similis, Gm.— 
Stoke, 16.xi.19; 24.vili.19; Coombe, 9.v.20. H. aestivalis, Gr.— 
Stoke, 28.viii.20. HAH. validicornis, Thms.—Stoke*, 1919. 4. 
politus, Bdg.—Stoke, vili.1916, 9. Pczomachus instabilis, Fst.— 
Ryton*, 1919. =P. intermedius, Fst.—Stoke*, 1919. Stilpnus gagates, 
Gr.—-Stoke, 10.vi.19; 26.v.20. 8S. blandus, Gr.—bBStoke, 16.vi.17; 
1918; 8.vi.19; rare. Atractodes tenebricosus, Gr.—Stoke, 17.vii.20: 
17.x.20; 1.v.21. A. bicolor, Gr.—Brandon, 24.viii.19 ; Coleshill Bog, 
29.1x.19. <A. yilvipes, Hlgr.—Stoke, 22.v.19; 21.vi.l9. Haolytus 
laevigatus, Gr.—Bubbenhall, 10.vi.17. Pycnocryptus peregrinator, L.— 
Stoke, 1916; Brandon, 20.v.17; Wyken, 4.vi.17;- Bubbenhall, 
10.vi.17. Spiloeryptus abbreviator, Fab.—Church Lawford, 27.vu.19. 
Goniocryptus titillator, L.—Coombe, 15.vili.20.  Cryptus tarsoleucus, 
Schr.— Coventry, 1915, ¢. C. viduatorius, Fab.—Brinklow, 24.v.19. 
C. obscurus, Gr.—Generally distributed. Habrocryptus porrectorius, 
Fab.—Coombe, 9.v.20; Stoke, 8.x.21. 

Pimprinar.—Aylonomus securicornis, Hlgr.Ryton, 6.vi.20; Rare, 
4th specimen known, 8rd Gt. Britain. Hphialtes carbonarius, Chr.— 
Waverley Wood, 22.ix.18, H. G. Wagstaff; Bubbenhall, 9° 9, 

15.vili.20, F. Pepper.  Perithous divinator, Rossi.—Stoke, viil.16, 2. 
~ Pimpla ruficollis, Gr.—Waverley Wood, 24.viii.19, H. G. Wagstaff ; 


54 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


Bubbenhall, 7.ix.19, H. Cooke. P. brevicornis, Gr.—Stoke, vill.16; 
10.ix.17; Bubbenhall, 16.ix.19; Brandon, 2.xi.19.  P. detrita, Hler.— 
Brinklow, 2.viil.20. P. instiyator, Fab.—Common and generally dis- 
tributed. LP. turionellae, L. Common and generally distributed. P. 
maculator, Fab.—Common and generally distribnted. P. rufata, Gm. 
—Common and generally distributed. Clistopyya incttator, Fab.— 
Stoke, 26.v.19; 20.viii.19; Bubbenhall, 17.vili.19. Glypta parvi- 
caudata, Bdg.—Coleshill Bog, 27.1x.19, rare. G. scalaris, Gr.— 
Princethorpe, 26.vil.19. G. bifoveolata, Gr.—Stoke. 20.v.19; Tinton, 
1.viii.20. G. flavolineata.—Bubbenhall, 27.vii.18; 29.vi.19; Kenil- 
worth, 8.vili.20.  Cryptopimpla caligata, Gr.—Stockton, 28.vili.20 ; 
rare. Lissonota bellator, Gr.—Stoke, 16.vii.21. L. cylindrator, Vill.— 
Stoke, 17.vii.20; Brinklow, 2.vii.1920; Bubbenhall, 30.vil.21-  L. 
L. sulphurifera, Gr.—Generally distributed. Meniscus catenator, Pz.— 
Coombe, 80.vi.18.  Alloplasta murina, Gr-—Generally distributed. 
Phytodiaetus obscurus, Desy.—Coombe, 9.v.20. Lampronota melancholica, 
Gr.—Ryton, 6.vi.20.  Collyria calcitrator, Gr.—Coventry, 1915. 
Banchus pictus, Wab.—Generally distributed. Maetastes cinctipes, Retz. 
—Generally distributed. H. laevigator, Vill—Bubbehnall, 10.vi.17. 
(Vo be continued.)—J. W. Saunt, 53, Enfield Road, Stoke, Coventry. 


GXJURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


We congratulate Dr. G. A. KX. Marshall, C.M.G., F.Z.8S., F.1.8., 
on his election to a fellowship in the Royal Society. There are but 
too few representatives of our Science of Iintomology in the Society, 
and even that small number has been lessened of late by the deaths 
of Dr. T. A. Chapman and Mr. Elwes. May Dr. Marshall enjoy the 
honour for many years to come. 


SOCIETIES. 


Tue Sours Lonpon EnromonocicaL Socrery. 


November 23rd.—Annuat Exurpition.— Messrs. A. de B. Goodman 
and O. R. Goodman exhibited 63 species (out of 118) taken by them in 
the French Pyrenees (Orient.) in July, 1922, including Papilio poda- 
lirius race feisthamelit, Pieris mannt, Laeosopis roboris, Apatura ilia var. 
clytie, Aryynnis cydippe ab. cleodowa, and the form chlorodippe not 
previously recorded from French soil, Parnassius apollo ab. brittingert, 
Latiorina orbitulus race oberthurt, A. pyrenaica, Mrebia epiphron race 
pyrenaica, 14. manto race constans, EL. gorgone, I. lefebvret, ete. 

Lord Rothschild exhibited a series of over 500 British Arctia caja, 
including many aberrations, together with larvae, pupae, and parasites. 
He also exhibited for comparison a series of continental European 
typical specimens and aberrations, and the various Asiatic and Ameri- 
can geographical races of A. caja. He drew special attention to the 
Armenian and §. Caucasian race wiskutti, Stdgr., as being dimorphic, 
the g having white and the ° rose-coloured hindwings. The Japanese 
race was distinguished by its large size and heavy marking, while most 
of the American races have red tegulae (patagia). 

Mr. W. G. Sheldon, a series of about 700 Sarrothripus revayana, with 
all the named forms except ab. sayittata. 

Mr. EK. Kk. Green, a small collection of miscellaneous Arthropods 


SOCIETIES. 55 


from Ceylon, including a large hunting spider (Paecilotheria), a“ Cobra”’ 
Mantis, a “lanternfly,” the ‘“‘ Caricature bug ’’ Cetacanthus, etc., and 
bred series of Pyramets cardui and Huvanessa antiopa, the latter from 
Gavarnie. 

Mr. H. A. Leeds, many aberrations of British Rhopalocera captured 
in 1922, including Melanargia yalathea with golden-tawny borders of 
all wings, and forms comparable to ab. procida, ab. caeca of Aphantopus 
hyperantus, ab. ptorsas of Strymon prunt, extra spotted Mpinephele jurtina, 
Argynnis aylaia and Coenonympha pamphilus with greatly increased 
area of wings melanic, numerous named forms of FPlebeius aegon, many 
combination aberrations of Ayriades coridon, named from Tutt’s 
British Lepidoptera, and many others. 

Rev. G. Wheeler, the type specimens of Loweta subalpina var. brun- 
nea, Nomiades semiargus ab. striata, Albulina pheretes ab. caeruleopunc- 
tata, etc., very fine striated forms of Glaucopsyche cyllarus, Polyommatus 
icarus, Heodes viryaureae var. zernattensis, and Loweia alciphron var. 
gordius, also fine series of Parnassius apollo ab. rufa, Apatura iris ab. 
tole, A. ilia var. clytie, ab. eos, etc., with many other species showing 
obsolescence or excess of spotting. 

Miss L. Cheesman, a Japanese Long-horned Grasshopper, Dies- 
trammena marmorata, a pest in greenhouses with orchids. 

Dr. G. 8. Robertson, 2nd, 8rd, and 4th generations of Catocala 
fraxini from Horsham ; the 4th gen. specimen was very pale, the 2nd 
gen. specimen very dark. 

Mr. H. B. Williams, the series of Muchloé cardamines with its named 
forms, described in 77ans. Lond. N. H. Sy., 1915, with many minor 
aberrations. 

Mr. R. Adkin, his series of Diacrisia mendica with all the naied 
forms, including the new race venosa and the new mongrel race siistura, 
with a series of Herse convolvuli, taken in his garden at Kastbourne. 

Mr. L. T. Ford, a short series of Peronea cristana from the Isle of 
Wight, including an ab. purdeyana, a form hitherto only taken at Folke- 
stone. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner, two old entomological works, Moufet’s /nsect- 
orum sive Minimorum Animalium Theatrum, London, 1634, and Ulysses 
Aldrovandus, De Animalibus Insectis libri septem, (1602) 1638. 

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, a striated (underside) Brenthis enphrosyne, 
Kent, a dull brown Vanessa io, bred Lancashire, a melanic Tephrosia 
consonaria, Maidstone, extreme light and dark-banded Cvocallis elingu- 
aria, Wimbledon, ete. 

Prof. Bateson, forms of the leaf in Primula sinensis, represented as 
resulting from the combinations of three pairs of factors, any of which 
may be present or absent. 

Mr. A. W. Mera, a series of Psilura monacha, bred from 1918 parents 
in successive years, the tendency to melanism being fully maintained 
to the last. 

On behalf of Mr. Copeland, Mr. Mera exhibited some fine examples 
of Catocala nupta, with smoky hindwings, taken at Loughton in Sep- 
tember, 1918. 

Mr. W. J. Kaye, a pair of the hybrid Sphingid luctani, Denso, a 
cross between Pergesa porcellus 9 and DP. elpenor 8. 

Mr. W. Brocklehurst, a gynandromorph of Dryas paphia, New 
Forest, 1922, and the rare Notodonta tritophus, Bedford, light, May, 
1907. 


56 THE ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Mr. W. G. Nash, a gynandromorph of PD). paphia and var. valesina, 
New Forest, 1922, a nearly black g of A. coridon var. plumbescens, 
Royston, and an intersex of the same species without androconia, etc. 

Rev. J. EK. Tarbat, Xylophasia monoglypha from six localities, in- 
cluding an intensely black specimen from Mucking and a very pale 
form from Freshwater; also Dysstroma truncata from the latter place, 
one dark-banded, another with much grey suffusion. 

Mr. L. W. Newman, his 1922 captures of Agriades thetis, with ex- 
treme aberration in colour and marking, with 1921 series to show the 
contrast between the hot and cold season coloration, compared series 
of Melitaca aurinia from many localities, living pupa and imagines of 
Oolias croceus from September laid ova, and many other notable 
aberrations. 

Mr. R. T. Bowman, varied series of Polia chi and var. olivacea, and 
examples of Numerta pulveraria, showing aberrant coloration. 

Dr. E. A. Cockayne, on behalf of Mr. Arthur Dicksee, (1) Homoe- 
osis in Papilio horishanus, Formosa, (2) an aberration of g P. thaiwa- 
nus with an angulated instead of rounded hindwing, (3) a series of 
Agvias amydon showing stages in the development of a blue mark on 
the hindwing. : 

Mr. L. F. Hammond, an Hpinephele jurtina of a pale silvery grey 
ab. brigitta and an Aricia medon with the white coloration replaced by 
dull grey and lead colour. 

Col. R. H. Rattray, aberrations of British Lycaenidae, Agriades 
thetis § with light grey patches, g with dark leaden coloured bar 
across wines, Plebetus aeyon with similar patches, an _ inter- 
sex with androconia, Adopaea flava with glistening white patches, 
Zygaena filipendulae with confluent spots on right forewing, 
and Hipocrita jacobaeae with red costal streak united with the two outer 
marginal red spots, and Cupido minimus with incipient striation. 

Mr. B. H. Crabtree, aberrations of Argynnis aylaia black markings 
replaced by silver, ab. albomaculata, and another with forewings black 
shot with dark green and only a few fulvous spots, a third with exten- 
sive coalition of silver on the underside, and upperside nearly spotless, 
with series of aberrations of A. thetis and A. coridon. 

Mr. B. W. Adkin, a small suffused A. aglaia, A. cydippe with en- 
larged markings, Vanessa io specimens with very variable borders to 
forewings. 

Mr. C. H. Williams, aberrations of A. grossulariata and A. coridon. 

Mr. G. H. Cornish, on behalf of Mr. Juby, a Rumicia phlaeas with 
the red marginal band represented by red dots, ab. radiata. 

Mr. A. Ki. Tonge, R. phlaeas ab. schmidtii, bleached forms of H’pine- 
phele jurtina, striated and obsolete forms of A. coridon, A. thetis, ete. 

Mr. D. Pearson, Polyommatus icarus from Notts, 1922, a fine gynan- 
dromorph, left side J , right side ¢, various blue ?s, some with well- 
marked lunules, and a large number of varied forms of Rhopalocera 
taken in the Kastern Pyrenees; anda drawer of Melitaea didyma, referring 
especially to the very remarkably dark variegated Gavarnie females. 

Mr. W. F, H. Rosenberg, rare Lepidoptera from 8. America, Papilio 
euterpinus, Pereute beryllina, the Saturnitdae, Coptopteryx sonthonnaxt, C. 
derceto, Loxolomia serpentina, the first of which had strong sexual 
dimorphism in the form of the hindwings, ete. 


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world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data 
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G. Pether, ‘‘Thelma,’’ 4, Willow Bridge 
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Duplicates.—Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), 
*B. quercus ¢, Tiliew, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophearia vars. 
Paniscus. Desiderata.—Pupx of Dictwoides; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina 
(dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria. —Harold B. Williams, 
114a, Bensham Manor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


Duplicates. —Sybilla, Paphia, Io (2), Selene, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, [llustraria (autumn) 
Nastata, Roboraria ¢ , Prunaria (4) 3, Tipuliformis. Desiderata.—Castreusis 3 , Cucullina, 
Cribrum, Cinerea, Ravida, Ashworthii, Notata, Obfuscaria, Smaragdaria and others, alse 
yars. and local forms.—Harold E. Winser, Kent House, Cranleigh. 


Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, 
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. 
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.— 
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford. 


Duplicates.—-Cinerea ¢ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars. 
Immorata and other Hast Sussex species. 


Desiderata.—Pupse. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista, 
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctue 
in fine condition only.—A. J. Wightman, 35, Morris Road, Lewes. 


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‘CONTENTS. 


PAGE 
Notes on the Psychides, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S. . a 38 Bk vA ae a7 
What is a Species? the late Dr. d. Chapman, F.R.S., F.Z.S... ays a ie a 62 
“Entomological Notes from Putney for 1922, H. Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., FHS. Bie 7 64 
‘The Distress of Russian Entomologists, Dr. Malcolm Burr, F.E.S. .. 2 se 65 
Norres on CottEectine :—Warwickshire Records of Ichneumonidae, J. W. Saunt; Faaly 
emere re of P. rapae, Alice K. Locke; Records of Anopheles Species, A ED "Hamm, 
F.E.S.; C. 11- Se ab. lemani, n.ab., 7. F. ee F.E.S.; La Sainte Baume 
in July, 1922, G. H. Gurney, F.E. ics : : : 66 
Current Norrs anpD SHortT Novices ee . a Si ; 3 oe 68 
~ Societies :—The South London Entomological Socidtye ; the Entomological Society the 
Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society .. ei : Bc ae 69 
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NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 57 


Notes on the Psychides. 
By the Rey. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S. 
(Continued from page 43.) 


Luffia lapidella.—Claimed by Tutt as a denizen of the British 
Islands, has up to the present evaded my search. Apparently widely 
distributed on the Continent, it reaches the Channel Islands, where, 
from the number of larvae sent to me by the late Rev. F. EK. Lowe of 
Guernsey, it would appear to swarm upon his Vicarage garden wall. 
The male has never been found in Great Britain, but it is included in 
Tutt’s work on the strength of the supposed capture of the female on 
the South Coast. I have not myself received any females from the 
south of England, which differ in the slightest detail from the 
ubiquitous L. ferchaultella. The tarsal formula for the female lapidella 
would appear to be 4-4-4, that of ferchaultella every possible 
combination of 4 and 8, as is pointed out by Tutt, even to 2-2-2, for 
the joints are fused without limit. 

I bred a male of lapidella from Guernsey in 1917, which became 
violently excited when introduced to a female of L. ferchaultella. 
Copulation appeared to ensue, but instead of only lasting a few 
minutes, as is the usual case with Psychides, this continued for half-an- 
hour. The female did not lay a single egg. As the eggs in this genus 
are laid into the empty pupa-shell, which remains within the larval 
case, I examined this shell and found it to be quite empty. 

Never before have I known ee of these females die without 
laying. Amongst the L. lapidella from Guernsey I found at least one 
female of L. ferchaultella. Possibly the larva had wandered, or been 
collected from, a neighbouring post or tree. 

L. ferchaultella, Steph. (=pomonae, Stainton).—The fences, posts, 
and trees, in this district are generally crowded with cases of this 
male-less, and therefore parthenogenetic species, in separate colonies 
rather than continuously. I have watched the growth of these 
colonies. A new length of ‘“ Yarra wood” railway fence + mile long 
constructed some 15-20 years ago, showed no signs, at first, of this 
species. Having found a Solenobia thereon, confined to about twenty 
yards at one extremity, I have watched the fence rather narrowly. At 
first ferchaultella was absent. I chose the unoccupied pales at the 
further extremity, as a suitable situation on which to plant out a 
number of cases of Solenobia lichenella from Wellington, Berks, sent by 
Mr. Hamm. These were evidently mixed with the present species, 
for lichenella disappeared, but ferchaultella remained, a single colony at 
first, and at the present patches occur along the whole length. 

This is the species which created a great deal of interest in the 
Bristol district some years ago, about which Harding wrote in 
the! MOVE) vol! viz, pp. 91-938 (£869), and vol. xii, p. 208 
(1876), suggesting that it is the apterous, and parthenogenetic 
female of Narycia monilifera. Mr. Hudd through Mr. G. C. 
Griffiths of Clifton, handed over to me a card which Harding 
had arranged to illustrate. his theory. This card has two series 
of larval cases, the first evidently of NV. monilifera, the second 
of this species. ‘Below are 5 circles drawn in ink, and lettered, 
** Apterous females of S. pomonae.”’ The females had disappeared*. 


__ * Referring to the female Psychides it is curious to notice how exceedingly 
liable they seem to be to the attacks of the Psocids, Acari, and such like unwelcome 


Aprit 15TH, 19238. 


58 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


It is certain that Harding did not realise that a winged female N. 
monilifera had laid her eggs among his ferchaultella. This has 
happened several times to me. 

Tutt says that the females of ferchaultella do not “ call’? upon 
emergence, and Chapman separated, under the name of L. maggiella, a 
race whose females do ‘‘call.” I have repeatedly found females 
which do ‘‘ call,’ and Mr. Metcalfe received from Whittle, who collected 
them at Wicken, specimens which also “called.”’ The distinction 
here would appear to be rather forced. 

Masonia crassiorella.—Another species which is credited with 
occurring in Great Britain. I can find no British male among 
Chapman’s material, although there may possibly be some amongst 
the unlabelled specimens named as this species. Nowhere have I 
found any specimens amongst the material sent to me by friends. 
Chapman shows that the continental males will pair with females 
from the South of England. It is possible that what I found to occur 
between the two Luffias, also occurs with this insect. Yet I cannot 
but regard the species as a most unsatisfactory one. The difference 
in the position of the base of the anterior tibial spur, from that in 
Fumea casta, seems to me to be a small matter, when all other dis- 
tinctions only amount to a question of size and colour. If the large 
number of specimens in my hands be correctly named (tested by the 
position of the base of the anterior tibial spur) then there is a very 
great variation in size amongst théjmagines. 

I have now in my hands a race Sent to me by Count H. Turati, of 
Milan, which appears to be this insect. The imaginest appeared in 
1922 before my local F'umea casta emerged. I am hoping with the 
progeny, now half ‘grown, to be able to discover whether crassiorella 
will pair with the Fumea casta from Mucking. 

I have not been able to learn anything more about Proutia eppingell 
Tutt, and Masonia edwardsella, Tutt, the types of which are in the 
British Museum, nor of J. miifomielan Chapman, M. hibernicella, 
Chapman, and Fumea scotica, Chapman. It may be that the fine 
distinctions upon which these species were founded, are but extremes 
where variation is considerable. 

The last time I saw F. G. Whittle, he brought me a large /wmea 
from Scotland under the firm conviction that he had taken F’. scotica. So 
far as this insect is “large and robust,” all was satisfactory, but the tibial 
formula proved it to be probably only casta. 

The parthenogenetic powers of the Psychides have not forced them- 
selves upon my attention. L. ferchaultella is confessedly so, but of 
that of other species I have not been able to convince myself. In the 
case of the three Solenobias which I find in Mucking, I have no 
absolute confirmation. With the large species which occurs commonly 
upon the posts by the river wall, upon gate posts along the roads, and 
found by Whittle upon posts in different parts of the marshes, I have 


visitors to the collection. Should such reach a-case of Psychides, the females, 
pinned and carded, are the first to suffer, and I rarely find a perfect specimen, 
with antennae and legs intact under such circumstances. 


+ It is noteworthy that these imagines upon emergence exhibited a very bright 
fiery red sheen, which rapidly passed away. The same evanescence of colour 
appears to be exhibited by Ptilocephala bicolorella, Bdy., which is reduced to P. 
angustella, H.S., very shortly after emergence. 


NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 59 


found the females which are collected after emergence produce, as a 
rule, fertile eggs; while those which emerge in captivity, do not. It 
is the same with the small species which I call inconspicuella, and 
with the third species which I find upon the “ Yarra wood” fence. 
This would appear to prove the existence of the male, yet all my 
attempts to find that sex have failed. I have never bred a specimen 
amongst the large number which I have collected in the course of 
years. I have also failed in my attempts at “assembling,” and even in 
trapping him should he come when I was not present. I contrived a little 
trap which ought to have revealed his presence. Taking a chip box I 
placed a fresh female therein, and covered the open box with a piece 
of muslin, secured by an elastic band. In the centre of the muslin I 
then made a hole with the point of a pencil, just sufficiently large for 
his passage. The pencil leaves a slight “turning in” of the muslin 
round the hole, which I imagined would deter the invading insect from 
returning the way he came. No vestige of a visitor has ever appeared. 

I have netted in my garden Narycta monilifera, Diploma hermainata, 
Fumea casta, Epichnopteryx pulla, and Taiaeporia tubulosa, but no 
Solenobia. 

There is little question but that the Psychides exhibit periods of 
abundance alternated with times of scarcity. At Brentwood during 
April and May, 1886-7-8, I found innumerable males of inconspicuella 
_ upon Thorndon Park fence. From the latter year until I left the 
district in 1890 I found no more imagines or cases. I have paid 
occasional visits since, and Whittle used to search nearly every year, 
and was rewarded once by capturing a male. Doubtless had I lived 
upon the spot I might have experienced another year of abundance. 
It would appear to be much the same with other species. Norgate 
found large numbers of larvae of Pachythelia villosella in the New 
Forest, August 21st, 1879. He described his takings as ‘a band box 
full” (Tutt, vol. xi. p. 412, wrongly ascribes the record to me). I 
found upon the river wall at Rainham a swarm of F/pichnopterya pulla 
males, females, and cases. Mr. Hayward of Repton, writes me that on 
Cannock Chase, in April, 1920, he found large numbers of males of 
a Solenobia, flying and at rest. Specimens of these sent to me, judged 
by size and colour might probably as well be named S. nickerlit, as S. 
inconspicuella. Bankes’ success with B. staintoni may be another 
instance. 

Contrasted with these experiences of abundance I would mention 
that for the last two years the commonest species have been rarely met 
with, even in the spots where they have been previously plentiful. The 
reason for the variability of these insects, as also with most Lepidop- 
tera is probably to be ascribed to the variability in weather conditions. 
Bruand also complains that after hard winter weather, he found several 
of his species disappear from their usual haunts. The Psychides, at 
least such as I know, appear to feed chiefly during the winter, and 
to aestivate during the hotter part of the summer. 

Such Psychides as I have had the opportuuity of rearing in 
captivity, that is to say, those which occur, and are obtainable in 
Britain, are not difficult to deal with, so long as, if there be any doubt 
about providing proper food and surroundings, the larvae are not 
collected very long before pupation. I lost a number of Luffia lapidella 
from this cause, the tree-lichens at my disposal not suiting the rock- 


60. THE ENTOMOLOGIS®’S RECORD. 


lichen feeding larvae. My experience is thus limited to our smaller 
species, suchas feed upon lichens and low-growing plants. The great 
enemy of the would-be rearer is mildew, and yet the food must be 
kept fairly moist, for, should it become dry the larvae cease to eat, I 
am now feeding my Italian Masonias upon dead, partly rotten, plum 
and other leaves, green grass, apple peel, rose petals, etc. They are 
also carnivorous, taking readily to dead flies, smashed Aphides, Lepi- 
doptera, and even cooked, or raw, meat. But the consumption of 
food is remarkably small, and I am inclined to think that variety 
rather than quantity, is the desideratum with these really small larvae. 

Rearing from the egg is a somewhat tedious business, as attention 
must be continued throughout the winter during which the vreater 
part of the larval state is passed. I have however brought through 
Fumeas, and these Masonias, without much difficulty, but have never 
attempted to rear Solenobias, which appear to require a particular 
lichen growing upon posts and fences, rather than living wood, or 
upon rocks and stones, and therefore difficult to keep under natural 
conditions. It is necessary to contine such small captives somewhat 
closely, and I rear them in 4in. glass topped, metal boxes, with a little 
earth or sand at the bottom, a bit of lichen covered bark, and anything 
in the way of food which may come to hand, all kept moist and 
frequently renewed to avoid mildew. 

I can give an example of the life-cycle of such a Psychid. Ova 
laid by the Masonia received from Count EK. Turati, of Milan, in May, 
hatched about June 4th, 1922, and the young larvae, as is their habit, 
first employed their energies in fabricating their tiny, smooth cases 
from gnawed flakes of the inner part of some bark. ‘They appear to 
have commenced to construct their “ faggot’? covering in August, 
from chopped up, fine, dry, grass stems provided for this purpose. 
They were eating leaves, by preference withered or dead in October, 
having passed a time, during the hottest weather, in quiet aestivation. 
I bred a male on December 21st which lived without attention until 
the 25th. This must have been an unusual occurrence brought about 
by the artificial conditions under which the insects were being reared. 
Since that date no more have emerged, and I have now (March) a 
mixture of a majority of large cases, probably nearly full size, 
and of a minority which are still small. Most of them are 
still feeding. They evince a great partiality for fresh flowers 
of Laurestinus, Myosotis, etc., making for the centre of the 
blossom in search of the nectar, it would seem. The larger 
larvae have been adding flat shreds of dead leaves to their 
cases, the result being that the customary ‘“faggot’’ case is entirely 
altered in appearance. ‘The captives appear to live in perfect amity, 
possibly so long as they are of the same family and, species. But 
sometimes tragedies occur. I had sent to me in a small box, a /umea, 
and a Narycia monilifera. Upon arrival I found that the F’wmea had 
devoured its companion. Whether it had died before it was seized it 
is not possible to say, if not there must have been a deliberate attack 
on the part of the Fumea. Yet my Masonias live in peace with a 
number of Psocidae, Poduridae, and Ovibatidae, and no living insects 
which I have introduced have suffered unless previously crippled. In 
these cases, and with green food, the principle desire would appear to 
be to extract the juices, rather than devour the substance. I have 


NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 61 


however seen a larva of Diploduma herminata with a large part of its 
body inside that of a dead fly. 

The use of insect remains in the covering of the cases does not 
appear to me to be absolute evidence that the former owners had 
fallen victims to the wearer, but rather perhaps that the larvae had 
come acrogs the remains when foraging about amongst the low growth 
in search of food and building material. 

One very curious habit of some of these larvae has puzzled me 
much. While rearing N. monilifera, and the Luffias, and I believe 
also the Solenobias, I have frequently discovered cases attached open- 
ine to opening. I thought at first that these were proofs of intended 
murder, but examination showed that both larvae were quite well and 
happy. The cases are spun together by the edges of the openings. 
How long this conjunction continues I do not know. I have preserved 
a pair of these coupled cases intact, in order that I may retain 
evidence of the fact. This habit must, | presume, be confined to the 
species which reside in smooth cases, as such an association would be 
difficult to those which construct more complicated habitations. 

Coming now to the description of individual specimens, it is 
necessary that I should use for the sake of brevity and compactness 
the numbers which I have attached to each. I must explain that I 
have actually several separate collections, each of which has had to 
receive a distinctive designation. 


C.I. Nos. 1-599.—Sienify Chapman’s mixed accumulation of 
imagines of Fumea, Bruandia, and Masonia, and such further 
material as I have been able to add thereto. 

EK. Nos. 600-699.—assigned to Hpichnopteryx, but scarcely used, as no 
important differences have been discoverable amongst the 
specimens of H’. pudla. 

Coll. (or C.) Nos. 700—.—The inclusive collection of imagines of 
Palaearctic species, Chapman's, and my own additions. 

C.M. Nos. 1—.—Chapman’s mounts. 


My own mounts bear the same numbers as the imagines from 
which the parts were taken. 

I have already stated that I have been unable to learn more about 
some of the new, and obscure, species included in Tutt’s list. These 
were largely differentiated by Chapman, upon the relative position of 
the base of the spur upon the tibia of the front leg of the male. The 
formula used (Tutt p. 299) is ‘‘ we may express the length of the spur 
by the distance of its point of origin from the end of the tibia, by a 
decimal . . . . This affords a specific character of some value.” 
This formula appearing to me to be somewhat vague (inasmuch as the 
leneth of the spur does not actually come into the calculation), I 
appealed to the Rev. J. W. Metcalfe of Torquay (whose great devotion, 
and kindness in measuring for me many hundreds of specimens has 
been invaluable) to devise a better, clearer, form. He accordingly 
supplied me with the following—which exactly coincides with my idea 
of Chapman’s meaning, and has been used by us in all measurements 
of the tibiae :—‘‘ For purposes of comparison, we employ the ratio of 
the length of the tibia beyond the origin of the spur, to the whole 
length of the tibia.” 

The great trouble remains that it is often exceedingly difficult to 


62 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


decide upon the exact terminations of the tibia, as they are confused by 
the joints connecting with the other members, with the result that 
‘the personal equation” largely effects the result, and I find myself 
frequently more or less out of agreement with both Chapman and 
Metcalfe. This difficulty will in a measure explain, even if it does not 
excuse, some of the divergences which may be discovered in the follow- 
ing details. 
These explanations become necessary when I approach the question 
of the new British species separated by Chapman, and Tutt, premising 
that Masonia edwardsella, Tutt, and Fumea germanica, Chapman, are 
not British. 


(Lo be continued.) 


What is a Species ? 
By the late Dr. T. A. CHAPMAN, F.R.S., F.Z.S., F.H,S. 


This is an abstract question and may, according to the way in 
which it is approached and the kind of answer that will be accepted, 
be a very easy or a very difficult one. What is wanted, however, is 
not a reply to an abstract question, but a reply to the concrete one, 
Are two groups of individuals all of the same species, or is each group 
of a species distinct from the other; and by what criterion shall we 
arrive at a just conclusion ? 

To follow the evolution of our idea of species I may be allowed to 
revert for a moment to the abstract question. I may, as having a pre- 
Darwinian memory, refer to the answer that still found most acceptance 
fifty years ago, and even later; not that our present answer was want- 
ing, but that it wanted the support that the Darwinian explanation 
gives. The answer was, that a species is a group of individuals all 
descended from separately created ancestors, presumably such a pair as 
was preserved by Noah, and consequently all related to one another 
and unrelated to any other individuals. 

How far have we travelled from this conception? To frame a 
definition of our present idea of a species as nearly as may be in the 
terminology of the older one, I might say that a species is a group of 
individuals which might all be supposed to be descended from a single 
pair with distinctive characters, and within a moderate (though 
indefinite) period. 

We suppose a species usually to arise by the isolation of a section 
of a pre-existing species, variation and selection producing the neces- 
sary modifications. And the new species, it is often pointed out to us, 
is descended, not from a single pair, but from the whole (possibly very 
large) isolated section. This is true in a sense, but qua distinct 
species, the modified older idea of an ancestry limited to a single pair 
is more nearly true. The species is distinct, because it has, under an 
altered environment, acquired by variation and selection certain new 
distinct characters. 

These distinct characters, preserved and cultivated because valuable 
under the new circumstances, may have originated in the isolated 
section frequently, and got lost by sheer accident, but one day anu indi- 
vidual possessing the required character (no doubt usually in a very 
moderate degree) left progeny, a fair proportion of which inherited the 
character, and from this basis the new character in its full develop- 


WHAT IS A SPECIES ? 63 


ment became finally built up. Probably each feature characterising 
the new species originated in this way from one individual, and so 
there is only one ancestor for each distinctive character, or correlated 
group of characters. If however we select one distinctive character of 
the species, we have descent from one ancestor, as well no doubt as 
from many others, but this one ancestor is distinctive from everything 
represented in the present species. 

It may even be a question, how far infertility with related species 
may be due to the final dominance of the strain of this important 
primary individual. When a species is dividing into two or more 
distinct ones by isolation, there must be a longer or shorter period 
during which they are still one species, and finally a date at which they 
are perfectly distinct. Mathematically we might say, there must bea 
particular moment before which they are one, after which they are two 
species. Biologically, or at least experimentally, this is not the case, 
there is a period during which the matter remains doubtful. Probably 
if we had a sieve suitable for sifting the individuals, we should find 
that some individuals were already distinct, that others were less 
differentiated ; still more probably, if each individual could be sifted, 
some of its elements would be found distinct, others still in common. 
This latter is probably the case in species that are, and have very long 
been, somewhat widely distinct species. The common elements, how- 
ever, are unable to declare their affinity in face of predominance of the 
immeasurable elements, since all must develop more or less together. 

If this be so, absolute distinction for practical purposes declares 
itself long before complete distinction of all the elements of the germ 
plasm is achieved. But going in the other direction, must we not 
equally conclude that we may have distinctness of the character that 
we look for in species, in many elements of the germ plasm, long before 
they have any influence in producing infertility between individuals 
that possess them and those that do not. 

Following out the ideas thus suggested, specific distinction might 
be defined as immiscibility of germ plasm, and distinct species 
would be those where individuals possess a certain (possibly variable 
in different families and genera) definite proportion of such immiscible 
germ-plasm. 

It would result from this that there may be between two races the 
greatest variation in the amount of specific distinctness, and that this 
indefiniteness is a matter of fact and not of the personal equation of 
the observer. This might be taken to be arguing in a circle, were it 
not that instances of this vagueness of specific distinctness are not rare 
phenomena, but abound on all hands. 

What J have said gives my ideas, not of species but of what con- 
stitutes specific differentiation. 

My idea of species is to take something out of this that will be 
useful for practical purposes. 

I conclude that the races of peas experimented on by Mendel and 
Bateson are all of one species, but I should postulate that they possess 
some elements of specific distinctness. Smerinthus ocellatus and popult, 
on the other hand, are distinct species, but still possess some elements 
that are specifically identical. 

Trying to frame a general test that would separate these pairs of 
forms that are always regarded as of one species, from those that are 


64 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


always regarded as two, should incidentally give some guidance (which 
after all is only some useful rule for ordinary rough purposes) on the 
doubtful and intermediate races, the conditions force us to take one of 
the degrees of miscibility. What this degree shall be, must in the end, 
be such a practical one as will appeal to the ordinary field naturalist, 
is in fact dependent on the personal equation, and the personal equa- 
tion must be that, if we can ascertain it, of the man who is practically 
dealing with specific forms in life. 

Such a test seems to be that if the two forms placed together in a 
suitable environment, mix readily to a common and ayerage form, then 
they are one species, if not, tkey are distinct. A common and average 
form must be interpreted broadly, and would include alternative and 
mutually exclusive variations, and so on. If the two forms appear to 
mix freely, and the mixed form reverts at once to one or other of the 
parent forms (apart from selection due to unsuitable environment) then 
the species are distinct. 

Such a test is however a counsel of perfection, the time and pains 
necessary to apply it to a given case will rarely be held to be remuner- 
ative, and what we really have to do is to bring in once again the 
personal equation, and decide, as best we may, from our other know- 
ledge of the two forms, what would be their behaviour were such a 
test appled. 


Entomological Notes. from Putney for 1922. 
By H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.E.S. 


January 11th.—Forficula auricularia, out on footpath. 

February 23rd.—Coccinella bipuncta, on a fence. 

February 28th.—A % of Apis mellifica, on the wing. 

March 8th.—Vespa vulgaris 2 , on the wing. 

April 15th.—Coccinella 7-punctata, on a fence; Vespa vulgaris 2, 
on the wing. 

April 23rd.— Bombus sp.? flying in my garden. 

April 29th.— Geotrupes sylvaticus, a very small brightly coloured 
specimen walking on Putney Common. 

May 20th.—Phymatocera aterrima (Solomon’s Seal Saw-fly), flying 
In my garden. 

May 22nd.—Atomaria linearis, flew into my study window. 

May 23rd.—Phlogophora meticulosa (the Angleshades Moth), on a 
fence. 

June 2nd.—Pygaera bucephala (Buff-tip), and Lucanus cervus, on & 
fence in my garden. 

July 18th.—Lucanus cervus 2, on a fence in Oakhill Road. 

July 20th.—RKhizotrogus solstitialis, quite a small specimen at large 
in my garden. This is the first time I have noticed this beetle at 
Putney, though no doubt it is not uncommon. In July, 1920, how- 
ever, I let loose in my garden a number of specimens which I had 
brought up from Cornwall; and the specimen in question may have 
sprung from them. 

August 10th.—Calathus flavipes, on the pavement. 

August 24th.—Pyrameis atalanta (the Red Admiral), in the garden ; 
Tenebrio molitor, on the pavement. 


THE DISTRESS OF RUSSIAN ENTOMOLOGISTS. 65 


September 18th.—Pentatoma rujfipes, in Hazlewell Road ; a speci- 
men was taken near the same spot on September 15th, 1920. 

September 20th.—Oxytelus sculptuwratus, on a window in my study. 

September 21st.—A large green Dragon-fly was observed flying up 
and down Hazlewell Road, and hawking winged ants during a marriage 
flight of the latter. 

October 1st.—A number of small Lepidopterous larvae were hang- 
ing by threads from the Laburnum tree in the front garden. I un- 
fortunately did not capture any at the time, and I did not see them 
again. 

October 7th.—Tortria pronubana, flying in some numbers in my 
garden. This species was very abundant all over Putney in 1922. 
The grass-hopper, recorded in 1920, was very common in my garden 
in 1922. I had never seen it previous to August 28th, 1920. 

October 8th.—Vespa vulgaris g , flying in Hazlewell Road. 

October 26th.—Quite a number of ¢ wasps (Vespa vulgaris) were 
noticed in the window of a confectioner’s shop in Hast Putney. 

November 8th and 25th.—A specimen of Geotrupes spiniyer, on the 
pavement in Hazlewell Road. On October 15th, 1892, I took a num- 
ber of this species in fields at Putney, situated just about where my 
house stands to-day ! 

December 12th.— Coccinella 7-punctata, on my fence. 

December 24th.—A Queen Wasp (Vespa vulgaris), picked up in a 
dormant condition on the pavement. When brought into a warm 
room she revived and crawled aloo, but went to sleep again when 
placed in a cold room. 

December 29th.— Pseudococcus Vikan. The colony of this scale 
insect recorded on October 29th, 1921, which occurred on a Laburnum 
tree in Oakhill Road, was as abundant, or more so, than ever. 


The Distress of Russian Entomologists. 


Ata recent meeting of the Entomological Society of London, the 
sum of 20 dollars was voted by the Society, and another 20 dollars 
subscribed among the Fellows, to send a remittance of food and cloth- 
ing to the President of the Russian Entomological Society, Andrei 
Petrovich Semenov-Tian-Shansky, Hon.F.E.S., who is living under 
distressful conditions in Petrograd; yet in spite of this, and of his 
rapidly failing eyesight, he is continuing to carry on his entomological 
work. 

The Russian Entomological Society, under his guidance and en- 
couraged by his devotion and enthusiasm, is also carrying on its 
labours; in the face of innumerable difficulties, the members have 
succeeded in producing their Review, copies of which have reached 
Hogland. The splendid work done by this school of Entomologists 
is, perhaps, not well enough known in Britain, except to specialists, 
but it is almost to them alone that we owe our present knowledge, 
which is considerable, of the immensely rich, interesting and important 
fauna of Central Asia, Siberia and the Caucasus. Yet these men can 
scarcely keep body and soul together, and many have families to 
support, while few can buy the clothing which is urgently needed. 
This state of affairs must seriously prejudice the efficiency of their 
scientific work and thus hinder the progress of Entomology. 


66 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


In order to help them, a small committee has been formed, with 
the object of collecting funds and remitting them to the Russian 
Entomological Society, to be employed as their Council thinks fit, in 
aiding the members in need either with food or clothing. Moderate 
sums of money can now be remitted to Petrograd or Moscow. ‘This 
committee consists of Mr. Arthur Dicksee, F.E.S., Mr. B. P. Uvarov, 
at the Natural History Museum, and Dr Burr. Any sympathiser is 
requested to communicate with either of these, preferably enclosing a 
remittance, however small, for a few shillings will to-day buy millions 
of roubles, and will help a Russian colleague to carry on the struggle 
and his scientific work for the benefit of the Science which we all love. 

All British Entomologists, who enjoy happier conditions, cannot 
but feel the greatest sympathy for their Russian brethren under these 
pitiable circumstances, especially those who have connections by 
correspondence, friendship, or scientific relationship, above all, those 
who have at any time enjoyed the famous and lavish hospitality of 
that generous people, and probably many will welcome an opportunity 
of contributing to their assistance, to help them tide over until better 
days. 


Artbur Dicksee, F.E.S., 7, Duke Street, St. James. S.W.1. 

B. P. Uvarov, F.E.S., Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, 
S.W.7. 

Malcolm Burr, F.E.S., United University Club, Pall Mail Kast, S.W.1. 


Y)OTES ON COLLECTING, etc. 


WarwicksHirE Recorps or IcHNeuMONINAE (TRyPHONINAE).— Poly- 
clistus mansuetor, Gr.—Stoke, 24.vili.19; 8.1x.20; 8.vii.21. Ortho- 
centrus fulvipes, Gr.—Stoke, 10.v.21. Bassus laetatorius, Fab.—Stoke, 
14.v1.20; 26.vi.20; Coombe, 15.viii.20; Brinklow, 2.vili.20. B. tri- 
cmnctus, GYr.—- stoke, vilelG 3 )5.vi- 09). tx l9-) 30. vi.20) 92vi0.20: 
Homocidus biguttatus, Gr.—Stoke, vi.16; 7.vi.21; 10.vi.2l. Al. flavo- 
lineatus, Gr.—Ryton, 6.vi.20. H. tarsatorius, Pz.—Stoke, 8.ix.20; 
8.viil.21; 20.vi.21; 29.v.21; Brandon, iv.16. H. deplanatus, Gr.— 
Brandon, 2.x1.19. H. dimidiatus, Schr.—Stoke, 6.ix.19. Promethus 
sulcator, Gr.—Brandon, 24.viil.19; Brinklow, 2.viii.20; Stoke, 8.vi1i.20. 
P. coynatus, Hlgr.—Brinklow, 27.vii.19.  Protarchus rufus, Gr.—Bub- 
benhall, 29.vi.19, H. G. Wagstaff. Mesoletus virgultorum, Gr.—Bran- 
don, 12.vi.21. Rare. M. semicaligatus, Gr.—Bubbenhall, 14.vin.19. 
M. anlicus, Gr.—Coleshill Bog, 14.vii.20 (host, Pteronus (Lophyrus) 
pint); Stockton, 28.viii.20; Stoke, 11.vi.21. MM. variegatus, Jkr.— 
Coleshill Bog, 11.x.19; 26.v.20. M. formosus, Gr.—Stoke, 29.v.21. 
M. filicornis, Hlgr.—Stoke, ix.16, 9. M. niger, Gr.—Bubbenhall, 
18.v.19; Ryton, 5.vii.l9. Dyspetes praeroyator, L.—Stoke, viii.16; 
ix.16; Tile Hill, 23,viii.19; Kenilworth, 28.viii.21. Tryphon elon- 
gator, Fab.—Stoke, 20.vi.21. 7. rutilator, L.—Stoke, 4.vi.17; 80.v.21; 
Coombe, 29.v.21. TJ. vulgaris, Hler.—Bubbenhall, 7.v1.19; Corley, 
28.v.20; Coleshill Bog,* 4.vii.20 (host, Pteronus pini). T’. consobrinus, 
Hler.—Ryton, 5.vui.19. Acrotomus succinctus, Gr.—Ryton, 10.vii.21. 
Exenterus aurtfluus, Hal.—Brandon, 4.1x.21. Mesoleptus typhae, Fre. 
—Ryton, 11.vii.21; Kenilworth, 28.vili.21. M. ruficornis, Gr.— 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 67 


Brinklow, 12.ix.20. Catoglyptus fortipes, Gr.—Bubbenhall, 7.vi.19. 
C. fuscicornis, Gr—Stoke, 26.v.20; 4.vi1.20; 7.viii.21; Ceo 
15.vii.20.  Huryproctus geniculosus, Gr.—Brandon, patil i. 
atomator, Mull.—Stoke, viii.16. H.notatus, Gr._—-Smockington, 7.vii.20. 
Perilissus filicornis, Gr.—Binley, 27.v.16; Brandon, 1.vi.19; Stoke, 
1.vi.19; Wyken, 30.v.20. P. Juteolator, Gr.—Stoke, 29.v.19 (host, 
Priophorus tener). Prionopoda stictica, Fab.—Generally distributed. 
P. glabra, Bdg.— Bubbenhall, 29.vi.19. Lathrolestus wngularis, Thms. 
— Stoke, 24.vi.19. Polyblastus rartitarsus, Gr.—Stoke, 26.v1.20; Bran- 
don, 4.ix.21. P. pratensis, Gr.—Stoke, 2.vi.20.—(To be continued.)— 
J. W. Saunt, 58, Enfield Road, Stoke, Coventry. 


EARLY EMERGENCE oF Pieris rapax.—It may be of interest to 
record that I captured a male specimen of P. rapae flying round a 
lighted gas chandelier in a chapel at Hast Dulwich, at 8 p.m. on Sun- 
day, March 11th, 1923.—Aticr k. Lock (Miss), 77, Grove Hill Road, 
Denmark Park, S. E. 5. 


Recorps or ANopHELES sprcies.—The following particulars are 
taken from notes I made at the time. 

Anopheles plumbeus, Stph., = niyripes, Stacy. 

“gg flying in small swarms, at 8.15 p.m. (proper time) in 
the open, away from trees, up and down vertically, about six to 
eight feet above the ground. There were no large trees near, 
only small bushes about 20 yards off. First met with on June 8rd, 
1915, and again in the same place on June 11th, 1915, in Hogley Bog, 
Oxford.” 

IT again met with 9 ¢ flying in a small swarm, at about the same 
time in the evening, in another locality, on August 14th, 1915, near 
Bayswater Mill, Oxford. On this occasion, although they were in the 
open, there were many large trees comparatively near. 

A. bifurcatus, Li, § g also fly in a similar way, in the open, my 
notes give, “flying in small swarms at 6.15 p.m. (summer time), in a 
clay pit, Shotover Hill, Oxford, on September 22nd, 1917.”—A. H. 
Hamm (F.H.S.), 22, Southfield Road, Oxford. 


CoccinELLa 11-puncrata aB. lemani, n.as.—lI recently submitted 
to Messrs. G. B. C. Leman and H. Donisthorpe a number of my 
Coccinellidae captures for their kind help in classification as to varieties, 
aberrations, etc., and among the C. 11-punctata, Li., submitted one — 
which, so far, has not been described or recorded. The scutellar spot 
is absent, and only two spots appear on each elytron, its formula 
being—38, 5. The specimen was taken at Burgh near Carlisle, on June 
3rd, 1922. Since a careful search shows no previous record of this 
aberration, I propose, with Mr. Leman’s consent, to name it after him 
as some small acknowledgment of his work on the group, and his 
kindness in giving unsparingly his help and encouragement whenever 
it is sought. C. L1l-punctata ab. lemani. Formula—38, 5.—T. F. 
Marriner (F'.E.8.), 2, Brunswick Street, Carlisle. March 17th, 1923. 


Lia Samre Baume 1n Jury, 1922, anp a Correction.—In Mr. E. B. 
Ashby’s interesting paper on his captures last year, in the Sainte 


68 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Baume district, published in this month’s Record, I note he mentions 
having taken Melanargia arge* near Ste. Baume. ‘This, of course, 
must be a mistake, as this insect is only found in Spain and Sicily, 
and has never been recorded from the south of France. 

With regard to Satyrus briseis which is abundant near the 
Hotellerie at Ste. Baume, the female form, var. pirata, is found here, 
as Mr. Ashby states, not uncommonly, some of those which I took in 
1920 being of very large size. This variety differs from the type, in 
the colour of the light bands of the upperside of the front wings, 
which are rich reddish ochre-yellow, instead of white, in fact it is 
almost exactly similar in colour and general appearance to the female 
var. uwhagonis of Satyrus priewi, which of course is only found at 
Albarracin in Central Spain. There however, curiously enough, var. 
pirata is not found, all the females being typical briseis, and the 
form a small and somewhat insignificant one.—G. H. Gurney, F.E.S., 
Keswick Hall, Norwich. 


GYURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


Paris III. and LV. of the Transactions of the Entomological Society 
of London should now be in the hands of all the Fellows, and the 
concluding part consisting of the Proceedings only is well on the way. 
The present issue contains 820 pages and 82 plates, 4 being coloured. 
The paper which will appeal most to British entomologists is that by 
Mr. C. L. Withycombe, M.Sc., entitled ‘‘ Notes on the Biology of 
some British Neuroptera,’’ with six excellent plates in black and 
white; it describes the author’s researches in the little known habits 
and structure of some of the Osmylidae, Hanerobiidae, Chrysopidae, and 
Coniopterygidae. Mr. N. D. Riley’s account of the Rhopalocera found 
on the Mount Everest Expedition of 1921 is another interesting 
paper unfortunately marred by one of the plates. One of the most 
valuable papers is the ‘“‘ Monograph of the Genus Catochrysops,” by 
Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, with twenty plates, three of which are 
coloured; the paper contains a thorough investigation of the genitalia 
and of the androconia, of which the bulk of the plates portray the 
details. 

The attention of Entomologists throughout the world is called to 
the fact that, beginning with the Volume of 1922, the preparation of 
the ‘‘ Insecta ’”’ part of the Zoological Record is being undertaken by 
the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. In order that the Record may 
be as complete as it is possible to make it, all authors of entomological 
papers, especially of systematic ones, are requested to send separata of 
their papers to the Bureau. These are particularly destred im cases 
where the original journal is one that is not primarily devoted to ento- 
mology. All separata should be addressed to :—The Assistant Director, 
Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 41, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W.7. 

The second part of the first volume of the Bulletin of the Hull 
Museum was issued a short while ago. This deals almost exclusively 
with new forms of Lepidoptera of which such quantities have been 
obtained by Mr. Joicey’s collectors in New Guinea, Central Ceram, 


* By a curious error Arge (gen.) was printed MW. arge.—H.J.T. 


SOCIETIES. 69 


Sumatra, S. America, ete., etc. Mr. G. Talbot is responsible for much 
of the work, whilst Sir George Hampson deals with new Noctuidae and 
Mr. L. B. Prout with the Geometers. Prof. Poulton has a note on a 
case of mimetic resemblance and Mr. Talbot gives some notes and 
remarks on nomenclature, which originated in the remarks made in 
the short review of part 1 in this magazine. There are no figures in 
part 2, but the new species will be fully illustrated in part 3, which is 
promised at an early date, together with the Index of Vol. I. 


SOCIETIES. 
Tae SourH Lonpon HnromonoeicaL Society. 


December 16th.—Nrw Mermpers.—Messrs. W. H. T. Tams, 19, 
Sulivan Road, Hurlingham, 8.W.6; F. G. Mann, B.Sc., Chemical 
Laboratories, Pembroke Street, Cambridge; and John Robertson, 
M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.Z.8., 69, Bedford Road, S.W. 4, were elected. 

Eixuisirs.—Mr. C. Withyeombe showed the following species of 
Neuroptera in support of the fact that in the Order there often appears 
to be w tendency to reduction of the hindwings, but as a rule not to 
complete reduction ; Glenoleon indecisuin (Queensland), Cymothales sp. 
(Africa), Chasmoptera sheppardi (Asia Minor), Nemoptera bipennis (Spain), 
etc. 

Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Zygaena sp. reared from pupae sent him 
by Lord Rothschild, from the Chilterns, near Tring. Fifty-seven 
examples were six-spotted, and sixteen were five-spotted. When left 
to themselves there were no cross-pairings between the forms. He 
regarded the latter as Z. lonicerae. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner, Mr. A. H. Tonge, Mr. Grosvenor, and Col. 
Rattray exhibited various species, forms and races of Zygaenidae. 

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor read a paper entitled *‘ Notes on the Zyyae- 
nidae,’ and a discussion ensued, it being generally stated that what 
was meant by the name hippocrepidis was not known, and surprise was 
expressed that confluence in the various species did not exhibit 
Mendelian characters. 


January 11th, 1923.—New Mempers.—Messrs. H. Baker-Sly, 
“ Kingston,” Edenbridge, Kent; J. P. Mutch, Church Road, Bexley 
Heath; C. J. V. Gray, School House, Bradfield College, Berks ; Rh. C. 
Fisher, B.Sc., Forestry Museum, Kew Gardens; and L. G. Bowles, 
198, Brockley Road, S.E., were elected. 

Eixutpits.—Mr. H. Moore, showed g and ? Aryema moenas, the 
Assam long-tailed silk-moth, and an Arctia caja of very aberrant 
coloration, which latter he was presenting to the Society’s Collection. 

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, a bred series of Pyrameis atalanta, the 
pupae having been exposed to a fluctuating warm temperature, and 
pointed out the emphasis of the yellow coloration, and a similarly 
circumstanced series of Aglais wrticae, of which the yellow coloration 
was also pronounced. 

Mr Hy. J. Turner, a series of the beautiful Colias, CU. behri taken in 
the Yosemite region of California at 9700 ft. elevation by Mr. G. B. 


70 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


Pearson; a pair of the N. American Parnassiid, Parnassius clodius; a 
short series of the very small Pierid Nathalis tole; etc. 

Papers.—Mr. G. W. Young, F.Z.S., read a paper entitled “ The 
Geological History of Insects”’ and showed a series of lantern slides in 
illustration. 

Mr. R. Adkin, as delegate to the Conference of Corresponding 
Societies of the British Association, read his report of the Meeting at 
Hull. 


January 25th.—Annuan Meetine.—The Report of the Council, 
Treasurer's Statement and Balance Sheet were received and adopted. 
The Officers and Council for the following year were elected. The 
President read his address, dealing first with the affairs of the Society 
and the obituaries of deceased members and devoting the main portion 
of his address to an account of his sojourn in the Canadian wilds, 
illustrating it with numerous species of various orders. The new 
President, Mr. N. D. Riley then took the chair and votes of thanks 
were passed to.the retiring Officers. 

Orpinary Merrinc.—Mr. J. W. Munro, D.Sc., Green Lawn, Kew 
Road, Richmond, was elected a member. , 

Mr. Frobawk exhibited an aberrational series of Papilio machaon 
including one of a rich deep ochreous yellow colour, captured at Herne 
Bay in August, 1857, and another of a dull buff ground very dark, bred 
in 1895 from Wicken Fen. He also showed a number of Diptera 
taken from the crop of a grouse in December last. 


Tue Enromontogicat Society oF Lonpon. 


January 17th.—AnnuaL Mertinc.—Dr. §. A. Neave read the 
Report of the Council, which was adopted on the motion of Mr. G. T. 
Bethune-Baker, seconded by Commdr. J. J. Walker. 

Mr. W. G. Sheldon, the Treasurer, read his Report and gave some 
details of the highly satisfactory financial condition of the Society. 
The Report and Accounts were adopted unanimously on the motion of 
Dr. C. J. Gaban, seconded by Mr. W. Rait-Smith. 

It was announced from the Chair that the Fellows nominated as 
Officers and Council for the ensuing year had been duly elected in 
accordance with the Bye-Laws. 

In the absence of the President owing to illness, his address “‘ On 
some Aspects of Variation in Lepidoptera” was read by Dr. 8. A. 
Neave, and at its conclusion a vote of thanks to the President, coupled 
with a request that it might be printed in the Proceedings, was moved 
by Mr. E. EH. Green, seconded by Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, and 
carried unanimously. 

A vote of thanks to the Officers for their services was then passed 
on the motion of Professor E. B. Poulton, seconded by the Rev. F. D. 
' Morice, and Mr. W. G. Sheldon, Dr. S. A. Neave, and Mr. H. J. 
Turner briefly replied. 


February 7Tth.—Nomination of Vicr-Presipents.—The President 
announced that he had nominated Mr. J. EH. Collin, Professor E. B. 
Poulton, F.R.S., and Lord Rothschild, F.R.S., as Vice-Presidents for 


the ensuing year. 


SOCIETIES. 


Exection or Frttows.—The following were elected Fellows of the 
Society :—Mr. G. D. Millward, 32, Moorgate, H.C. 2. Mr. Harold 
Wilkinson, Rheindeer Hotel, Burnley, Lancashire. Mr. J. D. Dean, 
90, St. Fagan’s Road, Ely, Cardiff. 

Exurpitions.—Capt. K. J. Hayward exhibited an interesting series 
of Danais chrysippus from Upper Egypt, and also a melanic aberration 
of Polygonia c-album 

Mr. H. Donisthorpe brought for exhibition living examples of 
Acanthomyops brunneus, Latr., an ant new to the British list. 

Dr. F, A. Dixey, F.R.S., exhibited a little known Pierine from Fiji 
and a specimen of Muchloé ausonia race eyyptiaca from Western Keypt. 

Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited a dragon-fly, Actayrion 
occidentale, taken at sea 60 miles west of Colombo. 

He also exhibited some specimens as evidence of colour adjust- 
ments in the wild pupae of Pieris repae, and made further observations 
on the protective resemblance of Polygonia c-album and the attacks of 
enemies on British butterflies. 

He further exhibited some remarkable “all-female’’ families of 
Hypolimnas bolina, L., bred in Fiji by Mr. H. W. Simmonds. 

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited a short series of Argynnis atossa, Kdw., 
from South California. 

Dr. K. Jordan, F.R.S., exhibited some specimens of Geometrids and 
pointed out that the insect known as Anaitis playiata consists of two 
species, the true A. playiata, L., and the smaller and paler A. efformata, 
Gn., both species occurring in Britain, whereas only A. efformata is 
found south of the Mediterranean and in Southern Spain and 
Portugal. 

Mr. C. L. Withycombe, who illustrated his remarks with lantern 
slides, gave some particulars of three genera of Nemopteridae and their 
larvae. 


LancasHiReE AND CHesHiRE HKnromoLocicaL Socipry. 

February 20th, 1923.—Three new members were elected; and a 
resolution was passed admitting Junior Members to the Society at a 
reduced subscription in order to encourage beginners. Unfortunately 
Professor Newstead was unable to deliver his lecture, being called 
away through sickness in his family. We hope perhaps to hear his 
lecture at the April meeting. The Annual Dinner has been postponed 
until the Autumn. We were fortunate in having Mr. Mansbridge to 
exhibit and explain a beautiful collection of about 70 lantern slides 
which he had on loan from Mr. Hugh Main. We certainly always 
will welcome such beautiful work as Mr. Main’s whenever we have the 
opportunity of seeing it. 

Mr. Mansbridge then exhibited a single specimen of a species 
of Lepidoptera new to Britain called Auaimobasis normalis, Meyr., 
which he found on the dock wall, Liverpool, in September, 1921. 
It was probably imported as a larva or pupa. Mr. Edward Meyrick 
has a series from Ecuador and Columbia. Twenty-five species are 
known belonging to the genus Auaimobasis. The larval habits of 
normalis are not yet known. It is probably a seed eater. He also 
showed a series of Peronea hastiana from the Isle of Wight, comprising 
vars. divisana, radiana, centrovittana, cumbustana and brunneana, with 
corresponding varieties from Lancashire localities for comparison. It 


72 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


was seen that the Lancashire specimens were all very much darker 
than the parallel forms from the Isle of Wight. Mr. Tyerman also 
exhibited a very variable series of the same species which he had bred 
from Lancashire larvae last year. 


FW EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


HNTOMOLOGY WITH SPECIAL REFHRENCE TO ITs EconocicaL AspEcts. 
—By J. W. Folsom, Se.D. (Harvard), with 5 plates and 308 Text- 
Figures. Published by John Murray. 21s. net. 

This volume gives a comprehensive yet concise account of insects, 
treating entomology from the biological side. 

The author has evidently read widely and gives us the results of 
his studies in a succinet and clear form. The book (extending to 502 
pp-) is packed with interesting facts from cover to cover. Almost every 
page suggests lines of study which specialists should take up and carry 
investigation yet farther. That way progress lies. 

Moreover we are given an exhaustive and therefore useful entomo- 
logical bibliography, arranged under appropriate headings, so that a 
student with a bias towards a certain phase of the subject can read up 
all that has been done up to 1923, and having this as a basis, can 
experiment as seems to him best, with a view of further discovery. 

The first chapter deals with classification—each Order and Sub- 
order being accompanied by a clear illustration of a typical specimen. 
As a rule only the commoner kinds of insects are referred to, so that 
the reader can easily procure the material, and use the text as a guide 
to personal observation. 

Then follows a chapter on anatomy and physiology—well illus- 
trated—and also one on development. The metamorphosis of Anosia 
plewippus, aS an example of a holometabolous insect, is shown step by 
step, from the full-fed larva up to the emergence of the perfect insect 
when it is ready for flight. This is done in fifteen stages. 

Chapter V. dealing with Color and Coloration is fairly exhaustive, 
touching as it does on the results of the studies of scientists of the 
calibre of Merrifield, Poulton, Weismann, Kellog, Mayer, Wallace, 
Edwards, Standfuss, ete. 

Next in order is a chapter on adaptive coloration and protective 
mimicry giving briefly the results of the studies of Dr. Dixey, 
Marshall, Wallace, Trimen, ete., and a short dissertation on Batesian 
and Millerian mimicry. Continuing are chapters dealing with ‘ Insects 
in Relation to Plants,” ‘‘ Insects in Relation to other Animals,” and 
‘Transmission of Diseases by Insects.” Whilst this is on the whole 
well written, it is rather a shock to find that the results of experiments 
by Bacot are not given. The subject of Insect Behaviour is considered 
under the the three heads (1) Tropisms, (2) Instinct, (8) Intelligence. 
That on Tropisms, is further subdivided into Chemotropism, Hydro- 
tropism, Thigmotropism (negative and positive), Rheotropism, 
Anemotropism, Geotropism, ete. 

The Chapter on “ Distribution” is subdivided into (1) Geographical, 
and (2) Geological, whilst that on ‘‘ Insect Ecology ”’ is a feature of the 
work. 

We have no doubt that all real students and not a few of the most 
intelligent general readers will welcome this work of Professor Folsom. 


Subscriptions for Vol. XXXV. (10 shillings) should be sent ta 
Mr. Herbert E. Page, “*‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Gross, 
S.E.14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from 
January 15th to December 15th, 1923.] 


Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be 
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 


ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be nserted at a minimum 
charge of 2s, 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisementsin proportion. A reduction made for a series. 
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, S8.B. 14 


Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. li. Pag “ Bertrose,” 
Gellatly Road, New Cross, J.ondon, S.E., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed. 


Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the 
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data 
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G. Pether, ‘‘ Thelma,’’ 4, Willow Bridge 
Road, London, N. 1. 


Duplicates.—Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), 
*B. quercus ¢, Tiliw, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophearia vars. 
Paniscus. Desiderata.—Pupex of Dictswoides; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina. 
(dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria.—Harold B. Williams, 
112a, Bensham Manor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


Duplicates. *-Sybilla, Paphia, Io (2), Selene, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, Illustraria (autumn). 
Nastata, Roboraria ¢ , Prunaria (4) ¢ , Tipuliformis. Destderata.—Castreusis ¢ , Cucullina, 
Cribrum, Cinerea, Ravida, Ashworthii, Notata, Obfuscaria, Smaragdaria and others, also 
vars. and local forins.—Harold HE. Winser, Kent House, Cranleigh. 


Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, 
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. 
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.— 
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford. 


Duplicates.—-Cinerea ¢ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars. 
Immorata and other East Sussex species. 


Desiderata.—Pupx. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista, 
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctusz 
in fine condition only.—A. J. Wightman, 35, Morris Road, Lewes. 


Duplicates.—Pygmaeola, phragmitidis and galatea, also Irish Cardamines, callunae 
and interrogationis. Also Sirex gigas males, and their ichneumon Rhyssa persuasoria. 


Desiderata.—Scotch Butterflies.—Sir C. Langham, Tempo Manor, Co. Fermanagh, 
Ireland. 


Cuancr or Appress.—H. Baker Sly, Eden Lodge, Westcott Road, Dorking. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7, 
8p.m. May 2nd; June 6th. : 


The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
April 26th, Exhibits. May 10th, ‘‘ Life of the Bee’’ with lantern, W. H. J. Prior, F.H.S. 
—Hin sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, $.H.3. 


The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. EH. 
Guree, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16. 


All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.H.14 


We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send us communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 


Lists of Dupiicarrs and Dusipmrara should be sent direct to Mr. H. EH. Page, 
Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, $.E. 14 


OVA, LARVAE, AND PUPA. 
The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is 


H. W. HEAD, Giteniolonist, 


BURNISTON, Nr. S€ARBOROUGH. 


Pull Last of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets 
etc., sent on application. 


Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. 


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A Photographic ATLAS OF DIPTERA. 


Series 1, 10/-, 155 plates; Series 2, 15/-, 125 plates. 
By E&. K. PEARGE, F.E.S. 


Obtainable from al} booksellers, or from— 


CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS, 
Fetter Lane, E.C.4, 


seated Se a 


JUN 2 1923 : z 


Subscriptions are now due. 

a 
eee ES = 
a XX, XKXXYV. [ey 20 No. 5. 

Che Che Entomologist’s Recor 
: AND 
Journal of Variation 
Hiprrep By : 

Ricwarp 8. BAGNALL, F.u.s., F.u.s. Jas. EH. COLLIN, F.z.s. 
Grorce T. BETHUNE-BAKRR, F.1.s., F.2.S. H. Sr. J. K. DONISTHORPH, F.z2.»., ¥.E.8. 
_M. BURR, D.sc., F.U.S., F.Z.8., F.E.S. Joun Hartiey DURRANT, r-z.s. 
' (Bzv.) C. R. N. BURROWS, r.z.s. Aurrep SICH, r.z.s. 
EH. A. COCKAYNH, m.p., F.E.s. (Rev.) Groner WHEELER, m.a., F.n.58. 
: and 


Henry J. TURNER, F.x.s., 
Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


ap PAGE. 

Six weeks among the Butterflies of Hastern Switzerland, B. C. S. Warren, F.E.S... Ke 73 
Notes on the Psychides, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.H.S. a Ee ae Bs se 79 
Nores on Cornectine :—Warwickshire Records of Ichneumonidae, J. W. Saunt .. a 84 


Socretms :—The Entomological Society of London; South London Entomological Society 85 


_ Reviews anp Notices oF Books .. oe as is Ss oe aia He a 88 


_ List of the Macro-lepidoptero of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, W. Fassnidge, M.A. (1)-(4) 


MAY 5th, 1928. 
Price ONE SHILLING “AND SIXPENCE (nev), 


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be Communications have been received or have been promised from Messrs. H. 
Donisthorpe, Dr. Verity, J. H. Durrant, G. T. Bethune-Baker, Alfred Sich, Dr. BE. A. 
“Cockayne, C. R. N. Burrows, J. W. Saunt, Wm. Fassnidge, H. B. Williams, with 
“Reports of Societies and Reviews. “ 


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“SEKS AMONG THE BUTIERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND. 73 


Six weeks among the Butterflies of Eastern Switzerland. (With 
Plate.) 


By B. C. S. WARREN, F.E.S. 


The entomologist who visits such classical collecting grounds as the 
neighbourhood of Pontresina and the Albula Pass, for the first time, 
will doubtless derive great pleasure in anticipating the numerous and 
varied forms of Lepidoptera which he hopes to find, and for which 
these localities are celebrated. But it will not occur to him that, in 
addition to this pleasure, there will be any likelihood of his being able 
to add anything to what is already known of these localities, or of the 
geographical distribution of the species inhabiting them. That usually 
is regarded as a pleasure and reward reserved for the collector, who 
ventures into unknown districts and takes his chance of drawing success 
or a blank. 

However, it had long been my wish to collect in the famous valleys 
of the Engadine, having never penetrated east of the Schyn Pass, so, 
when last summer the opportunity offered, I decided to indulge in the 
pleasure of becoming personally acquainted with the localities which 
have, probably, been collected in by every English entomologist who 
has ever collected abroad, and subsequently to spend some little time 
on the Ofen Pass, in Lopes of adding something of interest to our 
knowledge of the butterflies of EKastern Switzerland; for the latter 
locality has, so far as I can ascertain, received but little attention from 
Swiss collectors; while the only English collector who appears to have 
left any record of a visit there was our late Editor, who on one occasion 
spent a day or two at Zernetz on his way further east. 

In carrying out this programme things turned out in a very unex- 
pected manner. The Ofen district proved quite as interesting as I 
hoped it would ; but the time spent in the Upper Engadine produced 
so many surprises that I felt they should be recorded, and so have 
ventured to offer yet one more account of the butterflies of these 
glorious localities to the readers of the E’ntomologist’s Record. 

We, that is to say my wife and myself, arrived at Pontresina on the 
afternoon of June 30th, and the weather gave us the first pleasant 
surprise of our stay. All that day the journey from Zurich had been 
under grey skies with occasional showers, which turned to continuous 
rain aS we began to ascend the valley of the Albula. By the time 
Preda was reacbed, at the mouth of the tunnel, the clouds were right 
down in the valley, shutting out all view, and the rain was falling ina 
steady deluge. Our surprise then can easily be imagined when we 
emerged from the tunnel to find a cloudless blue sky and bright sun- 
shine ; which conditions lasted for the next week in the Engadine, 
fie ee most of the time the clouds never lifted off the heights of the 

ula. 

The following morning, July 1st, we began collecting in the Roseg 
Tal. This magnifieent valley, and the Alps to which it leads, form 
without doubt the finest collecting grounds of the neighbourhood. On 
this day we ascended the valley to the junction of the Tschierva and 
Roseg glaciers, and went some way up the lateral moraine of the 
former, on its right side, having accidentally got on the old path, 
instead of the new one, which leads to the Tschierva Hut. Scrambling 
over the chaos of loose stones and rocks, which now cover the old path, 

May 15tx, 1923. 


74 : ; THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


proved, in the blazing sun, such exhausting work, that we turned back 
shortly after lunch. The species noted all through the valley before 
reaching the glacier. were, however, of a very interesting nature, and 
mostly in beautifully fresh condition. The outstanding feature was on 
this occasion, and every subsequent one, the number of species of 
Argynnids and Melitaeids which were met with. At first, as for the 
greater part, they were only just emerging, none were in great abund- 
ance. Melitaea dictynna, M. maturna race wolfensbergeri, and Brenthis 
euphrosyne were most in evidence; but B. pales, type form and var. 
ists, B. amathusia, M. varia, and M. aurinia race merope were all taken, 
and though I did not find the particular places to which B. thore seems 
addicted, on this day, there is no doubt from the condition of my sub- 
sequent captures it must have been already on the wing. Among the 
other species noted or taken were Hesperia caealiae and H. malvoides, 
single specimens of each; Aricia eumedon, Cupido minimus, Albulina 
pheretes, Pieris rapae, P. napi race bryoniae, Papilio machaon, and 
numerous worn examples of Pararyge hiera. lrebia lappona was the 
only species noted at the higher level by the glacier. I may perhaps 
add here, that in our numerous excursions up the Roseg Tal we always 
went up by the footpath through the woods, on the right bank of the 
river, and found it, after the first mile or two, most excellent collecting 
ground. 

The following day we again went to the Tschierva glacier, and 
getting on the right path we eventually reached some beautiful grass 
slopes, on the south side of Piz Tschierva, above the glacier and the 
Tschierva Hut (which latter is built on the top of one of the ancient 
lateral moraines, which is here quite 100 feet high), and facing the 
great ice falls on the Piz Bernina. On the way up the path crosses 
some very fine grass-covered slopes, known as the Alp Misaum, which, 
however, do not seem at all so good for insects as the upper slopes. 
The path then curves round a spur of tbe Piz Tschierya, in a south- 
east direction, ana after a steep ascent runs along, only rising very 
slightly above the glacier, towards the Piz Bernina, with the moraine 
just below on the right, the slopes first mentioned on the left. These 
slopes, which are at an altitude of about 7,500 feet, and ascend some 
400 feet, were swarming with butterflies ; they carried out the traditions 
of the Roseg Tal, in that the Melitaeas quite outnumbered everything 
else. J/. cynthia, M. varia, and M. awinia race merope were in perfect 
condition, and the gs in great numbers, the 9s being still scarce. 
The rocks below the path produced a few Pontia callidice. Lycaena 
arion var. obscura, Hrebia gorye (type), and MH. lapyona completing the 
list of species present. 

These slopes, backed by the great cliffs of Piz Tschierva, and sur- 
rounded in front by glaciers and snow peaks, form a typical Alpine 
collecting ground, in the most perfect setting imaginable. It is, how- 
ever, a long way to them from Pontresina, a good sixteen miles there and 
back, with a rise of 1,500 feet to their foot; it 1s therefore wise to 
make an early start and get over as much as possible of the walk in the 
cool of the morning. 

In endeavouring to ascertain the position of the best collecting 
eround above the T’schierva glacier I had a particular object in view. 
In Mr. Wheeler’s Butterflies of Switzerland, among the localities inen- 
tioned for Mrebia flavofasciata is “ Tschierva glacier behind restaurant, 


WSEKS AMONG THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND. 75 


1.$.10.vi.01. Fison.” This record has since been twice published by 
Miss — son. among notes of the late Mr. A. J. Fison, in slightly vary- 
ing forms. in the Entomologist’s Record, 1914, on page 229, we find, 
“T also took a flavofasciata, 10.viii.01, on steep slopes east of Tschierva 
Hut, and another ascending to it on grass slopes above junction of the 
two glaciers.”” In last January’s number of this magazine, page 12, 
‘‘ Hi, flavofasciata . . . . Tschierva glacier 30 mins. below and behind 
Restaurant, 1.9 .10.vii.01; none there in 1904; first found about 
- 1850.” This latter record agrees with the one in Mr. Wheeler's book, 
as to the date; the other gives the date as vill. and mentions two speci- 
mens. Although outside the scope of this paper, one may remark on 
the date, 1850, stated by Mr. Fison as the year of the first discovery of 
E. flavofasciata. One wonders what his reason for this statement was; 
for Col. von Nolte was supposed to be the discoverer of the species, in 
in 1893. Did some other collector previously come across it, and if so, 
who ? 

To return to the records. Mr. Fison failed to discover any further 
sign of /. flavofasciata in the Tschierva locality in 1904 ; and during 
the twenty-one years that had elapsed since he got his two specimens, 
there had been no further record of the occurrence of the species in that 
locality. That those two specimens could have, by chance, travelled 
almost to the foot of the Piz Bernina from the Schafberg seemed 
practically impossible; especially when we consider the fact, that 
although neither on the Schafberg noron the Alpe Pianascio is there any 
natural barrier to keep the species in its elevated home, yet it neverextends 
its habitat downwards. In both cases the vegetation extends in un- 
altered character, for many hundreds of feet downwards from the lowest 
level at which the species flies. We can only assume there is some- 
thing unsuitable to the species below a certain level, and it conse- 
quently feels no inclination to deseend. The chance then, that two 
specimens should have descended into the Bernina Valley, and travelled 
the whole length of the Roseg Tal, and then have crossed several miles 
of Alps to the neighbourhood of the Tschierva Hut, seemed so improb- 
able, that I felt sure flavofasciata must be located somewhere in that 
neighbourhood. The straige thing was, if this were so, how had such 
a much sought species avoided detection by the numerous collectors 
who go annually to Pontresina, especially as they had Mr. Fison’s 
record to help them? 

The hope of solving this problem then, was what led me to the 
Tschierva glacier, though it cannot be said I had much real hope of 
success. On the occasion of our first visit to the Tschierva slopes one 
thing seemed quite obvious. These slopes were ideal ground for flavo- 
fasciata; and even if they were not, there was no other ground for 
butterflies in the neighbourhood ; therefore I concluded they were the 
home of the species, and that Mr. Fison’s want of success in 1904 was 
owing to the confusion of dates in his notes, and that he was too late, 
so I determined to return in a week’s time, and make sure. 

It was well on in the afternoon when we returned to Pontresina, 
and very little was seen through the woods of the Roseg Tal. The 
following day we felt in need of a certain amount of rest, after two very 
trying days, so it was not until the afternoon that any collecting was 
done, when we went part of the way up the Schatberg. 

About half way up to the first restaurant (or what used to be the 


76 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


first restaurant, for now it is unused) afew worn Hrebia evias were met 
with ; Coenonympha satyrion was abundant, as were a few other ordi- 
nary species, and two 3 Colias palaeno, were also taken. In the fields 
just behind Pontresina, through which the path up the Schafberg 
passes before reaching the woods, a number of Chrysophanus hippothoé 
var. eurybia were flying ; gs only on this occasion. 

The next day, July 4th, we spent in the Morteratsch valley. Going 
by train to Morteratsch we walked from there to the Boval Hut. It 
may be said at once that the west side of this valley is quite the least 
productive locality for Lepidoptera in the Pontresina district. Shortly 
before getting tothe Boval a few Lycaena alcon were taken, with L. arion. 
The only other species noted up to this being Brenthis pales, B. euphro- 
syne, Cyaniris semiargus, and Colias palaeno. At the head of the valley, 
near the Hut, a few Melitaea aurinia race merope, and three J and one 
perfect 2 Pontia callidice were taken. The only other butterflies seen 
being Hrebia lappona and E. gorge. The scenery, however, makes this 
valley well worth a visit for its own sake, and compensates one for the 
very poor results to be obtained in the entomological line. 

The continuance of absolutely perfect weather led us next day to 
try the ascent of the Piz Languard. We succeeded in reaching an 
altitude of almost 10,000 feet, a little over 700 feet from the summit, 
but then had to turn back, as the path, just 14 inches wide, was in very 
bad condition, and we did not wish to take the risk of its becoming 
worse. As it turned out, we heard afterwards, we might have safely 
gone on, as the path in that part is always in the condition in which 
we found it, and no worse higher up. On the cone of the mountain 
we saw no butterflies, but on the alp at the foot of the cone, at just 
over 9,500 feet, we came on a few insects, of which Pontia callidice and 
Krebia lappona were the most abundant. Among the latter I was glad 
to get one perfect specimen, very close to the rare ab. caeca, Favre. On 
the way down, through the Languard Tal, the following species were 
taken, though none were at all plentiful: Krebia glacialis, H. gorge, 
Parnassius delius, Papilio machaon, Pieris brassicae, P. rapae and P. 
napt race bryontae, Melitaca cynthia, M. aurinia race merope, Brenthis 
pales, and Aglais urticae. 

The next two days were cloudy and not suitable for long excur- 
siens, but the first two Hrebia mnestra were taken in the Roseg Tal. 
Hesperia serratulae, § and ?, were another addition to the species so 
far seen; and on the lower Schafberg slopes two lovely ? Colias 
palaeno ab. herrichi were a welcome addition, but cost me near an hour’s 
hard work to catch, which trouble I would certainly have spared myself 
had I then known the extraordinary numbers of this species which I 
was going to meet with later on. 

July 8th, was once more beautifully fine, and was devoted to the 
Roseg Tal. This day I came on Brenthis thore for the first time, and 
found that it was quite abundant up the rocky sides of the valley, and 
here and there at the foot of the cliffs, but it did not seem to frequent 
the glades through the wood, as I had been led to suppose it did. The 
3 8 were quite plentiful and in varying condition, some quite fresh and 
many worn, so I feel sure they had been out in these particular places 
for more than a week. In about an hour [ obtained a beautiful series 
of js and three ?s. On this day, too, the ?s of Melitaea maturna 
race wolfensbergert were fairly numerous, and Hrebia tyndarus made its 


‘KS AMONG THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND. kd 


first appearance. A very remarkable capture was a quite worn @ 

Pontia daplidice, near the top of the valley. According to Frey 
(Wheeler’s Butts. of Switz., page 62), daplidice is not found in the 
Grisons; and I think the altitude, between 6,200 and 6,300 feet, must 
also be a record for the species. No other specimen was seen, and one 
can only wonder if this specimen had come from the hot valleys on the 
southern side of the Bernina range, and had succeeded in crossing that 
great mass of snow fields and glaciers. I have spent months collecting 
in the north-west side of the canton, but have never seen daplidice, nor 
did we subsequently, in our stay at Zernetz, see any sign of it. The 
next day was spent on the Languard Alp, which locality is quite use- 
less for entomological purposes, owing to the number of cattle grazing 
there. 

On July 11th we made an early start and went to the Tschierva 
glacier once more. The day was beautifully fine, and in spite of the 
early hour the number of insects about on the Alp Misaum, made it 
impossible to-pass without putting up one’s net, although one wished 
to hurry on and give all the time possible to the higher slopes. The 
first catch of the day was a beautiful 2 Melitaea cynthia, and soon after 
M. varia and M. aurinia race merope began to appear everywhere. At 
last the foot of the final slopes was reached, and after several futile 
efforts to catch some fine Hrebia glacialis, which were seen on the rocks 
below the path, I turned to the grassy side and secured a small Hrebia, 
which proved to be EF’. epiphron var. nelamus. This gave me great hopes 
of coming on flavofasciata, for Mr. Fison took a ‘dark form” of 
epiphron at the same time as his two specimens of the former. In a 
very short time our boxes began to fill, M. cynthia, M. varia, and M. 
aurinia race merope were in absolute profusion, and it was, to me, a 
novel experience to find 9s of cynthia in anything like numbers. 
Other species noted were, Pieris brassicae, P. napi race bryoniae, Pontia 
callidice, Colias phicomone, Brenthis pales, Latiorina orbitulus, Lycaena 
arion ab. obscura, Coenonympha satyrion, and in addition to the 
previously mentioned Hrebia, EH. gorge and E’. tyndarus, the former 
being about in equal numbers, type and ab. triopes. Strangely enough, 
in such a prolific locality, no Hesperiids were present. 

By midday we had covered every yard of those slopes, and made a 
very fine selection of specimens; but there was one notable blank. 
There were no EF. flavofasciata. I was standing near the top of the 
slope, wondering for about the hundredth time where Mr. Fison’s two 
specimens came from, when a specimen of P. callidice flew past me, 
and reaching the rocks a few yards above did not turn aside, but flew 
straight up, and in a moment or two disappeared over a ridge. My 
Curiosity aroused, I was soon scrambling up over the expanse of rocks. 
Although somewhat resembling the chaos of rocks of the moraine 
below, these upper rocks were quite immoveable, with small tufts of 
vegetation growing here and there between them. The distance was 
I found, considerably greater than it looked, for I had ascended almost 
300 feet (by aneroid) before I got to the ridge. Above this I found 
another grassy slope, similar to the one below, some hundreds of yards 
long and rising about 200 feet to the face of the cliff behind. This 
slope, or rather these slopes, for the ground is much broken up by rock, 
are completely hemmed in by the belt of rocks which I had crossed, 
and invisible from below. The view was marvellous. The waved 


78 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


surface of the glacier was, in itself, an amazing sight, and could be 
fully appreciated now lying 600 feet below one, while the ice falls (of 
which the glacier is but a part) seen from on a level, or perhaps one 
ought to say from less underneath, were a sight never to be forgotten. 

Turning from this wonderful outlook, I felt that having got here I 
should just look around before going down again. The first thing seen 
was HV. epiphron again; I had netted so many that morning in hopes 
they were flavofasciata, that I passed it without a second look. A few 
yards beyond two more rose from the grass at my feet, and I swept one 
up in passing; and, found the long sought flavofasciata in my net. 
After a second glance, to assure myself I was not mistaken, I lost no 
time in making after the two other specimens J had passed. Both were 
flavofasciata. Five minutes were enough to show I had indeed solved 
the puzzle of Mr. Fison’s two specimens. The species was flying in 
numbers all over the slope, for the most part in very fair condition. 
It was considerably after lunch time, so I had to return to the lower 
slopes, where my wife had stayed painting, and in charge of our lunch. 
I found a somewhat easier way down, and after lunch we both climbed 
up again, when in about three-quarters of an hour, we took a really 
magnificent series of ¢s and four ?s, two of the latter and fourteen 
g's falling to my wife’s net; which I am sure is the first occasion on 
record of this species being captured by a lady. 

That Mr. Fison’s two specimens were wanderers from this colony 
there can be no doubt; but if there were, the following interesting point 
would soon dispel it. Mr. Wheeler notes, with reference to Mr. 
Fison’s specimens (Butts. of Switz., page 124), ‘the Tschierva glacier 
specimen has a slightly broken band, with very irregular inner edge.” 
This peculiarity of the yellow band on the underside of the hindwings 
is exhibited by almost half of my specimens, and I have never seen it 
in a Specimen from other localities. 

This characteristic leads us to a question of some interest. Should 
this Tschierva race be known as the var. thiemei? Iam not prepared 
to say, definitely, that it should not; as that name was given to the 
race of the Schafberg, and I have never seen any specimens from that 
locality. But, according to the description in Seitz, of thiemet, I see 
no reason for the existence of that name, and it certainly does not apply 
to my Tschierva specimens. 

Hiffinger says the Pontresina race is distinguished from the type 
(Campolunga) race by being darker and having the band on the upper- 
side of the forewings broken into spots of varying size, the black centres 
of the spots being small and often obsolete, otherwise not much 
different from the type. 

If this is all the difference shown by the Pontresina race, it certainly 
is not an adequate reason for maintaining that race as distinct from 
the type. It is extremely rare to see a specimen in which the rust- 
coloured band of the forewings is not broken into rings, and such a 
specimen could not, in the least, be said to be typical of the Campo- 
lunga race. If Hiffinger’s description is correct, the only real difference 
between the type and thiemet is, that the size of the rings round the 
spots is reduced (though not always, for he states them to be of “ varying 
size”’), and the spots themselves are often obsolete. Both of these 
characteristics are common forms of variation in the type. 

However, even if this Schafberg race shows no real distinction from 


NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 79. 


the type the Tschierva race does; and the final sentence of Hiffinger’s 
description quite separates it from any connection with the name 
thienei, for he says, ‘otherwise not much different from the type.” 
Now, as already mentioned, the Tschierva race does differ from the 
type, and that to a very marked degree. This difference lies in the 
yellow band on the underside of the hindwing, the most conspicuous 
character of the insect. As Mr. Wheeler's note, already quoted, pointed 
out, this band was broken in Mr. Fison’s specimen, and this peculiarity 
occurs in 50% of my specimens; but, in addition, in almost all my 
series, this band is so reduced in width that it often is only just wide 
enough to contain the black spots. Very often the last three of them 
are quite separated from the others, each surrounded by a narrow line 
of yellow. By the ‘‘last three’? I mean those three spots nearest 
to the anal angle. This reduction in width is just as pronounced in 
the @ asin the g, and in one of my four @s the band has practically 
given place to six yellow rings, the three upper touching, and 
the three lower separate. The figure in Seitz (plate 36, row e¢, first 
fignre), showing the underside of a 2 thiemei, has the band as well 
developed as in any ? of the type race. This restriction of the band 
is so much more remarkable than the mere description would lead one 
to suppose, that I felt a photograph showing a series of the Tschierva: 
specimens beside some of the type race, would be of interest. 

Plate I. shows the characteristic features of the band very well, 
rows 1 and 2, Tschierva specimens, and row 3 some of my series of the 
Campolunga rage. It would be very interesting if Someone possessing 
a series of the Schafberg race, would tell us if they agree with the 
figure in Seitz (which might be the underside of a Campolunga speci- 
men) or with my photograph of the Tschierva race. If the former is 
the case, then thiemei is practically asynonym of flavofasciata ; and the 
Tschierva race undoubtedly deserves a racial name of its own. If the 
latter, then Hiffinger is at fault, and the Schafberg and Tschierva races 
must be united under the name thiemet. 

One wonders during how many centuries has flavofasciata lived and 
had its being on that rock-bound slope, undisturbed by man ; and how 
much longer it might have done so, but: for the chance that brought 
Mr. Fison in the way of those two specimens, so many years ago; and 
the chance that led me to their retreat when I had given up the search. 

How many such secrets do the peaks and valleys of the Alps 
conceal, and how often are we in close proximity and pass them by ? 

It was not until nearly seven p.m. that we reached Pontresina, 
tired, but greatly pleased by our success. 


(To be concluded.) 


Notes on the Psychides. 
By Ray. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S. 
(Continued from page 62.) 

I hold, in the material, which Dr. Chapman committed to my care, 
most of the actual specimens upon which these differentiations were 
based, and judge it to be important thai I should, while I have them 
before me, *, place the facts upon record. ia 


* It is a matter of Teer that Chapman mislaid, cont could not‘find for me, his: 
motes upon the Psychides. His specimens occasionally bear numbers—-but these: 


80 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. 


I have made my measurements very carefully, at one sitting, and 
under precisely the same conditions. 

The types of Proutia eppinyella, Tutt (numbered 8752) (with four 
males and four cases in the Bankes Collection), and of Masonia 
edwardsella, Tutt, with four other males and two cases, are in the 
Walsingham Coll. in the British Museum, London. 

The following specimens are at present with me :— 

Proutia eppingella, Tutt, ?=salicolella, Brd., ?=betulina, Z., Spur-ratio, 

Chapman, -68. 

C.M. 78. ‘“ Prout’s Proutia, June, 1900.’’ A female, very imperfect. 

C.M. 74. ‘salicolella, Staud.”” Two wings. 

C.M. 75. ‘ Prout’s salicolella, 1899." Two legs. 

C.M. 76. ‘ P. salicolella, Staudinger, 1899.” Six legs. 

C.M. 77. ‘salicolella.” A female (8752, in pencil) with pupal head 
cover. ? female type. 

Coll. 854. ‘‘Frankesreich. Fl.’’ ‘“ anicanella, Brd., salicolella, Auct., 
nec. Brd.” Two left-side wings. No body, legs, or antennae. 
Probably = nos. 74 and 76 above. 


The absence of the bodies from Chapman’s specimens makes it 
impossible to identify them from the genitalia. 
The tibial spur ratios of the foregoing specimens are as follows :— 


C.M. 75. ‘ Prout’s salicolella, 1899.” ... oie sat fey 66 
C.M. 764A. “ LP. salicolella, Staud., 1899.” eit bia nee 62 
C.M. 76B. “ LP’. salicolella, Staud., 1899.” ak in ane 68 
C.I. F.A. “Abbé de Joannis, P. salicolella.” ... ua ae ‘76: 
C.I. F.B. “ Abbé de Joannis, P. salicolella.” ... eS ors ‘18 


A.B. signify two separate legs. 
Compared with this we have :— 


Proutia betulina, Z. Spur-ratio, Chapman, °69. 


Coll. 1116. Dr. Zerny, ‘“ Habich Wien,” 30.vi.82 ... suf 62 
Coll. 852. Chapman, ‘“ P. betulina,” no loc. ... Ane Bae 62 
Coll. 968. Chapman, “ P. betulina’’... BD ise ae “60 
Coll. 1097. Dr. Zerny, ‘‘ Prater, 19.vi.90” ... oe By, ‘61 
Coll. 1057. Staud., ‘‘ Lausn. Trans.” ... ee nat 65 
Coll. D. de Joannis, ‘‘ Ttalia cent. Latium, $. K.” ate ‘13 
Coll. E. de Joannis, nolo... ah Use aos tft 61 


The evidence of the tibial spur, in favour of two species, would 
appear to be very weak. 


Masonia edwardsella, Tutt. Spur-ratio, Chapman, ‘71. 
C.M. 838A. Two heads, one with antennae and front legs. 


‘“‘ edwardsella, Aix les Bains”... ax, Asp as ‘72 
C.M. 88B. Ditto ditto ditto Pat Mis “71 
C.M. 84. Two front legs, “‘edwardsella”’ .... oe re 65 


Two heads are missing from specimens in the Walsingham Coflec- 
tion. No specimens are discoverable in the Chapman Collection. 


numbers are not consecutive and are very few in comparison with the total number 
of insects dealt with. Moreover, in some instances the numbers are repeated, 
which renders their use very difficult, and in several cases they do not agree with 
the corresponding material. 


NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 81 


Masonia mitfordella, Chapm. Spur-ratio, Chapman, -70. 
C.M. 88. Mitford’s black pin, Mason Coll., ‘ mitfordella.” 


One front lee... Me AS 2 aoe ‘76 
C.M. 89. ‘‘nztidella, } Mason “Coll., 1 , mitfordella.” One 

front leg ... a ast ee "713 
C.M. 171. % Fumea, Mitford, Clark Coll. ” One front leg ... “70 
Coll. 970. ‘Clark Coll.” Hone wings, no body, antennae, 

or legs. 
Coll. 970. Ditto ditto ditto. One hind leg. 

Masonia hibernicella, Chapm. Spur-ratio, Chapman, °67. 
Coll. 114. ‘‘Glengariffe. 19. Joints, last good, spur }” “17 
Coll. 1178A. ‘ Glengariffe, McArthur” a bi a: ere 
Coll. 1173B. Ditto ditto ; ‘76 


Fumea scotica, Chapm. Spur-ratio, Chapman, 18. 81. 
C.M. 116. ‘ Large Fumea, Rannoch, scotica.’’ One front leg 80 


C.M. 117. ‘Large Sutherland iinmeciscotiea ie eh 80 
Coll. 1119. ‘Inveran, F. G. Whittle” Bs ‘78 
Fumea bowerella, Chapm. Spur-ratio, Gaston 11. 

C.M. 155A. “Bower. 17.’ Head and legs se Pay 
C.M. 155B. Ditto ditto ae es 80 
Fumea germanica, Chapm. Spur ratio, :88. 

Coll. 864. One male, four wings, no body, head, or legs. 

C.M. 112A. “ Voelschew (152), affinis.” Head and legs... "85 
C.M. 112B. Ditto ditto Pe, A iB: ans ‘81 
C.M. 118. = ‘‘ Voelschew (148), affints.”” Head and legs ... 83 
C.I 9. Amale, nodata ... on a ae Ba 85 


There remains Bankesta douglasii, Sta., the unique specimen of 
which is in the Bankes Coll. in the British Museum. Until this 
insect can be duplicated, or the type drastically examined, it is useless 
to add to the conjectures which have already been formed about it. 

The extremely fine measurement applied in this investigation is 
quite unused, as far as my information goes, in any other group of the 
Lepidoptera. Evidently, unless every individual in a species is an 
exact replica of the remainder, the possibility of endless division would 
be enormously increased. No such examination has, I believe, ever 
been made of a sufficiently large number of specimens to enable us to 
judge what amount of difference may occur in size, as well as 
formation, in a single species. I do not agree with the old collector 
who is credited with saying that ‘‘ unless he could see it across a five- 
barred gate, he did not reckon it a ‘ var.’”’! but I do maintain that it 
is a pity to establish species upon an insufficient, and unproved basis. 
I would not be credited with saying that these species are not, or can- 
"not be, proved to be valid, but rather that until we have sufficient 
material of each, the question must remain in abeyance. 

Of the 315 specimens consisting of Chapman’s mixed material, 
augmented by my own additions— 

20 measuring between °51 and ‘64 are Bruandias. 
59 measuring between ‘61 and -71 are called Masonias. 
236 measuring between -72 and °82 are called Fumeas. 

I am able to separate Bruandias by the genitalia, but I cannot 

separate Masonias from Fumeas except by size. With a few anomalies 


82 THE ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 


and gaps, the figures from ‘51 to -82 form a continuous series. It is 
therefore possible that a difference in the measurements of ‘Ol mm. 
may not only shift a specimen from one species to another, but may 
even shift it into a different genus, since no line of absolute demarka- 
tion is anywhere discoverable. These anterior tibial spurs are not con- 
fined to the species here considered, but occur in other genera, and 
groups of species, the ratio numbers often running parallel with 
these. 

- At the risk of exhausting the patience of my readers, I venture to 
include the result of our investigations of this curious and complicated 
subject. I have prepared two tables in which are recorded the par- 
ticulars of these very exhaustive examinations. The first represents 
the measurements of several hundred specimens of the mixed species 
allied to Fwmea, the second a similar examination of Bijugis and 
Psychidea. These measurements cannot be accepted as absolutely 
correct, within probably -02mm., owing to the difficulties which I have 
pointed out. 


Table of Tibial spur ratios in Bruandia, Masonia, and Fumea. 
Ratio. Number. 


-51* 1 

*538* (1009S) 

“54% 2 

55" 1 

*56* 2 (733C) (1188T) Bb. reticulatella -56, Tutt, p. 303. 
-58* if 

‘60* 3 

‘61{ (1098Z) B. comitella :61-°62, Tutt, p. 304. 
62+ 1 


-683{ 2 B. comitella (*784C) (+1189T) 
64 2? Limit of Bruandia 
64, Tutt, p. 299. B.comitellaC. M. subflavella J. 


65 2 

66 1 M. crassiorella -66--70, Tutt, p. 807. 
67 8 M. hibernicella 67. 

68 7 (744C) (1190T) M. subflavella, J. 

“69 3 

“70 28 (736C) M. crassiorella M. mitfordella, M. afjinis, M. sub- 


flavella -70. 
“71 138 Limitof Masonia:71, M. edwardsella. 
Tutt, p. 299. 


“72 16 
“73 11 
“74 10 
a) 17 


"76 13. (738C) M. crassiorella. 
“77 16 Mucking & Glengariff. Lowest for I’. casta, | F. awe sis| 
“77, Tutt, p. 314. .}_. -77-:80. 


‘78 14 (1119W). I scotica, -78--81. 
is Ie aw iar ee a an. | 
‘80 91 


81 25 Limit of Fwnea, ‘81, 
Tutt, p. 299. 


NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 83 


82 24 

83 3? 

84 1 

85 2? 

88 F’, germanica, :88, Tutt, p. 299. 
*=Boss on tegumen = Bruandia. t=No boss on tegumen. 


Nos. in brackets=separate mounts. 


Tibial Measurements in Psychidea and Bijugis. 
Psychidea= Short spur= F'umea form. 


33 C. 748 B. graecella. 

“39 0. 18 P. majorella. 

Al Te Tab Ps sinvens T. 1150 P. marjorella. 

42 8. 860 P. nudella. 

‘43° =«T. 16 P. sapho. 8. 1040 P. marjorella. 

44 8. 1089 P. marjorella. 

45 §. 958 P. sapho. S. 868 P. nudella. 
Z. 1099 P. nudella. 
Z. 1100 P. plumella. 
bes 6 P. sapho. 

A8 T. 2 P. suriens. C.M. 187 P. sapho. 

49 Lo 1147") P. sapho. 

50 C. 866 P. nudella. 1144 P. suriens: 


T 
S. 966 P. plumella. 
S.1011 P. nocturnella. 
S. 1059 P. plumella. 
C. 864 P. suriens. 

S. 1288 P. nocturnella. 


Bijugis=long spur= EH pichnopterya form. 


‘51 T. 1148  P. sapho. 


562 §. 1010 B. bombycella. C. 1202 B. “ Lauterets.” 
53 C. 949 B. bombycella. S. 1192 B. bombycella. 
‘4 T. 1141 B. bombycella. Lt. 4 B. bombycella. 
S. 950 5B. pectinella. 
55 C. 956 B. bombycella. C. 741 B. prowima. 
C.M. 1851 B. bombycella. 
C.M. ne B. bombycella. 
T. B. pectinella. 
56 8. 1193  B. bombycella. T. a B. bombycella. 
67 T. 1142  B. bombycella. T. 1143  B. bombycella. 
. C. 863 B. proaima. 
S.1191 8B. proxima. 
58 C.M. 185? B. provima. 
759 C. 867 B. pectinella. 8. 1231  B. pectinella. 


‘60 S. 1232 B. pectinella. 

62. C... 865 B. pectinella. . ee gs 

°64 C.M. 185°. B. pectinella. C., 957. B. bombycella. 
S.=purchased. C. & Coll.=Chapman Coll. T.=Turati. Z.=Zerny. | 
W.=F. G. Whittle. J.=Abbé J. de Joannis. C.M.=Chapman’s Mounts. 


It will be noticed that *B. yraecella -38 is the only specimen which 


*In spite of its low spur-ratio this insect agrees with Bijugis rather than 
Psychidea. It has indeed a short spur, but the formation of the genitalia ap- 
proaches Epichnopterys, as does Bijugis. The'connection with Psychidea, which 
hhas the Fumea form, is not close. Quite possibly the insect will require to be 
placed in a new genus. 


84 THE ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 


falls out of its place. The names here are almost entirely those under 
which I received the specimens, only corrected when evidently wrong. 
There would appear to be much confusion about Psychidea nudella, 
which would seem to be a rare species, and, difficult to recognise. This: 
is unfortunate, as Rambur’s genus Psychidea is based upon its “ short, 
spur.” I have one specimen from Chapman and one or two more 
which have come to me under different names, but several which I 
have received under this name are not nudella, for they have no tibial 
spur. Further, these spurless species, which cannot be included in 
Psychidea or Bijugis on this account, or In Fumea, Masonia, or 
Bruandia for the same reason, seem to separate into several species, 
which all appear to bear the name of vestalis, Staud. ! 


(To be continued.) 


WOTES ON COLLECTING, etc. 


WarwicksHIRE Recorps oF IcaneumonipaE (Continued).—Oputo- 
NINAE.—Campoplex rugifer, Fst.—Bretford, 2.vi.1918, rare. C. falcator, 
Fab.—Bubbenhall, 10.viii.18, H. G. Wagstaff (host Cosmotriche pota- 
toria). C. angustatus, Th.—Kenilworth, 8.viii.20. C. terebrator, Fst. 
—Bubbenall, 1.viii.19, H. Cooke; Brandon, 11.vi.19; Stoke, 28.v.20 ; 
Corley, 29.v.20 ; Coombe, 9.v.20, common and generally distributed. C. 
nitidulator, Hlgr.—Stoke, 20.v.19; Coombe, 20.v.1916; Corley, v.17;. 
Hawkesbury, 9.vi.17. C. myrtillus, Desv.—Ryton, 6.vi.20; Corley, 
29.v.20, rare. C. cultrator, Gr.—Coventry, 9, 1915. C. pugillator, 
Linn.—Bubbenhall, 2.vi.18, H. G. Wagstaff. C. monozonus, Fst.— 
Stoke, viii.16. Sagaritis holmgrent, Tsch.—Brandon, 4.ix.21.  S. 
latrator, Gr.—Brandon, 21.ix.19. S. annulata, Gr.—Binley, 2.x.21. 
Casinaria vidua, Gr.—Coventry, 7.vil.21, F. Pepper. C. moesta, Gr.— 
Kenilworth, 1918; Ryton, 1.vii.19. Nemeritis cremastoides, Hlgr.— 
Stoke, 22.v.21, 9 9. Spudastica kreichbaumert, Bdg.—Tile Hill (host 
Lygaeonematus compressicornis), 25.iv.20, 25.1v.20, 28.iv.20, rare. Omorga 
faunus, Hlgr.—Generally distributed. O. molesta, Gr.—Stoke, June, 
1916, 1919. O. borealis, Ztt.—Stoke, 1919. O. ensator, Gr.—Stoke, 
viii.16. Meloboris inculcator, Gr.—Stoke, 28.viii.20. M. crassicornis, Gr. 
—Bubbenhall, 22.vi.19; Brinklow, 2.vili.20. Angitia majalis, Gr.— 
Coombe, 15.vili.20; Stoke, 1.1x.20 (host Depressaria heracleana). A. 
chrysosticta, Gr.—Ryton, 6.vi.20. A. curvicauda, Hlgr.—Bubbenhall, 
v.18; Kenilworth, 1918. Anilasta ruficincta, Gr.—Stoke, 4.vii.20. 
Labrorychus clandestinus, Gr.—Ryton, 10.vii.21, 9 9; Stoke, 20.vii.21. 
L. tenuicornis, Gr.—Common and generally distributed. Agrypon 
flaveolatum, Gr.—Bubbenhall, 8.vi.18 ; 29.vi.19; Bubbenhall, 1.vi.19;. 
9.vi.19, H. Cooke. Ophion luteus, Linn.—Stoke, 1918; Coventry, 1916; 
Aldridge ; Coventry, 20, F. Shotten. 0. distans, Th.—-Bubbenhall, 
10.viil.18. O. stigmaticus, Morl.—Bubbenhall, 18.v.21. O. scutellaris, 
Th.—Generally distributed. 0. obscurus, Fab.—Stoke, 29.ix.19, HE. H. 
Sills. O. ventricosus, Gr.—Bubbenhall, 9.vi.18; 18.v.19; 7.vi.19; 
Bubbenhall, 18.v.19; 15.vi.19, H. Cooke, rare. Paniscus cristatus, Th. 
—Stoke, June, September, 1916; Canley, 29.viii.1919, Cooke. P. 
melanurus, Th.—Coventry, 5.vi.19; Stockton, 28.viii.20; Wolvey, 
3.vil.21. P. testaceus, Gr.—Coventry, 1915; Stoke, 1918; Brandon, 
6.ix.17 ; (host Acronicta alni). P. gracilipes, Th.—Stoke, viii.16 ; 


SOCIETIES. 85 


Waverley Wood, 9.viii.17; Hunningham, 6.viii.17; Ryton, 30.ix.17 ; 

Stoke, 21.vi.18. Astiphrommus alarius, Gr. —Bubbenhall, 29.vi.19, H. 
Cooke. Mesochorus politus, Gr.—Stoke, 15.v.20. M. contusus, Her. — 
Princethorpe, 26,vii.19 ; Stoke, 1919. M. vittator, Hlgr.—Stoke, ix.16. 
(To be continued.) —J. W. Saunt, 53, Enfield Road, Stoke, Coventry. 


SOCIETIES. 


Tue EnromoxocicaL Society or Lonpon. 


March 7th, 1923.—The President announced that Dr. G. A. K. 
Marshall, C.M.G., had been selected for election as a Fellow of the 
Royal Society, and a vote of congratulation was passed to him, with 
acclamation. 

Kvecrion or Fettows.—Mr. A. M. Stewart, 8, Ferguslie, Paisley, 
Renfrewshire, Scotland; Mr. F. G. 8. Whitfield, 25, Drayton Gardens, 
S. Kensington, S.W; Mr. A. J. C. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,’”’ W. 
Chiltington Common, Pulborough, Sussex, were elected. 

Exursitions.—Mr. G. Talbot exhibited on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey 
a number of gynandromorphs of Lepidoptera, from various parts of 
the world. 

Major H. C. Gunton exhibited a remarkable variety of Grammesia 
trilinea from Gerrard’s Cross, Bucks. 

Professor EH. B. Poulton, F.R.S., produced further evidence that 
the wings of Lepidoptera are sometimes nibbled by caterpillars. He 
also exhibited and made remarks upon some fragments of beetles 
from a Pleistocene peat-bed at Wolvercote, nr. Oxford. These speci- 
mens gave rise to considerable discussion. 

Mr. J. H. Durrant exhibited an example of Hierowestis sanctae- 
helenae taken in a house at Margate and suggested that it might have 
been introduced via the Canaries in bananas. 

Dr. Malcolm Burr referred to the necessitous bee hiettnges of ASP. 
Semenoff Thian-Shanski, an Honorary Fellow of the Society in 
Petrograd, and said that remittances could be sent to him through the 
American Relief Fund. A proposal by Mr. J. H. Durrant, seconded 
by Mr. J. E. Collin, that the Society should head the list of subscribers 
with a donation of 20 dollars was passed unanimously. Mr. A 
Dicksee kindly undertook to collect and transmit the remittances to 
this Fund. 

Papers.—The following papers were read a, “On a Lepidop- 
terous Scavenger living in Parrots’ Nests,” by Dr. A. “efferis Turner. 
(2) ‘“‘On the mouth parts of the Tee by Dr. R. J. 
Tillyard. 


March 21st, 1923.—Etecrion or Fettows.—The following were 
elected:—Messrs. A. EK. J. Carter, “‘The Retreat.’ Monifieth, Nr. 
Dundee; L. G. Cox, 90, Marine Parade, Worthing; IF. C. Garret, 
West Croft, Hexhan ; G. Handley, 54, All Saints Road, King’s Heath, 
Birmingham; H. Notman, F.S.A., 136, Joralemon Street, Brooklyn, 
New York; D. A. Owen, 94, Wellington Street, Luton, beds; L. G. 
Saunders, B.Se., Molten Institute, Cambridge; EK. G. R. Waters, M.A 
40, Leckford Road, Oxford; E. J. Winstanley, L.D.S., R.C.S., 25, 
Fellows Road, Hampstead, London, N.W. 

Russian Entomotocists.—Mr. A. Dicksee reported on the Fund 


86 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


initiated at the last Meeting for Professor A. P. Semenoff Thian-Shanski, 
and a Committee consisting of Dr. Burr, Mr. Dicksee and Mr. Uvarov 
was appointed to consider the rendering of assistance to other members 
of the Russian Entomological Society. 

E.xuipitions.—Dr. 8. A. Neave exhibited, on behalf of Sir Gilbert 
Carter, a number of butterflies collected by him in the Canaries, and 
read some notes on them prepared by Mr. N. D. Riley. 

Mr. G. Talbot exhibited, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, some African 
butterflies, including the hitherto unknown female of Alaena 
aurantiaca. 

Mr. H. E. Andrewes exhibited examples of Carabidae from the 
Oriental and Australian regions. 

Professor E.. B. Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited a series of Rumvicia phlaeas 
race pseudo-phlaeas from Abyssinia, and also a Satyrine butterfly of 
strong Palaearctic affinities, from Somaliland. 

Parers.—The following papers were read :—(1) ‘‘A contribution 
to our knowledge of the Orthoptera of Macedonia,” by Dr. M. Burr and 
others. (2) ‘‘On the homology between the genitalia of some species 
of Diptera and those of Merope tuber,’ by Mr. F. Muir. (8) 
** Records and problems of Insect Migration,’ by Mr. C. B. Williams. 


Tue Souta Lonpon EnromonocicaL Society. 


February 8th, 1923.—Mr. Fawthorpe was elected a member. 

Mr. Frohawk exhibited a coloured drawing of Pyramets cardui in a 
setting of flowers and leaves, and a drawing made by a ship’s officer, 
of a flying-fish which struck him on the face while on deck. 

Mr. A. E. Tonge, a series of Colias croceus (edusa) bred in November 
last from ova laid in September. There was little variation shown, 
-only one example, a male, had a paler ground. 

MirsegAn AG We Buckstone, series of normal Hpirrita (Oporabta) 
autwnnaria and EF. filigrammaria, a series of hybrids of the two species, 
the results of two pairings of the hybrids, and the further results of 
two pairings of these last. The hybrids were mostly intermediate, but 
the specimens, the result of the last pairings, closely resembled 
antumnaria. 

Mr. A. W. Mera, series of F. (O.) christyi from Chalfont Road, and 
of a melanic race of #. (0.) autwnnaria from Middlesbrough, and 
remarked that they were very closely allied species. 

Capt. Crocker, along series of Coenonympha pamphilus illustrating 
the range of variation in ground-colour, spotting, marginal markings, 
suffusion. ete. 

Mr. K. G. Blair, two forms of Anattis plagiata, which Dr. Jordan 
has just shown were morphologically two species. Nothing was yet 
known of the larval differentiation. 

Mr. Cheesman, a beetle disclosed on eriibae timber from Riga. 

Mr. A. W. Andrews, flower-heads of an Umbellifer with numerous 
Anthomyid flies entrapped by their proboscis. 

Mr. S. Blenkarn, species of local and rare Coleoptera including 
Lycoperdina succincta from Mildenhall, Staphylinus pedator from Box 
Hill, Lhagonycha unicolor (translucida) from Box Hill, Sphodrus 
leucophthalmus from a corn-shop in Woolwich, Anchomenus 4-punctatus 
from Cawthorne, ete. 


SOCIETIES. 87 


The Rev. .!. Waterston read a paper entitled the “‘ Natural History 
of St. Kilda,’ with lantern illustrations. 


February 22nd, 1923.—Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited series of 
Charaeas graminis, from heavily marked to almost devoid of markings, 
Noctua depuncta var. maddisont, a red Dianthoecia carpophaga,2 2 N. 
subrosea, and a Chrysophanus dispar all from the ‘‘ Horne ”’ collection. 

Mr. Grosvenor, some Zygaena stoechadis which were a transition to 
Z. filipendulae. 

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone, a series of Anaitis plagiata and pointed 
out the newly differentiated species A. efformata among them. 

Mr. Enefer, a very large centipede and a large cockroach found in 
some cases of pineapples from Singapore, unloaded at a Bermondsey 
wharf. 

Mr. Blenkarn, the local beetle Lebia chlorocephala from Otford, 
Kent. 

The rest of the exhibits were lantern slides shown by Messrs. Main, 
Frisby, Dennis, Bunnett and Dods. 


March 8th, 1923.—The President in tne chair. 

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone gave a box of British Lepidoptera to the 
Society’s Reference Collection. 

Mr. R. Adkin exhibited the following aberrations of Palaearctic 
Rhopalocera, which had been artificially produced.— Pyramets atalanta, 
with red band almost obsolete; Vanessa io, with ocelli obliterated ; Aglais 
urticae, with large unicolorous blackish-brown area; Huyonia polychloros, 
with smeared blotches on forewings; Apatiura iris, with white bands 
nearly obsolete; Melanargia galathea, Dryas paphia, etc., and others of 
each species 

Mr. H. Moore, Anosia archippus, taken 100 miles off the coast of 
S. America; cases of the large “ bag-worm’’ (Psychidae) Veceticus 
omnivorus from N. Island, New Zealand. and referred to its dipterous 
parasite Murigaster marginatus and the hyper-parasite, Pteromalus sp. ; 
and the giant cricket ‘‘ Weda,”’ Hemideina meyacephala of New Zealand, 
with notes on its depredations and habits. 

Mr. Hare, a probably unique aberration of Anaitis plagiata, a wide- 
banded form from Erith, and a markingless example of Leptosia Sena 
from Symons Yat. 

Mr. O. R. Goodman, a series of Thymelicus acteon from the Isle of 
Purbeck with a series from S. France and pointed out that the males 
of the latter had both the stigma of the gs and the crescentic line of 
the 2s of the former series. 

Mr. F. W. Frobawk, British Aporia crataeyi with supernumerary 
veins developed in the hindwings, others with discoidal spots on the 
hindwings, and others with dark hind-marginal shading. 

Capt. Crocker, a curious aberration of Polyommatus tcarus with all 
the usual markings obsolescent and the ground colour of a light brown 
uniformly. 

Dr. Fremlin read a paper entitled, ‘‘ The Growing Importance of 
Entomology,” and there was a short discussion. 


88 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Responses OF THE LARGE WaATER-STRIDER, GERRIS REMIGIS, SAY, TO 
CONTACT AND LicGHT.—By C. F. Curtis Riley, Department of Zoology, 
University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. 58 pp. reprinted 
from Annals of the Entomological Society of America. Columbus, Ohio, 
December, 1921.—This is another contribution to the already extensive 
literature dealing with the American Water-Bugs. The hydrobiotic 
insect fauna of the Nearctic Province is extensive, the material is 
abundant, the biological problems are numerous and interesting, the 
entomologists are keen, and the dollars are forthcoming: so it is not 
to be wondered at that the results are commensurate. In this paper, 
Mr. Curtis Riley almost confines his attention to one species, Gerris 
remigis, Say, one of the largest American Gerrids, about the size of our 
G. najas, Li., and the subjects dealt with are those to which the names 
‘‘thigmotaxis ’ and ‘‘phototaxis ’’ have been given, 7.e., the responses 
made by the insects to the stimuli of contact and leht; or, to put it 
in plain English, just how the bugs behave when they come in contact 
with solid bodies, wavelets, rain-drops, puffs of air, etc., and when 
exposed to the influence of light, both sunshine and electric, the latter 
being either stationary or in motion. The methods adopted were those 
of careful observations in the field, and laboratory experiments. Under 
the heading of the ‘ thigmotactic response,’ the most interesting 
phenomena dealt with are those of hibernation, death-feigning, and 
clustering. Evidence is given that the Gerrids hibernate amongst 
dead leaves, under bark, and in the cracks of logs, and similar places 
usually quite near their pond. When one reads of beds of dead leaves 
measuring 8 x 4 3 feet on the margins of pools, and of finding 250 
specimens of the bugs in such quarters, one can hardly help envying 
the Hemipterists of the New World their ideal opportunities ; but a 
corrective 1s administered by the author’s confession ‘It was a long 
time before I found Gerris remigis in a hibernating condition. Seareh 
was made in almost every conceivable situation before the hibernation 
quarters of the species were located.’ He adds also, ‘‘I never have 
found them hibernating in mud, in water, at the bottom of water, at 
the bottom of a pool, pond, brook, creek, or river.” Death-feigning 
results apparently from the sense of touch and not from that of sight. 
In the phenomenon of ‘‘ clustering’ we seem to meet with a certain 
degree of individuality in the members of the group; certain of them 
become, after a time, restless, and in their struggles to free themselves 
from the contact of their comrades, whose legs and bodies frequently 
overlap them, they tend to disintegrate the group. This restlessness 
is explained as possibly due to some internal physiological (or might 
it even be psychological ?) differences in the individuals. In the 
experiments with light it was found that the insects moved towards the 
source of light and orieuated with their faces thitherward. This 
produced some puzzlement when the light oscillated. On the whole 
we may say that these 58 pages, well printed and free from typographical 
errors, are eminently stimulating and suggestive, and should be useful 
to English students as indicating methods of procedure and subjects 
for investigation. Numerous photographs enable the reader to realise 
to the full the nature of the habitats of Gerris remigis, Say.—H. A. 
Burtur (F.H.8.), 385, Kyrle Road, West Side, Clapham Common, 
‘$.W. 11. 


Subscriptions for Vol. XXXV. (10 shillings) should be sent to 
Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Gross, 
S.E.14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from 
January 15th to December 15th, 1923.) 


Non-receipt or errors in the sending of. Subscribers’ magazines should be 
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘“ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.E. 14 


ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be nserted at a minimum 
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisementsin proportion. A reduction made fora series. 
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Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. WW. Paau ‘' Bertrose,” 
Gellatly Road, New Cross, Jiondon, 8.14., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed. 


Desiderata.—¥Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the 
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data 
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G. Pether, ‘‘Thelma,’’ 4, IWillow Bridge 
Road, London, N. 1. 


Duplicates.—Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), 
*B. quercus ¢, Tiliz, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophmaria vars. 
Paniscus. Desiderata.—Pupx of Dicteoides; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina 
(dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria.—Harold B. \Villiams, 
1122, Bensham Manor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


Duplicates. —Sybilla, Paphia, Io (2), Selene, Lucina (2), Ocellatus, Illustraria (autumn) 
Nastata, Roboraria ¢ , Prunaria (4) ¢ , Tipuliformis. Desiderata.—Castreusis ¢ , Cucullina, 
Cribrum, Cinerea, Ravida, Ashworthii, Notata, Obfuscaria, Smaragdaria and others, also 
vars. and local forms.—Harold H. Winser, Kent House, Cranleigh. 


Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, 
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. 
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.— 
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford. 


Duplicates.—-Cinerea ¢ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars. 
Immorata and other East Sussex species. 

Desiderata.—Pupex. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista, 
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctus 
in fine condition only.—A. J. Wightman, 85, Morris Road, Lewes. 


Cuance or Appress.—H. Baker Sly, Eden Lodge, Westcott Road, Dorking. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7, 
8 p.m. June 6th; October 3rd, 17th. 


The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
May 24th, ‘‘ Some Ancient Naturalists and their Work,’’ R. Adkin, F.E.S.—Hon. Sec., 
Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.H.3. 


The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street If.C.2, first and 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. EH. 
GuraeG, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16. 


All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. TURNER, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, 8.1.14 


We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws conumunications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 


Lists of Dupricares and Drsiperata should be sent direct to Mr. H. E. Page, 
Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.H. 14 


OVA, LARVA, AND PUPA. 
The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is 
H. W. HEAD, Gitomolonist, 
BURNISTON, Nr. SCARBOROUGH. 


Full List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Apparatus, Cabinets 
etc., sent on application. 


Many Rare British Species and Good Varieties for Sale. 


MOUNTING 
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“PY PICAT? BLUILES | 


A Photographic ATLAS OF DIPTERA. 


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JUN 26 1923 ve 


‘> 


The Entomoloaist’s Record 
Journal of Variation 


Wporrep BY 


RicHarp S. BAGNALL, F.t.s., ¥-E.s. Jas. HE. COLLIN, F.u.s. 

Grorce T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.L.8., F.E.S. H. Sr. J. K. DONISTHORPH, F.z.s., ¥.5.8. 
M. BUBR, D.sc., F.L.S., F.Z.8., F-E-S. Joun Harrimy DURRANT, v-z.s. 

'(Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, F.u.s. Atrrup SICH, F.z.s. 

pe. A. COCKAYNH, m.p., ¥.E.S. (Rry.) Grores WHEELER, w.a., ¥F.5.8. 


and 
Henry J. TURNER, rF.x.s 
Hditorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 
reliminary Observations on the British Vanessids, Harold B. Williams, LL.B., F.H.S. 89 

a “Notes on the Lepidoptera of the eeu District co and. ee Major Deedee. 
4 Graves, F.H.S. .. 5 as 95 
Six weeks among the Butterflies of astern See tana” Bie On Ss Waves F.E.S.. 30 96 
_ Current Nores anp Snort Notices ae 101 

E Review :—A Biology of the British eee Heteroptera @. A. Butler B. re 8B. Se., 
F.E.S.), H.St.J.D.  ... 103 

PList of the Races of the 1¢ Rhopalocera of ponicuias rTaly, Rager Verity, M.D., aa Orazio 
Querci... He é (9)—(12) 


JUNE 15th, 1923. 
Price ONE “SHILLING (nur). 


Subscription for Conipleta Volume, post free 
(Inoluding all DOUBILE) NUMBIIKS, eto.) 


TEN SHILLINGS, 


ro BE VORWARDED TO 


HERBERT. Ba PAGE. 'F-E.S:, 


“ Bertrose,’’ GeLtuatty Roap, New Cross, 8.H.14. 


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OBSERVATIONS ON THE BRITISH VANESSIDS. 89 


Preliminary Observations on the British Vanessids. 
By HAROLD B. WILLIAMS, LL.B., F.E.S. 
(A Paper read before the London Natural History Society, April 17th, 1923.) 


The title of this paper requires a few words of explanation. I 
have felt for some time that a collation of the published information 
on the British members of the Vanessid group would. be a useful 
contribution to entomological knowledge. Pending the completion of 
the necessary research work, for which at present I have very little 
_ time, I think I may usefully present to your notice a few facts con- 
cerning the group, together with some preliminary, and to some extent 
non-committal, observations of my own, in the hope of stimulating 
discussion and research which may be helpful later. 

The Vanessid species usually included in the British list are seven 
in number :—Polyyonia c-album, Hugonia polychloros, Aglais urticae, 
Vanessa io, Huvanessa antiopa, Pyrameis atalanta, Pyrameis cardut. 

These species occur throughout Europe. The three latter (anttopa, 
atalanta and cardi) occur in palaearctic America, where also the three 
first mentioned are represented by closely allied forms. 

Pyramets huntera, occasionally recorded from Britain, is also a 
North-American species. In my opinion it is as much a “ British 
species”? as P. cardut. ‘That is to say neither species, I think, is a 
constant resident. P.cardui is a regular immigrant, P. huntera, at 
present, a very rare one, but it would be rash to doubt the possibility 
of its becoming as frequent a visitor as P. cardut in the future. 

Otber species have been recorded. Aylais milberti, the common 
American nettle tortoiseshell and a close ally of A. wrticae, was once 
exhibited at a London Society as a variety of the latter species, and 
alleged to have been tuken in Sussex. Possibly it may have been so 
taken, but at the time in question it seems to have been rather a habit 
of certain dealers to palm off on unsuspecting amateurs foreign examples 
of closely related species as aberrations of British species. I hope, 
however, when circumstances permit, to experiment with A. milberti 
with a view to ascertaining whether it will breed in this country. I 
see no reason why it should not do so, indeed I think it is extremely 
probable that it will, unless exterminated in the early stages of the 
experiment by eager collectors, or by some self-appointed executioner 
who fears an extension of the limited number of species included in 
that sacrosanct compilation “THE BRITISH LIST,” a name, which 
I have written in capitals, in deference to the exaggerated reverence 
with which the insular mind of the ultra-conservative is apt to 
regard it. 

This little explosion has reference not only to the fate I anticipate 
for A. milberti, but also to the fate which I am informed on good 
authority has overtaken the - interesting little species Vanessa prorsa, 
which seemed well able to establish itself in this country. I do not 
propose to refer further in this paper to Aylais milberti as a possible 
denizen of this country, though it may be necessary to mention the 
species in considering the variation of A. urticae. 

The problems sug ogested by a superficial examination of the British 
Vanessids are too numerous to be dealt with, even briefly, within the 
limits of this paper. I propose therefore to confine myself here to two 

June 15rx, 1928. ! 


90 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


branches of the subject, a detail in metamorphosis and a particular 
aspect of variation, both of which I shall submit to you in the guise of 
preliminary observation, indicating my views under cover of those 
words beloved of lawyers—‘‘ Without Prejudice.”’ Iam entirely open 
to conviction and eager for criticism. I trust, moreover, that I may 
be able to interest you sufficiently to encourage observation and record 
in the ensuing season, so that it may be possible to speak with more 
conviction at a later date. ‘The two points, upon which I propose to 
address you, are the act of pupation, and the parallel and convergent 
variation of Aglais wrticae and Vanessa io. Before passing to these 
subjects, however, may I briefly indicate one or two other matters 
affecting the group upon which I should like further information. In 
the first place the hibernation in this country of the two species of 
Pyramets cannot, I think, be yet regarded as fully understood. You 
are all, of course, aware of the careful experiments of Mr. L. W. 
Newman of Bexley, but more facts are desirable before any satisfactory 
conclusion can be drawn. Iam particularly anxious to know what, if 
any, reliable records exist of either species being seen on the wing in 
the winter months, or of either of them being disturbed or observed in 
natural hibernation. Records relating to Aglais wrticae and Vanessa to 
are frequent. I know of one relating to Hnvanessa antiopa. I have 
three relating to Pyrameis atalanta. I know of none for P. cardut, 
Polyyonia c-album, ov Eugonia polychloros, though the two latter 
undoubtedly hibernate here. 

In the second place I should like a definite and detailed observation 
as to the pupation of Vanessa to in nature. This species does not 
normally pupate on the nettle stems, as Aglais wrticae so often does. 
Where does it go to? 

In the third place I should like to know of any records of the 
capture (not breeding) of Vanessa io ab. fischeri, Stndf., in this country. 
I am satisfied that this aberration ought to occur wild here, particularly 
in its more northern localities. 

To return to the specific questions I want to put. The first 
concerns the pupation. For the purposes of this paper and without 
committing myself in any way to an assertion that it is so, I shall 
assume that all Lepidoptera, or at any rate all Rhopalocera, which 
suspend themselves by means of the cremaster in the pupal state, 
achieve that position by the same process. It may very well be that 
this assumption is unwarranted and -I only make use of it at this stage 
for convenience, as in the present state of knowledge it is impossible 
to collate sufficient observations on individual species for the purpose 
of comparison. 

Let me first state the problem. It is this: How does the pupa 
withdraw itself from the larval skin and attach itself by its cremastral 
hooks to the same pad of silk which supported the larva? Let me 
preface my rough notes by saying that more rubbish has been written 
on the subject than on almost any other entomological problem, 
notwithstanding the existence of certain very careful and precise 
observations. 

As an instance of early writings I may refer to Buckler’s well- 
known account of the pupation of Limenitis stbilla, in vol. 38 of ae 
#.M.M., which is reprinted in Newman, p. 69. 

“Tn the course of the third day the creature seems to Pale 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE BRITISH VANESSIDS. 91 


up, unbends its head, swings itself to and fro a few times, then 
stretches itself downwards in a long attenuated line, which causes 
a rupture of the skin close to the head, which is seen slowly to 
ascend, exposing the bare and soft shining parts below from which 
a flat and forked pair of horns grow out perceptibly as one beholds 
this wonderful process; the skin continues to glide slowly 
upwards, and as the soft parts become exposed they are seen to 
swell out laterally and assume the very singular projections of the 
chrysalis; the skin of the old head gliding up the belly marks 
the progress of the disclosure, as the colours of the old and new 
surfaces are at this time alike, but the new rather more shining 
and semi-transparent ; occasionally, during the bulging out of the 
soft parts, a kind of convulsive heave or two occurs, but otherwise 
it remains still until the creature is uncovered as far as the ninth 
or tenth segment; it then curves its anal extremity by a sudden 
twist laterally, and in a moment dexterously withdraws the tip of 
the anal segment from the claspers by an opening in the back of 
the skin at that part; at this critical moment one has time to see 
that the naked, shining point is furnished with black hooks, and 
to expect its fall, but in another moment it has forcibly pressed 
the curved tip with its hooks against the stem, close to its previous 
attachment of the anal claspers, which has proved strong enough 
for the occasion.” 

Buckler’s suggestion that the cremaster is passed through a special 
opening in the larval skin, I have not met with elsewhere, nor is it in 
accordance with the facts, unless L. sibil/a is unique in this respect. 
For the remainder, this description is typical of many in its suggestion 
that the safe attachment of the pupa is due to the speed with which 
the cremaster is withdrawn and forced to its point of attachment. In 
actual fact this is a most deliberate movement, and in my opinion any 
‘sudden twist laterally ’ would probably be fatal. Buckler’s account, 
like many others, resembles the traditional schoolboys’ prescription 
for making a vacuum—“ Fill a flask with water, turn it upside down 
to let the water out and put the cork in quick.” 

Parallel with this one finds another hypothesis, to my mind equally 
absurd, but which has obtained some acceptance and has even been 
regarded as to some extent within the limits of possibility by no less 
an authority than Scudder. ‘This ‘‘ explanation’ may be given in the 
words of Martin Duncan’s English edition of Figuier’s Insect World 
(1872) though it appears to be based on an ‘“‘ observation” of Réaumur 
and was published in Kirby and Spence, vol. iii., pp. 208-209. 

‘‘But here comes the culminating point, the most difficult 
part of the operation. The chrysalis, which is shorter than the 
caterpillar, is at some distance from the silky net work to which 
it must fix itself; it is only supported by that extremity of the 
caterpillar’s skin which has not been split open. It has neither 
legs nor arms, and yet it must free itself from this remaining part 
of the skin and reach the threads to which it is to suspend itself. 
The supple and contractile segments of the chrysalis serve for the limbs 
which are wanting to it. Between two of these segments as with a pair 
of pincers, the insect seizes a portion of the folded skin and with such 
a firm hold that it is able to support the whole of its body on it. It 
now curves the hinder parts slightly, and draws its tail entirely 


92 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


out of the sheath in which it was enclosed, etc.” (Pupation of 
Aglais urticae.) 

It is difficult to understand how this gymnastic feat can ever have 
been supposed possible. Osborne pointed out (..M., XV. 61) that the 
newly excluded pupa is in an utterly soft condition, that the caterpillar 
skin is now redneed to.a pocket so small that it covers only the end of 
the tail of the chrysalis, “and that the chrysalis itself has no longer any 
free segments. 

Osborne’s criticism was published in 1878, together with an excel- 
lent account of the real machinery by which pupation is accomplished. 
I find, however, that the errors of Réaumur have not only been copied 
into a continuous series of books since then, but have even been 
regarded as a possible explanation by Riley and Scudder. (vide 
Scudder’s butterflies, 1881, p. 35, and fig. 48 a-c). I have even heard 
a member of a London Society claim to have photographed the newly 
excluded pupa in the act of holding on by its intersegmental divisions. t 

Osborne’s explanation is that durine pupation the last and sufficient 
bona of connection between the chrysalis and the old larva-skin is a 
membrane, extending from the lining of the latter to the anterior horns 
of the two lateral ridges bounding the anal area of the chrysalis. He 
dissected this membrane and prepared specimens with the membrane 
stilk intact. Osborne says (loc. cit., p. 59) that this membrane is 
sufficiently strong and permanent to support the insect during the 
critical last moments of pupation, and shows that it also exists, though 
less perfect, in Pieris brassicae and Muchloé cardamines, which are by its 
means enabled to pupate suspended if the cincture is cut. 

I do not know how far Osborne’s observations will carry conviction. 
My excuse for calling attention to them in detail must be that they 
have been almost entirely ignored in this country for nearly 50 years. 
To my mind Osborne’s explanation carries complete conviction. I 
cannot imagine a soft and easily ruptured newly-excluded pupa holding 
a spiny larval skin between two of its segments. I do not believe that 
anything of the sort has ever happened. Moreover I do not believe 
that, once having secured this grip the pupa could move the remaining 
segments sufficiently to free the cremaster from the larval skin, and I 
am quite sure it could not engage in the circular movements, which I 
have witnessed before complete attachment. 

The question, however, need not rest here. It has been discussed 
by competent scientists (/7.1/.M. tom. cit.) and we must do justice to 
such observers as Réaumur and Harris (Jns., p. 202, 2nd edn.) by con- 
ceding that they undoubtedly believed they saw exactly what they des- 
cribed. Let us therefore examine the explanation a little more closely, 
with the aid of Dr. Chapman and Mr. W. H. Edwards. 

In E.M.M., XV., p. 78, Dr. Chapman discussed Osborne’s discovery 
and suggested that his ‘* membrane ’’ consisted merely of the linings of 
the tracheae, and that the “good old explanation” of the suspension 
(the inter-segmental grip) was largely true. Later (p. 186), having 
examined Osborne’s specimens, Dr. Chapman withdrew this suggestion 
and stated that the membrane was undoubtedly an independent structure 


* The last of Osborne’s three comments is perhaps hardly appropriate.—H.B.W. 
+ No such photographs have been published, however, and I am not aware that 
any have been exhibited. —H.B.W. 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE BRITISH VANESSIDS. 93 


possessing special relationship to the suspension of the pupa. In the 
Canadian Entomologist for December, 1878 (/.M.M., XYV., p. 220), 
Edwards then gave his own independent observations. I think 
Chapman and Edwards explain bow it is that the idea of the inter- 
segmental grip has arisen. In the first place Chapman shows that the 
larval and pupal surfaces are damp, so that by capillary attraction and 
atmospheric pressure they adhere with considerable firmness, and 
strongly resist any separating force though they will gradually slide 
off each other. In the soft pupa the segments are not flat, but rounded, 
with deep folds between. ‘The sliding larval skin therefore slides into 
these folds, and when the moment comes for the tail of the pupa to be 
withdrawn there is a bending back of the posterior part of the abdomen 
and this results in a pinching in of the skinfor the moment. There is 
no seizing of the outside of the skin—Edwards points out that the 
spines would make this impossible —but a momentary grip of the inside. 
The tail free, this erip is released and the pupa hangs by the membrane 
alone. ‘There is quite certainly no further grip. 

Edwards made his observations on Grapta interroyationis, Chapman 
on another Vanessid species. ‘There seems reason to think that it may 
be possible that there is some distinction in method in the case of 
Danais archippus. So far as the Vanessid species are concerned it 
seems clear to me that the grip which does occur is momentary and 
accidental, due to the adhesion of the two surfaces, and I think this 
view is confirmed by the experiments of Osborne and Hdwards, made 
independently, and showing that if the larval skin is folded back at the 
critical momeut so that such a grip becomes impossible, successful pupation 
will still take place without tt. 

There is still a hiatus. How does the pupa after freeing itself, get 
up to the pad of silk? Scudder is inclined to believe the elasticity of 
the supporting membranes is the explanation, and Hdwards is of the 
same opinion while admitting that the rising of the chrysalis in this 
way is beyond his comprehension. [ am rather inclined to believe 
that it also derives some assistance from the cremastral hooks. It bas 
always seemed so to me when watching the pupation of Aylais urticae. 
This detail however must await further observation before anything 
more definite is asserted than that the pupa does not climb up by 
erasping the outside of the larval skin with its segments. 

Here, for the moment, I leave this subject, in the hope that I have 
said enough to stimulate some of my readers to the making of further 
careful observations. Photographs are still desirable. My own show 
nothing clearly and the same applies to the series of photographs of the 
pupation of V. io in The Payeant of Nature, Part 2, p. 115. 

The second point on which I propose to touch this evening concerns 
the variation of Ayglats wrticae and Vanessa io. I do not propose to 
to give you at this stage a detwiled and classified list of the named and 


* It does not appear to be generally known that the pupa frees itself entirely 
from the larval skin before rising to the pad of silk, and is at first an appreciable dis- 
tance from it. C7. Proc. Sth. Lond. HE. & N.11. Soc., 1919-20, pl. I. (K. J. Bunnett). 
The article accompanying this plate is surely an instance of erroneous observation. 
The ‘‘ finger-like processes’’ referred to appear to be the ‘‘ sustentors’’ of Riley, 
representing the soldered anal prolegs of the larva, and undoubtedly play a part in 
pupation. The author of this paper, however, has neglected to study the scientific 
writings of Edwards and Osborne.—H.B.W. 


94 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


un-named forms of these two species, but I must introduce the subject 
by describing very shortly the typical markings and giving a very 
general outline of the ran ge of normal variation. 

The markings of Aylais urticae Wave been described by Raynor 
(Ent. Ree., XX1. 4-5) in some detail. He says :— 

«The markings (liable to vary) are but few and simple. Hach 
of the three black blotches along the costa of the forewings I have 
termed a ‘macula’; the large one in the centre of the inner margin 
is a ‘nota’; and to the two smaller ones in the central area the 
name of ‘puncta’ is appropriately given. The outer margin is 
naturally termed the ‘margo,’ and the blue lunulated spots within 
it ‘outtae.” These complete the markings of the forewings. 
The outer margin of the hindwings also has a black edging, which 
contains blue markings similar to the ‘ guttae,’ but which for the 
sake of distinction are here termed ‘lunulae.’ The only other 
variable portion of the hindwings is the central, red, transverse 
belt, which at once suggests its parent word ‘ balteus.’”’ 

These names for the markings have been adopted by subsequent 
workers, and to my mind are valid names for these markings, in the 
same way as such well known terms as “stigma” or the English 
*“<cell’’ or ‘ discoidal spot.”’ 

A comparison of these markings with those of Vanessa io must now 
be attempted. There are in V. io the same three black blotches— 
““maculae ’’—along the costa of the forewings, the third, counting from 
the base, being somewhat inconspicuous in ordinary specimens owing 
to its incorporation in the eye spot, and consequent modification. Figs. 
14 and 16 of the plate devoted to the species in Frohawk show this 
“macula ’”’ fairly clearly, but it is most clearly to be seen in specimens 
transitional to ab. belisaria, Obth. There were excellent examples in 
the Horne Coll. in which the centre of the eye-spot was occupied by a 
distinct black macula, connected by rays with the 2nd normal macula. 
In ab. belisaria the 2nd and 8rd maculae coalesce, as in many aberra- 
tions of Aglais urticae (notably ichnusoides, Selys, and atrebatensis, 
Boisd.). 

Normal !’. io have no ‘“ nota”’ or ‘* puncta,” but aberrations are not 
infrequent in which a nota is either present or is represented by a dark 
shade. Jam not aware of the existence of specimens with “ puncta”’ 
corresponding in position to those of normal 4. urticae. The dark 
“margo”’ exists and the ‘“ guttae,’’ blue lunulated spots, occur, those 
nearer the apex being incorporated with, and forming part of, the eye- 
spot, the remainder being normally obsolete, but represented in aberra- 
tions rather commonly by dark spots. A chain of white spots, not 
represented in dA. wrticae, oecurs within the red area, as in many 
Vanessids. .The eye-spot, so conspicious a feature of the apical region, 
is merely a modification of these markings with a suffusion of blue 
ecales, the extent of which is one of the most variable characters of the 
species. 

The hindwings of V. to are black, with a variable amount of red 
suffusion, principally on the anal area though frequently covering a 
great part of the wing. The markings consist of an eye-spot and a 
blackish crescent mark above and within it. The eye-spot is not 
similar to that on the forewings, but consists of a pale area in which 
is situated a large and roughly circular black spot. In this black spot 


NOTES ON THE LEPIDOPTERA OF CONSTANTINOPLE. 95 


are three blue ‘‘ bars” or lunules, of which the upper two normally 
coalesce. 

Both Aylais wrticae and Vanessa io are variable species and a host 
of forms of voth species have been named. I do not propose to 
discuss these forms in detail this evening, but rather to indicate certain 
features in the variation of both species in which the two tend to 
approximate in marking, and I shall endeavour to show, by reference 
to such forms, what I believe to be the origin of certain of the markings 
of V. io. I should therefore say, iu passing, that I consider J’. io the 
younger species fron the phylogenetic aspect and believe it has 
developed from an ancestor of a ‘‘ tortoiseshell”’ facies, probably with 
a considerable resemblance to Aylais urticae. On this assumption the 
remainder of this paper is based and I shall therefore describe shortly 
the ‘‘ progressive’ forms of A. urticae, showing an advance in the 
direction of V. io and the “atavistic” aberrations of J’. o showing 
indications of the more primitive markings of A. wrticae. 

“Progressive ’’ variation in the markings of A. wrticae occurs in 
conjunction with purely aberrant details in the same specimen, notably 
the union of the costal maculae, as in J’. io ab. belisaria ; I. polychloros 
ab. testudo: and parallel aberrations of P. c-albwm and other species. 
The occurrence of this form of variation throughout the e¢roup is 
suggestive of the markings of the primitive common ancestor, but this 
is not a subject abont which sufficient can be ascertained to tempt us 
into a digression here. I shall therefore proceed to consider the pro- 
eressive variation of dylais urticae. 


(To be continued.) 


Notes on the Lepidoptera of the Constantinople District (Asia) 
and Brusa. 
By MAJOR P. P. GRAVES, F.E.S. 


I had little time for collecting in 1922, but added two new species 
of Rhopalocera to the local list. The spring and early summer visits 
to Chamlija gave negative results as far as Pontia (Synchloé) chloridice 
was concerned. The fields it had frequented in fair numbers during 
the previous year had been ploughed up and it had disappeared. 
Pararye roxelana was common enough in early June as was Mugonia 
polychloros. On June 18th, I paid a visit to the Alemdagh Forest, © 
which for ence in a way was clear of brigands. I took a worn female 
of Brenthis hecate approaching caucasica about two miles from 
Alemdach village, and in the forest found Argynnids abundant. The 
Species seen and taken were Dryas pandora, fairly common, D. 
paphia not fully out, /ssoria lathonia abundantly, Argynnis aylaia on the 
way to the race ottomana, but already showing signs of wear, though 
the females were rare; two male 4. cydippe, one of which had scarcely 
any silver marking on the underside of the hind wings, while the other 
was a large but otherwise fairly normal specimen, and abundance of 
B. daphne. The second brood of 6. dia was just emerging. In one 
clearing JMelitaea athalia race mehadiensis was frequent though going 
over. Dr. Reverdin has kindly determined it as athalia, not pseud- 
athalia. Another interesting discovery was Heteropterus morpheus of 
which I took a single female. ‘This is the first time that this species 
has been recorded from Asia Minor to my knowledge. Occagional 


96 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


worn Fleodes alciphron race meliboeus occurred. Coenonympha arcanius 
and Mpinephele jurtina were common and amone the latter I took a 
large, but unluckily damaged, female MM’. lipinus, a species which I 
have only taken very locally at Chamlija previously. 

At Brusa on July 7th-9th I had to confine myself to the plain. 
There, and for that matter in the outskirts of the town, Hipparchia 
brisets was common. I looked out for Pieris manni but am not satisfied 
that I obtained it. P. manni females and those of some of the 
Mediterranean P. napi of the summer brood are not easy to distin- 
guish. Pyronia tithonus occurred rarely on the plain. Plebetus argqus 
(aeyon) was not rare and seemed to be fairly normal in type. I found 
no Chrysophanus rutilus in the marshes, and but few Iveres argiades. 
L. camilla, D. pandora, worn out M. didyma and a fair number of P. 
aegeria var. intermedia with occasional P. maera var. orientalis were also 
seen or taken. A large black Satyrid, probably S. statilinus race 
fatuacformis, Vty., was seen from the train near Yuruk Ali station at 
about 1,500 ft. elevation near Mudania. 

I may here note that my second-brood Hesperia malrae, taken in 
the Constantinople district during the last two years, have all proved 
to be malvae after the examination of the genitalia by Dr. Reverdin. 


Six weeks among the Butterflies of Eastern Switzerland. (IWuth 
Plate.) 
(Concluded from page 79.) 
By B. C..S. WARREN, F.E.S. 


The beautiful weather now broke; a walk through the woods to St. 
Moritz, on the afternoon of the 13th, after a day’s vain, enabled me to 
box a pair of Polyommatus eros from a flower-head. ‘lhe next day was: 
wet too, and on the 15th we left Pontresina in a regular downpour, 
and reached Preda to find it turning very cold. By that evening it 
was snowing hard, and all Sunday the snow lay about three inches 
deep ; Monday was little better, though it cleared up in the afternoon. 
The following day however, the 18th, was clondless, and as the top of 
the Pass was still under snow, we went down; going as far as Bergun, 
getting on the old road below the railway viaduets. 

Insects were abundant, though in no great variety of species. The 
only kinds not hitherto met with were Hrebia pharte and Heodes vir- 
gaureae ; for the rest the following were taken or seen, and were more 
or less plentiful: Hesperia malvoides, H. alveus, H. serratulae, Aricia 
eumedon, A. medon, Cyaniris seniaruus, Lycaena arion, Plebeius aryus 
(argyrognomon), Papilio machaon, Parnassins delius, Aporia crataeqt, 
Brenthis euphrosyne, B. amathusia, Argynnis aglaia, and Hrebia melam- 
pus, H. ewryale, and EH. stygne. 

The next day was again wet, but the 20th was as perfect as could 
be wished. We started early for the top of the Pass, with great hopes 
of finding Krebia glacialis and Melitaea asteria, the latter of course 
being our principal object. The walk up, being early in the day, pro- 
duced little; the short cut from the Weissenstein Inn to the Teufels 
Tal only produced one P. delius. The wild Teufais Tal, on the contrary, 
gave us one @ P. delius, one Pontia callidice, two M. aurinia, race 
merope, several B, pales, one @ HMrebia glacialis and several EH. gorge, 
and one Pyramets cardwi. A remarkable list for such a locality. 


: 


SIX WEEKS AMONG THE BUTTERFLIES OF SWITZERLAND. 97 


The top of the Pass, however, presented a fearful sight, from the 
entomologist’s point of view. It was overrun by hundreds of cows, 
and as a natural consequence the grass was eaten down as short and 
even as if a mowing machine had been taken over it. Less than an 
hour’s futile search showed that the butterfly fauna of this famous 
locality is a thing of the past; a few Melitaca cynthia, M. anrinia race 
merope, Brenthis pales, one Hrebia ylacialis, and a few Hh. lappona were 
the only species seen: only two more than we took in the l'eufels Tal, 
and only a very few specimens of each. It was a sad sight. We had 
our lunch and started down again, keeping to the road all.the way. 
Immediately after leaving the Teufels Tal a number of I. ylacialis 
were observed on a rocky slope just above the road, and several speci- 
mens secured. A little further down the road winds round several 
grassy hillocks, covered with Vaccinium bushes, These hillocks looked 
so attractive that we climbed to the top of one, and immediately dis- 
turbed several Colias palaeno, whieh we found to be abundant all the 
rest of the way to the Weissenstein Inn. On the first hillock we went 
up, in less than a quarter of an hour, we took twelve ¢ g and seven” 
type 2 2 (white), and seven ? ? var. herrichi, of varying shades of 
yellow. The capture of this fast-flying species here presented no difh- 
culty, as the soft grassy slope was as easy to run over as a tennis lawn; 
the insect, too, frequently rested on the numerous Vaccinium bushes, 
from which it could be swept-up in a most leisurely manner. Just 
here, too, I took the only Hesyeria andromedae I saw on the Pass. 

Below the inn, the grassy slopes on both sides of the road produced 
a fair number of ordinary species, among which the most interesting 
were, Albulina pheretes and Polyommatus eros, 

The next morning, July 21st, was again cloudless, and we decided 
to follow a very narrow path, which could be seen skirting the side of 
Piz Palpuogna in a westerly direction, and which we thought might 
lead to the T'schitta Pass. In this we were mistaken, for after about 
an hour and a half of climbing, the path rounded the western spur of 
Piz Palpuogna, and turned up a beautiful Alp covered with Vaceintiun 
bushes. Due west of this Alp, at the opposite side of a deep valley, 
the, real path to the Tschitta Pass was clearly visible. As it was im- 
possible to cross the intervening valley, we continued our way up the 
Alp, on which we soon found Colias palaeno to be just as abundant as 
it was on the Albula road. It was quite a surprise to me to see in 
these localities the two forms of the @ flying together in almost equal 
numbers; the ab. calflischi was common too, in both sexes. The species 
was so plentiful that there was no need to pursue it, for oae could get 
plenty of specimens by just taking those that flew close to one. On 
three oceasions I boxed freshly emerged specimens resting on the 
Vaecinium bushes, without using my net. The only other species about 
were H. lappona, Brenthis pales, and one fresh g of Vacciniina optilete. 

Once above the zone of the Vaccinium we reached some rock-strewn 
slopes, on the south side of Piz Palpuogna. Here a few Hesperia 
cacaliae, Brenthis pales, Melitaea aurinia race merope, Pontia callidice, 
and Pyrameis cardui were seen ; and of course the ubiquitous /. lappona 
and ©. palaeno, which latter was in more perfect condition at this alti- 
tude, just on 7000 feet. We had been wandering about for a short 
time when I came on a grassy gully, more sheltered from the cold 
north wind, which was blowing, than the rest of the hill-side. On 


98 : THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. 


going down into it a small butterfly was disturbed from the grass, and 
a moment later I was delighted to find I had a beautiful specimen of 
that rarity of the High Alps, Melitaea asteria. 

After our experience on the Pass I had quite given up hope of 
taking the species this year; but here it was, just emerging, and in 
plenty. We took in a few hours a really beautiful series ee a fg, but 
only two ° @. We were, however, fortunate enough to get a eood 
many more of the latter next day, and were also glad to find that its 
habitat, was more extended than it had at first appeared to be. Hrebia 
epiphron and Hesperia andromedae were two additions to the list of the 
day before. 

The variation to be seen in my series of M. asteria. is remarkable ; 
the amount of black on the upperside, and the formation of the mark- 
ings on the hindwing underside, being the chief factors of this varia- 
tion. Mr. Wheeler observes in his Butts. of Switz., that his experience 
of the species shows it to be very constant, but that Frey notes it as 
being ‘‘rich in vars.” Frey’s signature is to be seen in the Visitors’ 
“Book at the Hotel in Preda, and one wonders if his opinion as to the 
variability of asteria was formed from examining a series from Piz 
Palpuogna ; although he apparently only recorded the species from the 
top of the Albula Pass. 

A week of almost continuous bad weather, rain and snow, with very 
cold winds in the few fine intervals, prevented almost all further col- 
lecting until the 29th, the day we were leaving Preda. That morning 
was so perfect that we felt we must try and get to the Fuorcla da 
Tschitta, which we had been hoping to do for the past five days. So, 
although our train left at five p.m., and the top of the Pass was well 
over 9000 feet, and consequently almost impossible to reach in the time, 
we determined to go as far as possible. 

To get on to the path for the Tschitta it is necessary to descend the 
road for about half a mile, when passing through a group of chalets 
one gets the one and only bridge which crosses the river, which descends 
the valley from the Tschitta. Across this bridge the path ascends 
through fir woods for the first 500 feet, and on entering the wood I took 
a worn 9 Melitaea maiurna ab. wolfensbergeri, and an equally worn $ 
and 9 of Brenthis thore, both species which we had not hitherto seen 
on the Albula. 

After rising above the woods, the path runs up the valley with the 
river on the left, and beautiful grass-grown slopes on the right, which 
conditions last until the head of the valley is reached, where the real 
climb begins. All the way up butterflies swarmed, every step one took 
seeming to disturb dozens. The variety of species was not so striking, 
but the number of individuals was enormous. The Erebias held first 
place, melampus, euryale, pharte, epiphron, and tyndarus were in hun- 
dreds, manto, innestra, and yorge were coming on, no ¢s of the three 
latter being seen. Colias palaeno and C. phicomone were also very 
abundant, and Hesperia serratulae and H. cacaliae likewise. Parnas- 
sius delius was also fairly abundant; one very fine ab. leonardi being 
taken, which is entirely without red marking on fore- or hindwings, 
the black apical spots of the forewings being also obsolete. The Lycae- 
nids were but poorly represented, though perhaps they did not get their 
fair share of attention, for want of more time. At the head of the 
valley the path is lost in the grass, and one has to take the direction 


SIX WEEKS AMONG THE BUTYERFLIBS OF SWITZERLAND. 99 


from occasional splashes of colour on rocks which here and there pro- 
trude from the grass. After a very steep rise of 800 feet one leaves the 
vegetation behind and comes to traces of the path again, between 
patches of snow, and the butterflies which have been lessening in num- 
bers allthe way up the Alps, are now replaced by a few very worn 
Hrebiu lappona and FE. glacialis. At this point we were still about 1000 
feet from the top of the Pass, but as the best of the collecting ground 
was obviously behind us, and the time getting short, we turned back. 
No sign was seen of A. asteria, and the vegetation seemed to be of a 
coarser nature than that found in the localities where the species occurs. 
The whole of the valley, up to about 8000 feet, deserves more time and 
attention than we were able to give it; but although we had to hurry 
we had no cause to complain of the results obtained. 

We caught our train comfortably, and reached Zernetz that evening. 
It is a quaint old town, permeated with the scent of hay. ‘The reason 
of this is that almost every other house is a barn, in which the rich 
crops of hay from all the valley round are stored. Stout-built, three- 
storied houses, with balconies, shutters, and in some cases even a coat 
of arms over the front door, are nothing but barns for hay; that at 
one time they were the homes of well-to-do families is certain, but now 
hay is supreme in Zernetz. We were woken up next morning, July 
30th (a Sunday too), by the tolling of the church bell, at 4.30 a.m., not 
to call the population to church, but to turn the whole town out to cut 
hay. The weather had been bad for some time at Zernetz, so now they 
were making use of the sunshine in the proverbial manner. 

We, however, did not go out until the afternoon, when we went 
some miles up the Ofen Pass. For the first mile or two above Zernetz 
the great interest of the road was the abundance of Lyeaenids. Here, 
swarms of Cyaniris semiargus, Aricia eumedon, A. medon, Hirsutina 
damon, Polyommatus hylas, Plebeius argus, and P. aegon were collected 
round every moist patch on the road; and on the grassy banks the 9s 
were equally numerous ; while Ayriades coridon, A. thetis, Polyommatus 
tcarus, P. eros, Lycaena arion, and Vacciniina optilete, were all well repre- 
sented ; and a few Polyommatus anandus brought the total of “blues ”’ 
present up to fourteen species. Next to the ‘blues’ the most abun- 
dant species was HMrebia goante, the gs of which were very common 
and in lovely condition, but only two 2s were seen. 

Memories of the fine description of this part of the Pass, by our late 
Editor (vol. XXI., p. 197, made us push on in spite of the numerous 
attractions, and shortly before reaching the Val Laschadura bridge a 
few worn HMrebia ceto were taken. The road doubles back from the 
bridge in a long sweep, along the mountain side through the forest, 
and, almost directly after emerging from the trees, skirts alone the 
mountain side with a great precipice on the right: the place so vividly 
described by Mr. Tutt in his article, and which he justly called “one 
of the most delightful pictures in the Alps.” It was here he found 
EKrebia nerine, and we did likewise; but it was only just commencing 
to emerge, and not at all abundant as on the occasion of Mr. Tutt’s 
visit, which was what we had hoped for, as we were a fortnight earlier 
than he had been. We took a dozen gs, and with a fortnight before 
us felt no doubt we would be able to get as many as we wanted before 
we left. The next two days we spent on the road again, going as far 
as the Pont della Drosa, about eight miles from Zernetz. HH. nerine 


100 THE ENLOMOLOGISE’S RECORD, 


occurred the whole way, in varying numbers, the ?s still being few 
and far between. ‘To the “blues’’ already mentioned Aricia donzelii, 
was a welcome addition. 

The next two days were wet, but August 5th, although cloudy to 
start with, gave promise of improvement, so we devoted it to a visit to 
the famous Val Cluoza. The whole of this valley lies in the National 
Park, and forms the most accessible way into that extraordinarily wild 
district, which is now the great national preserve, and known as the 
National Park. The district lies south of the Ofen Pass, stretching 
from the valley of the Inn eastward for about fourteen miles, beyond 
which another preserved area lies to the north of the Pass. The species 
which I was able to note were of considerable interest, but as all fauna 
and flora are strictly preserved it is useless to go there with a view to 
collecting. The vegetation of the valley is extremely rich; every 
variety of pine tree which grows in Switzerland occurring in that valley. 
Among the numerous animals existing in the preserve are the famous 
_ Steinbock, bears, ete. 

The ascent of the valley is steep, the path winds up through the fir 
forest for 1800 feet, and emerging then on the mountain side gives one 
a very fine view of the whole valley. ‘Through the woods there had 
been very few butterflies about, but at the high level along the side of 
the valley numerous kinds were seen. Vacciniina optilete was in larger 
numbers than I have seen it before in the Alps; and Hrebia nerine, too. 
was quite common. Polyommatos eros and Albulina pheretes occurred 
occasionally. 

Atter running very gradually up for some time, the path descends 
again to a small house, far down in the valley, where a keeper lives, 
and one can obtain a room for a night ; so as we wished to get as high 
up the valley as possible, we left the path and made our way onwards 
and upwards. By midday we came to some beautiful Alps, at an alti- 
tude of nearly 8000 feet, a good way south of Murtar6l, a fairly high 
peak which rises between the Val Cluoza and the valley of the Inn. 
On this Alp some Hrebias were fairly abundant, among which was a 
curious form of mnestra,in which the ? s had white centres to the black 
spots on the forewings, a feature also exhibited by the 9 glacialis, 
presumably var. alecto. E. gorge was also about, and of truly eastern 
character, the development of a full complement of black spots on both 
fore- and hindwings being much more pronounced than in the speci- 
mens from the Bernina district. So far as I could ascertain, on the 
heights above the Val Cluoza, var. triopes is racial, and completely 
replaces the type, which latter is of frequent occurrence in the Bernina 
district. The most unexpected sight of the day oceurred when we were 
at lunch, when a 2 Melitaea asteria fluttered up to the rock on which 
we were sitting; and continued to fly round it throughout the whole of 
our meal. Through the rest of the afternoon we saw several more, all 
very worn; but one was glad to note that the species evidently occurs 
all over the Alps along the south side of the Val Cluoza, above 7500: 
feet. 

By four o’clock we were successful, after a long and extremely steep 
climb, in reaching the summit of a col, at an altitude of just over 8000 
feet, some miles south of Murtarél. From here the view in all direc- 
tions was extraordinarily fine. One could see to the south-west far up 
the Hngadine, and eastwards over the range of mountains fringing the 


CURRENT NOTES. 101 


Ofen Pass, to the jagged peaks of the Dolomites. The wild nature of 
the country at the head of the Val Cluoza, and eastwards from it, is 
past describing ; and the grey, bare, precipitous cliffs of the Piz del 
Diavel (so called because from its base to its summit it is absolutely 
devoid of vegetation) make a fitting termination to this magnificent 
valley. The day, however, was changing, and the sky by now was 
leaden with clouds, and driving rain storms could be seen on several of 
the surrounding mountains, which, although adding to the extreme 
grandeur and desolation of the scene, reminded one it would be advis- 
able to be getting down from this exposed observation point, especially 
as we had some 1700 feet of precipitous mountain side to descend 
before coming to the path again. 

The only animals we saw were two chamois, at about one hundred 
yards distance; we did not see any steinbock, or bears; but though 
disappointed about the former, we did not feel the absence of the latter 
a very distressing omission. Personally, I think if I were a zoologist, 
who came to Switzerland really wishing to see bears, I would visit the 
capital and not the National Park; though I willingly admit that the 
country round the Piz del Diavel quite looks (if not lives) up to its 
reputation. 

After this extremely interesting day the weather broke again, and 
in the next four days but little collecting could be done. 

On the 10th we again went up the Pass as far as the locality for F. 
nerine. On the way up Aricia donzelii gs were now quite abundant, 
but still no ¢s were to be found. The ? nevine, too, were never really 
abundant like the gs had been; still by careful work we got a good 
series of them. Hirsutina damon deserves special notice, for besides 
being literally in hundreds, a very large proportion of them were of 
very small size, so small, in fact, that one was continuously mistaking 
them for A. donzelit. 

We left Zernetz the next day, and so ended an unusually successful 
expedition; but [ may perhaps note in conclusion, a remarkable change 
which has taken place in the Alps. The old diligence has disappeared 
from all the big Passes, and beautiful motor ones replace them, even in 
the Grisons where motors are otherwise not permitted. ‘The conse- 
quent saving of time in driving over a Pass is enormous, even though 
the motors never travel at all fast. It is now possible, instead of taking 
six hours, to drive from Zernetz to Santa Maria, to cross the Ofen Pass 
and reach the top of the Stelvio, and return to Zernetz, all in the day. 


<;URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


The following note has been received from the Carlisle Natural 
History Society :—‘Ten years have elapsed since the publication of 
the last volume of the Transactions of the above Society. Owing to 
the war and the greatly increased cost of printing it has not been pos- 
sible to resume publication earlier, but another volume is now in the 
press and will be issued shortly. ‘This volume will contain the follow- 
ing papers :— ; 

“1. Addenda to Macpherson’s ‘ Vertebrate Fauna of Lakeland,’ by 
(the late) Eric B. Dunlop, and Appendix by L. E. Hope, F.L.S. 

“9. The Lepidoptera of Cumberland, Part III. (Geometrae), by 
G. B. Routledge, F.E.S. 


102 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


«©3, The Coleoptera of Cumberland (conclusion), by F. H: Day, 
F.E.S.” 

Reports of collecting continue to emphasise the unpropitious nature 
of the weather from an entomological point of view. The absence of 
the sun’s rays and the prevalence of the north wind for a lengthened 
period seems to have prevented emergence in any quantity- Four days 
in the country, May 80th to June 2nd, gave only two specimens of 
Pieris brassicae, and nothing else but a few, very few, small fry. 
Nothing could be stirred from the grass, during a walk along the 
famous Pilgrim’s Way in Kent. A long walk in the rich Surrey 
district produced a few Hamearis lucina, and odd specimens of eight or 
ten other species of Rhopalocera, but only on a slope sheltered from 
the incidence of the cold current of air. 

In the Rev. Mens. Soc. ent. Namur. for May, M. Cabeau calls 
attention to four striking aberrations of Rhopalocera diagnosed by M, 
Girard, T’raité d’ Ent., 111. (1873-85), but which have hitherto remained 
unnamed. These are now named by M. Cabeau as follows. An 
Aylais urticae with the wings entirely white taken at Bondy near Paris, 
in 1859, is called ab. bedlieri from its captor M. Bellier. A Dryas paphia 
with an oval white spot on each wing taken near Paris by M. Caroff, is 
ealledab.carojiana. An Epinephele jurtina which is wholly white, wings, 
head, and antennae, a female taken at Bondy, is named ab. leucothoé, 
And a Callophrys rubi, green on the upperside as well as on the lower, 
taken near Paris by M. Caroff, is named ab. amphichloros. What a 
cumbrous method it is to name aberrations of this character with a 
multitude of irrelevant terms. The same class of aberration occurring 
in many species might readily be designated by the same term, which 
would indicate to the future students, the nature of the aberrant form, 
without any effort of memory, or any prolonged research. A system 
of aberrational nomenclature of this character was proposed some years 
ago for the undersides of the Lycaenidae, by M. Courvoisier in 
Switzerland, but he died before it was really discussed. 

A curious aberration of a male Muchloé cardamines is announced by 
M. Derenne in the Rev. Mens. Soc. ent. Namur. On the forewing the 
discoidal spot is enlarged as in the female, and the costal margin is 
much emphasised with black, which widens towards the end of the cell 
and nearly touches the discoidal spot, from whence it runs on by a 
narrow praecostal extension to the apical area. This aberration is 
called ab. schepdaeli from its captor. 

In the Canadian Ent. for March there are some very interesting 
remarks by H. L. Seamans on “ Forecasting Outbreaks of the Cutworm 
(Porosayrotis orthogonia)” in Alberta based on meteorological observa- 
tions made during the past fourteen years. The data shows that ‘‘any 
year which has less than ten wet days in May and June, is followed by 
corresponding increase in the infestation of P. orthogonia. Years 
‘which have from ten to fifteen wet days are followed by some decrease, 
while years with more than fifteen wet days are followed by an almost 
total disappearance of the pest.” Other factsare (1) that wet weather 
brings the larvae to the surface of the ground to feed, and they only 
retire when the ground dries; (2) that the parasites become active as 
soon as the rain is over and while the larvae are still compelled to 
feed above ground. 


c REVIEWS, 1038 


Another portion of the Catalogue of Indian Insects has been issued, 
viz., Pt. 8, Bombyliidae (Dip.), by R. Senior White, and aims at being a 
complete reference and synonymie list with indications of the dis- 
tribution of the various species. 

The Imperial Entomologist, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, of the 
Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, India, has compiled and issued 
a comprehensive List of Publications on Indian Entomology in 1920- 
21, consisting of over 70 pages. It consists of an alphabetical list of 
the Authors of all papers, etc., with an analysis of each indicating its 
contents. A most useful work of reference. 


FREVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


A Brotogy or tHE British Hemiprera-Hereroerera.—By HH. A, 
Butler, B.A., B.Sc., F.HE.S. Pp. L-VII.+682, with coloured Plates, 
Photographs and Text Figures. London, H. F. and G. Witherby, 
1923. Price £3 3s. net. 

Of the 478 species of bugs dealt with in this attractive volume, 
which has recently come into our hands to review, a description is only 
given of those species, some 40 in number, which were new since 
Saunders’ Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the British Isles, published in 
1892. This work is therefore not intended to take the place of 
Saunders’ book, but to be used with, and as an addition to, it. More- 
over, as it is there are 682 pages against Saunders’ 350, and should 
the author have given a new description of all the British species, the 
book would have been too unwieldy for one volume, and the cost no 
doubt prohibitive for most entomologists’ pockets. 

The binding, size, and general get-up is similar to that of the large 
edition of Saunders’. 

Considerable attention 1s given to the earlier stages in the life- 
history of these insects, which have been much neglected heretofore, 
and the data is chiefly taken from Mr. Butler’s own observations and 
discoveries. Many of the eggs, and larvae, very youne and more 
advanced, are described and figured; and the habits, habitat, and 
distribution of all the species is given as far as is possible. 

It may be as well here to give briefly a general view of the work: — 
After a short preface, in which the author explains the scope of the 
book, and gives generous thanks to all those entomologists who have 
helped him in any way, comes a very interesting Introduction extend- 
ing over 14 pages, which is both instructive and useful to the general 
entomologist as well as to the Hemipterist. On page 15 a valuable 
table is given to aid in the determinations of Families in the larval 
forms of the non-aquatic Heteroptera. We next come to the body of 
the work dealing with the Sections, Families, Subfamilies, and 
Species (pp. 16-602). Under each species, as far as is possible, the 
Ova, Larvae, Life-Cycle, Habitat, and Distribution, are described and: 
expounded. ‘The synonymy and references to each species are brief 
(no doubt on account of space), and only refer to the original descrip- 
tion, and the reference to Douglas and Scott, and Saunders, or 
where first added to the British list since the latter work. 

On page 351 new tables are given for the difficult subfamilies of 


104 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


Capsidae (Miridae), and of the division of the’subtamily Mirina; and 
on page 8538, a new analytical table of the division Miraria. 

16 pages are devoted to the Bibliography; 9 pages to a List 
of the British Hemiptera- Heteroptera, arranged according to Oshanin’s 
Catalogue (1912); 11 pages to seasonal distribution in a tabular form 
for each month ; and 17 pages to a table showing the distribution in 
England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales. Pages 672-78 consists of an 
Index to ‘all the Plants mentioned in the book, arranged under their 
Natural Orders. Finally we have an Index of the scientific names of 
the insects themselves. The Myrmecophilous species (those bugs 
which are generally found with ants, or in ants’ nests), with which we 
ourselves are best acquainted, are quite fairly dealt with; although we 
naturally attach more importance to them, and especially to the 
meaning of their mimicry of ants, than does Mr. Butler. We areable 
to add a few records, ete., which have been omitted :— 

Podops truncta, V.—The Rey. Canon Fowler recorded two 
Specimess in an ants’ nest at Sandown, I of W. [Fnt. Mo. Mag. 19 
161 (1882)]. 

Styynocoris pedestris, Fall.—Mr. Keys took a specimen in the midst 
of the ants in a nest of Myrmica scabrinodis at Plymouth {(Donisthorpe) 
Ent. Rec. 14 38 (1902)|. Mr. Bouskell also sent me a specimen in a 
nest of Myrmica ruyinodis, taken near Caragh Lake, Co. Kerry, im 
June, 1912. 

Tropistethus holosericeus, Scholtz.—As pointed out by Mr. Butler, 
Dr. Putton and others bave recorded this species from ants’ nests on 
the continent ; but he says, however: ‘‘ There is no record of such an 
occurrence in Britain.” Mr. Jennines took if in an ants’ nest at 
Dorking in 1897 [(Donisthorpe) nt. Iec. 14 88 (1902)}. 

Probably all these three species, and certainly the first two, are not 
really myrmecophilous insects. 

Nabis lativentris, Bob.—Mr. Butler gives a very good account of 
this bug (pp. 271-75) and also a fine coloured figure of the nymph 
(Pl. iv., f. 1). He states, however, that there are no records for 
Scotland. Morris Young records it from Longbank [Clyde Area List 
307 (1901)}. 

Piezostethus formicetorum, Boh.—To the four localities in Britain— 
“Glen Lui, Braemar, Rannoch, and Nethy Bridge”’ (in the last two of 
which we had the pleasure of first discovering the insect) given by Mr. 
Butler, we are able to add two more, namely, Bridge of Gairn 
(J. 7. F. X. King); and Westerham, Kent (Philip Harwood) [(Donis- 
thorpe) Mnt. tec. 84 5 (1922)). 

Myrmedobia coleoptrata, Fall.—To the six Hnglish counties given 
for the British distribution of this species (p. 845) we are able to add 
one in0re—Surrey; where we took the g at Oxshott with A. (D.) 
fuliginosus [Kut. Lec. 14 37 (1902)]. 

Pilophorus perplevus, De G.—We took this species by beating 
_ young fir trees covered with 4. (D.) niger on September 2nd, 1905, at 
Parley Heath, just in Dorsetshire, which adds a new county to the 
British distribution. 

Taken as a whole we must congratulate Mr. Butler on his patience 
and perseverance in producing such a fine work, which is indispensable 
to the Hemipterist, and we wish it every success.—H.St.J.D. 


Subscriptions for Vol. XXXV. (10 shillings) should be sent to 
Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Gross, 
S.E.14 [This subscription includes ali numbers published from 
January 15th to December 15th, 1923.) 


Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be 
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, S.H. 14 


ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be nserted at a minimum 
charge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Gonger Advertisementsin proportion. A reduction mate for a series. 
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Gellatly Road, New Cross, Iondon, 8:18., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed. 


Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the 
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact duta 
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G. Pether; ‘‘ Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge 
Road, London, N. 1. 


Duplicates.—Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), 
*B. quercus ¢, Tilis, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophearia vayrs. 
Paniscus. Desiderata.—Pups of Dictwoides; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina 
(dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria.—Harold B. |Villiams, 
1122, Bensham Manor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, 
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. 
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, ‘Testacea.— 
W. Gifford Nash, Cluvering House, Bedford. 


Duplicates.Cinerea ¢ , fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars. 
Immorata and other East Sussex species. 


Desiderata.—Pupm». Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista, 
 Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctue 
in fine condition only.—A. J. Wightman, 85, Morris Roud, Lewes. 


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CONTENTS. 
: PAGE. 
bservations on the Family Coleophorides.—The Case, Alfred Sich, F.E.S. (cont.) aes LG) 
eliminary Observations on the British ee: Harold B. Williams, LL.B., F.H.S. 

a (cont.) ~~. : : 113 
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OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAMILY COLEOPHORIDES. 105 


Observations on the Family Coleophorides—The Case. 
By ALFRED SICH, F.E.S. 
(Continued from vol. xxxiv., p. 89.) 


One of the most essential conditions to lepidopterous larval life is 
that of moisture. Although certain larvae of the Tinetdae and 
Oecophoridae are able to carry on their existence feeding on old hair, 
feathers, or other substances under exceedingly dry conditions, the 
majority of the Tineina need in their early stages a comparatively large 
amount of moisture. Another necessity to their successful life is the 
possession of means to escape the attention of other creatures that prey 
on them. The methods by which these two necessities are secured 
vary greatly. Inthe family under consideration and its allies, the 
Lithocolletides being very small insects are able to meet the difficulties 
by remaining between the cuticles of a leaf of their foodplant during 
the whole of their larval and pupallife. The Gracilariides, at least the 
larger species, pass their early larval life in a leaf and later, when the 
larva grows larger, either roll the leaf edge, or twist the apex of a 
leaf into a cone-shaped dwelling. The Coleophorides solve the problems 
by first- living among flowers or seeds or in a mine in a leaf, and later 
forming a portable habitation, which may resemble other objects, but 
has not the appearance of a soft larva. Hventually this case is used as 
a convenient pupal habitation, but I believe it had no such origin. It 
was primarily a larval dwelling like the cones of the Gracilariids, which 
are not used as cocoons. Even now at least one species of Coleophora, 
C. salicorniae, is known to quit its case before pupation and Gontodoma 
limoniella does so likewise. The case may then be considered criginally 
as a habitation for the larva when it had become too large to hide in 
a calyx of its foodplant or between the cuticles of a leaf. As it is we 
may observe Coleophorid mines in Holostea, Lotus, Ulinus and Corylus 
from a distance, and if even the half grown larva were to live in the 
mine without a case, its mine would become so large as to be strikingly 
conspicuous. This is avoided by the larva dwelling in a case and making 
numerous small mines. The case is firstly constructed in order to 
retain the larva in a sufficiently moist condition, and secondly to pro- 
tect it. Whatever the exterior of the case may present to view, the 
interior is always a hollow cylinder more or less closed at one end and 
lined with a substance apparently impervious to water. This may be 
silk applied as a fluid or it may be some special secretion. The result 
is that the case becomes very tough and opaque. After the larva has 
taken a meal in the wet interior of the leaf it retires into the case. 
Here even in a dry wind it is protected from undue loss of moisture and 
from too sudden change of conditions from a wet mine to a dry 
atmosphere or even hot sunshine. In those species which do not 
mine, the case surrounds them with a non-absorbant material, which 
prevents undue loss of their own moisture and also protects them 
against the inclemencies of the atmosphere. ‘The same advantages are 
secured to all species while the larva is changing its skin, and more 
especially while undergoing the lone winter sleep which may last from 
August till the end of the following April. 

I will now describe in detail how some of the cases are constructed 
and enlarged. Hach species has its own method and strictly adheres 

Juty 15rx, 1923. 


106 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


to it. It shows how strong is the instinct, inherited memory, or 
whatever we may call it, when we find a solitary larva forming its 
special case without instruction or example in exactly the same manner 
as did its parents, whom it has never even seen. Sometimes C. 
caespititella, C. argentula and probably other seed-feeders will, before 
making a case, form tubes or galleries of silk and vegetable atoms in 
the seed heads of their foodplants. These tubes, I imagine, enable the 
larvae easily to reach the seeds which are usually on the surface of 
the head, or when feeding to retire rapidly into the interior if danger 
threatens. Later in life these larvae make short portable tubes which 
they turn into cases. The case of C. caespititiella is typical of the 
Coleophorid. It is fairly cylindrical, its length about five times its 
diameter, it is somewhat flattened at the distal end where it is closed 
by three conical valves which meet at their apices. At the other end 
is the circular mouth strengthened by a slight lip or flange running 
outside. Above the mouth the case is slightly restricted. This species 
is fully grown in Autumn but C. glaucicolella, which forms a similar 
case, may be found feeding in Spring. (. alticolella uses the calyx of 
the rush as a foundation to its neat case, and C. sylvaticella, a fine 
species discovered by Dr. Wood, employs the calyx of Luzula for the 
same purpose. ‘T'his species is one of those that take two years to reach 
maturity. When young it feeds on the seeds and after hibernation it 
commences eating the flowers in early summer. It passes the second 
winter as a full grown larva. Another of Dr. Wood’s discoveries is the 
small C’. agranmella, this makes a straight silken case with alternate 
light and dark longitudinal stripes. Its favourite food is Juneus 
conglomeratus, on Which it feeds at the same time with other species. 
For this reason and from its small size it has been overlooked, but I 
have recorded it from Sussex and have found it in Surrey. The late 
Dr. Wood’s fruitful Study of our rush-feeding Coleophorae has been 
recorded in a highly interesting manner (H.M.M., 1892). I have 
examined the cases in which C. laripennella passes the winter to see 
which authorities were correct and found that it is really more or less 
covered with grains of sand, not with meal of the footplant only. 
The case of C. viryaureae is better hidden in the seed heads of Solidago, 
because the larva decoratesit with someofthepappus. C. artemisicolella 
feeds on mugwort and C. deauratella living in flowers of clover, use 
parts of the flowers in forming their cases, but I have seen neither of 
them. Ihave found C. frischella on Melilotus; its case is formed of 
the shells of the seeds and has the appearance of a row of small beads. 
This species and others have been recorded as passing two years in the 
pupal state. It is not therefore wise to pin in the cabinet, without 
examination, those cases which do not yield the imago the first season. 

Though I have found several cases of C. albicosta on furze bushes, 
its method of treating the calyx out of which its case is made, has 
escaped me. I confess that I have never seen any of the seed-feeders 
in the act of forming their cases, they live hidden away while young 
and are therefore difficult to observe minutely. When in their final 
cases they are more easily noticeable, indeed the rush feeders are quite 
conspicuous when their cases stand out from the seed-heads, and we 
then see how the larvae need the shelter of their cases for we some- 
times find them where the rushes are growing in very bleak spots. 
The same may be said of C. argentula when feeding on the tops of 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAMILY COLEOPHORIDES. 107 


yarrow plants in an open field. These are however the exceptions, for 
the Coleophorid is pre-eminently a lover of sheltered situations. As 
those plants that nourish the seed-feeders perfect their seeds in late 
summer and autumn and lose most of them before next spring, 10 1s 
natural that the larvae should feed up quickly and hibernate fully 
grown. C.ornatipennella, only eating seed when young, hibernates in 
the third stadium; our C. Jiaella probably does the same. While on 
this question I may say that I have reason to believe that nearly all our 
British species and those inhabiting central and northern Europe 
hibernate either in the third instar or as fully grown larvae and that 
none pass the winter in the oval, pupal or imaginal state. Some of 
the seed-feeders have been observed to supplement their diet by eating 
the leaves of their foodplants as well as the seeds. Mr. H. J. Turner 
says that ©. artemistella will eat the leaves as well as the seeds and 
Baron Crombrugghe states that C. artemisicolella does so likewise (Ann. 
Soc. Ent. Belg., 1907, p. 38). 

We now have the leaf-miners to consider, and it is among them 
that we find the most interesting cases and here we can actually watch 
the progress of construction. There is no doubt that the form which 
some of the cases take is of cryptic value and does deceive casual 
enemies, but it is no protection against special parasites. There is one 
casual enemy against which the Coleophorid is protected by its case. 
This is the ant. In Britain ants are not so abundant, but in warmer 
parts of Europe, in north Italy and along the Mediterranean coast for 
instance, they are continually running over the leaves of trees and 
herbage. I have seen them running against Psychids crawling on 
tree trunks, these then promptly brought down the mouths of their 
cases on to the bark and the ants then took no further notice of them, 
though they sometimes run over the case. The Coleophorid when 
crawling must be protected in the same way. Insectivorous birds, 
especially titmice and the warblers, carnivorous beetles and Hemiptera, 
earwigs and a few solitary wasps are other casual enemies against 
which the case in its various forms is more or less protective. Any 
botanist, who has examined living plants under a good lens, must be 
aware of the numerous mites, thrips and minute immature forms of 
insect life, which haunt especially the flowers and the angles of the 
veins on the underside of the leaves. Mites, I am sure, destroy Litho- 
colletis, when by accident they are able to enter the mine, but I have 
seen them and other minute creatures worry unprotected larvae by 
running about them. The Coleophorid when in its case or mine is free 
from such unwelcome attention. 

The dire enemies are the various species of internal parasites 
belonging to the Hymenoptera. These destroy great mumbers of 
Coleophorids. I have bred fairly large species, many smaller and 
numbers of minute ones. They all eat a round hole through the wall 
of the case on emergence. I have never seen any of these attack a 
larva; they may be able to pierce the case with their ovipositors. If 
they do this just after the larva has changed its skin, I imagine, they 
would meet with little resistance. The minute species may gain access 
to the case by squeezing themselves in between the valves at the apex. 
In 1919 I gathered a number of cases of C. vibicella, of which about 
ninety per cent. produced uumbers of minute brillantly coloured 
Hymenoptera. In 1920, wishing one day to obtain living pupae, I 


108 THE ENTOMOLOGISL’S RUCORD. 


gathered the first dozen cases I saw, ten (’. fuscedinella and two (CO. 
ibipennella. On examination every one of these was found to contain 
parasites. These are instances of exceptionally severe attack. In some 
years very few parasites will be bred. These Hymenoptera are 
beautifully fashioned and, in contrast to many parasitic forms of life, 
show no loss of vital force. They appear to be gifted with as high an 
intelligence as any insect. I do not think I ever bred a dipterous 
parasite from a Coleophorid, but beleve I have read of such an 
occurrence. 

Before describing the actual methods of case-making I am tempted 
to say a very few words on silk. To the Coleophorid, and one may 
say to all Lepidoptera, silk is a necessity. Without silk they could — 
make neither their larval nor pupal habitations which so many of 
them now find indispensible, and even those larvae which form no 
such dwellings, as certain Satyridae and Lycaenidae, which are said to 
pupate simply on the ground, need silk when changing their skins. 
Lepidopterous silk, like Arachnid silk, appears to vary in its properties. 
Sometimes it contracts on exposure to air, sometimes it shows no such 
contraction. It is highly interesting to watch a larva under a lens 
while it is forming its dwelling. A small Gracilaria larva has no 
bodily strength to roll the edge of a leaf. What it does first is to spin 
very rapidly a large number of silk threads parallel to each other along 
the extreme margin of the leaf and at right angles to it. In a very 
short time we see the margin folding inwards. This can only mean 
that the silken threads have contracted and drawn the edge of the leaf 
over. This also shows that the silk at each end of the threads has a 
very strong adhesive propemy. On the other hand when we watch a 
Bueculatrix building its beautiful cocoon we observe that it forms a 
series of arches which remain standing upright. When the first half 
of the cocoon has been made, the larva which until then had been 
lying outside, crawls under the arches and completes the second half 
of the cocoon over its body. Here there is no contraction of the silk 
or the arches would collapse. I believe Coleophorid silk has both 
properties, as the cuticl-s of the leaves, out of which many cases are 
formed, are very closely united; on the other hand the beautiful arches 
by means of which C. palliatella forms the scales that adorn its case 
appear to be made of incontractable sill, as well as the whole case and 
probably all the silken cases. One of our most common species is OC. 
lineolea ; its egg is laid on the upper surface of the leaf of Ballota or 
Stachys where these plants erow under the shelter of a hedge or even a 
wooden paling. On hatchine, the larva eats its way through the base 
of the ege shell into the leaf, where it makes a minute mine, at this 
stage leaving its excrement in the mine. After a few days it changes 
its skin inthe mine and then commences to form its first case. 
The mine consists of an oval space, out of which the larva has eaten 
the green cellular tissue, leaving only the upper and lower epidermis 
of the leaf entire. The larva now bites a slit in one of the cuticles 
and a corresponding slit in the other and then fastens the inner edges 
of both firmly together with silk. Then, if I remember rightly, it goes 
to the opposite side of the mine and repeats the process, but the slits 
here lie at an angle to those first made and very nearly meet them at 
one point. Now the larva severs the cuticles at this point, but does 
not fasten them together. The result is that a minute tongue-shaped 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAMILY COLEOPHORIDES. 109 


‘sack is formed with its wide mouth still attached to the leaf. If we 
examine the leaves of the above mentioned plants in the middle of 
August, we may see these sacks partly cut free of the leaf. After the 
larva has taken a few meals in the mine it returns to the partly made 
case, and getting inside cuts it entirely free from the leaf and wanders 
away. Finally it fastens the case with silk to the underside of a leaf 
and commences a fresh mine. As the larva grows the case becomes 
too small, so it fastens the mouth end to the edge of a leaf and mines 
out the portion lying around as far as it can reach without leaving its 
case. It then cuts out and fastens together the two cuticles on each 
side of the mine, but leaving a smal! portion opposite the mouth of its 
case uncut. Finally this portion is cut and the larva crawls off with 
its case, which is now longer and wider. After a short time it lines 
the fresh part of the case with silk, or whatever the substance may be 
which renders the case tough and opaque. After making one or two 
similar further additions to the case and, I believe, again changing its 
skin, this time in the case, it crawls off the leaves and fastens its case 
to the stem of the foodplant near the ground, or to some adjacent stem 
of the hedge, or even to a wooden post, if there be one. Here it passes 
the winter and in March or April wakes up and mounts the new young 
stems of the plant and begins again to mine the leaves. It retains its 
old case and adds to it in the same way as before, but as the additions 
are larger the process may be watched without a lens. About the 
end of May or middle of June, the larva quits the leaves and again 
fastens its case up in similar situations as it did for hibernation. It 
then turns round in its case, so that its head is at the distal end, and 
pupates. In a few weeks the imago appears. I have seen this species 
living on plants completely covered with dust from the adjacent road, 
but by means of its case and mine it lives dust free. The case made 
from allota leaves carries the rough hairs of this plant, and is adorned 
along its sides by serrations of the leaf margin. When cut from the 
softer leaves of Stachys sylvatica the case has a more silky appearance. 
This simple method of case enlargement is adopted by several species. 
C. viminetella and (. bicolorella make the first portion of their cases in 
autumn. This becomes very dark during the winter, and when in 
spring pieces of fresh leaves are added the contrast is striking. Hence 
the name of the latter species. The same system, but with a modi- 
fication, is employed when the larvae feed on long narrow leaves. 
When in spring CU. ornatipennella has need to enlarge its case, which 
at this time somewhat resembles a grain of barley, it does not affix it 
by the mouth end, but fastens it lengthwise to a grass blade, so that 
the long edge of the case is in contact with the edge of the blade. It 
then mines out a long narrow space above the old case and overlapping 
it at either end. It cuts out the cuticles along the upper margin of 
this space and fastens them together, finally cutting the ends and thus 
freeing the new case from the leaf. The old case now lies along the 
back of the new one and stiffens it. The abundant C. lavicella feeding 
on the long needles of larch, uses the sae inethod. VU. potentillae also 
lengthens its case in a simple manner. Jt makes many small mines, 
and when it leaves a imine it does not simply cut away its case from 
the silk moorings, as most species do, but cuts out a ring from the 
epidermis of the leaf lying immediately round the mouth of the case 
and walks off with the ring attached to the case. That is why the 


110 THE ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


vacated mines of this species show such a large exit hole. In due time 
the case becomes elongated by a series of frills. This process is also 
partly used by C. paripennella and C. fuscocuprella. When the leaves 
of the foodplant are very small a method is adopted by means of which 
the whole leaf is added to the case. I have watched C. saturatella 
enlarging its case in this manner, when it was feeding on the common 
broom. The larva, case and all, mounts to the tip of a leaf and mines 
out the apical portion, it then splits the leaf down the centre and forces 
its case wedge-like into the gap where it is firmly fixed with silk. The 
portion of the leaf lying below the case is now mined out, and this 
basal part of the leaf now becomes the additional habitable portion of 
the case. Finally the leaf now incorporated in the case is severed from 
the plant. Another interesting species to watch is C. albitarsella. It 
may be found under hedges, nsually on Ground Ivy, Glechoma hederacea, 
especially where this plant grows beneath a patch of stinging nettles. 
The finished case is long and shghtly curved and at first sight it 
appears to be made entirely of black silk. I have seen the larva 
enlarging its case when the latter was about half its final size. It first 
spun the mouth of the case to the extreme margin of a Glechoma leaf 
and then mined out a comparatively small quadrate portion. After 
having cut and fastened together the cuticles on each side where the 
edges of the mine ran in continuation with the length of the case, it 
cut away the cuticles at the edge of the mine lying opposite the mouth, 
thus freeing the case from the leaf. In this way the case is lengthened. 
Later the larva lines the additional piece. So far the process has been 
that of C. lineolea, but as the larva grows it has to increase the bulk of 
its case. ‘To do this it cuts open the case along the ventral portion 
and extends the edges with spinnings of silk along them to the required 
depth. At first this silk is white but later it becomes dark like the rest 
of the case. If we examine the long case when finished, we shall see 
that it consists of a silken sheath strengthened by leaf cuticle lying 
saddle-wise over the upper part. The cuticle is recognisable because 
it still carries the epidermal hairs of the plant. The initial case of 
this species is cut out of the lamina of the leaf and the whole process 
of lengthening and widening the case takes place several times during 
the larval life. Most of the above mentioned species are content with 
one case and, after the first change of skin in the mine, cut a case out of 
the lamina of the leaf, but C. juncicolella, when feeding on Calluna, 
eats out the whole interior of a leaf to form its first case. The 
subsequent changes of skin always take place within the case, and it is 
often after a change that the case is enlarged. I think the Coleophorid 
has five larval stadia. The only way to settle the point is to rear 
them from the egg and notice particularly when the larva ceases 
feeding for a day or two. ‘This usually means a moult and after the 
larva has moved its case again I have sometimes found the old head and 
skin on the spot where the case rested. 

We now come to those species whose habit it is to make more than 
one case during their larval life. C. fuscedinella is a species easily 
obtainable on birch which is a good food to rear it on. The larva 
after changing its first skin in its first mine cuts out a minute case. 
Its method is more simple and quicker than the leisurely one of C. 
lineolea. It slits the upper and lower cuticles of the mine in a curved 
line and spins the inner edges of the cuticles together. It repeats the 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE FAMILY COLEOPHORIDES. 111 


process on the other side of the mine. At this stage the larva lies 
between the joined cuticles which are already cut free of the mine, 
except at the extremities of the curved lines. Lastly the larva cuts the 
case free and walks off, very soon spinning it to the underside of a 
leaf in order to take a meal. I believe this method is adopted by most 
of the Coleophorid leaf-miners when forming their initial cases. This 
minute case soon becomes too small, so the larva has to enlarge it and 
it is interesting to find that it adopts the same system as that described 
when mentioning C. potentillae, namely by adding rings to the mouth, 
but it is not content with this process alone. It also cuts open the 
case along the venter and extends the severed margins with silk and 
reunites them, as described above when treating of C. albitarsella. 
The use of these methods of case enlargement by species belonging to 
three separate groups points to a community of descent, however 
widely the species may now be separated. After some weeks the case 
becomes so enlarged that the original one, cut out of the leaf, simply 
appears as a black patch on the back of it. With the case in this 
condition the larva passes the winter usually attached to a twig just 
above a leaf bud. When in early spring the larva begins to feed again 
and grows, it continues to enlarge its case in the same manner and in 
a few weeks the old almost black winter case contrasts strongly with the 
paleadditionsofthespring. When the leaves of the foodplant havegrown 
sufficiently firm, the larva, differing from all those previously described, 
makes an entirely new case. It spins its old case to the base of a leaf 
close to the margin and eats out the cellular tissue in a straight line 
along the margin of the leaf, forming a space about twice the length 
and double the width of its own body. ‘To do this it must of course 
come quite outside its old case, which it now abandons for good. 
When this mine is finished, the larva cuts slits in both cuticles along 
the edge of the mine lying nearest the mid rib of the leaf from base to 
apex. It then spins the two severed cuticles firmly together. The 
new case is now a sheath composed of two walls and is still attached 
to the leaf at the base and apex. The larva is inside this and now it 
mounts to the apex and severs the two cuticles there but does not unite 
them. It then returns to the base of the case and treats that in the 
same manner, clinging to the leaf with its thoracic legs as it finally 
cuts the case free from the leaf. It then crawls away. After a day or 
two it completes the case by rounding the mouth, forming three valves 
at the apex and by lining the interior. The case now resembles in 
shape that described for C. caespititiella but otherwise it is totally 
different. The leaf from which the case has been made now shows a 
comparatively large piece missing from the margin and the little 
abandoned case fastened near the base. In May we can often find 
leaves so treated on birch, elm and alder. Similarly treated leaves on 
oak will show the work of C. lutipennella and those on hawthorn that 
of CU. niyricella, or more rarely that of C. hemerobiella, the last may be 
recognised by the very long curved tube of the abandoned case. A few 
species are not content with two cases but certainly form three and I 
believe the closely allied species, C. gryphipennella and C. siccifolia, 
make four cases. I have had eges and first cases of the former but 
have not carried it through its life cycle. It hibernates as a young 
larva. I know that ©. siccifolia makes three cases, but the smallest 
cases, I have found, appear to be too large to be the initial cases, so I 


LY THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. 


believe it must make four cases. The last case in which it hibernates 
fully grown is well known. It is the usual cylinder but with a very 
large piece of leaf curling overit. On this account it has been described 
by the libellous name of the ‘‘clumsy tailor”; I consider it as one of the 
cleverest cases. If we examine a whitethorn hedge in winter or early 
spring we shall see many old shrivelled leaves still adhering to the 
twigs, not in their natural positions, but caught in the forks of the 
twigs in the interior of the hedge. If C. stecifolia is an inhabitant of 
the hedge, some of these apparently merely shrivelled Jeaves will contain 
the well hidden hibernating larva. 

C. limosipennella 1s a third species which certainly makes three cases. 
This and ©. badiipennella, instead of forming three valves at the apical 
ends of their cases, are content with two only and the same may be 
said of most of the species which spin their cases entirely of silk. 

C. limosipennella cuts its cases out of the leaf margin just as 
C. fuscedinella does its final case and C. baditpennella makes its final 
case also in the same way. ‘his method is nearly the most rapid and 
labour saving as only one side of the case requires fastening together. 
©. salicorniae is said to form its ease of a hollowed stem of its foodplant 
which may require even less labour. The most independent way of 
forming a case is that adopted by those species which build the so- 
called pistol cases. In 1920 I was lucky enough to obtain eggs from a 
captured ? of CU. ibipennella, Stt. (non Zeller). These were laid on 
the leaves of birch and I was able to watch how the larvae commenced 
to form their cases. The method employed is utterly different from 
any of the foregoing. ‘The larva begins to mine in the usual manner, 
and after a day or two cuts a round hole out of the lower cuticle of the 
mine. Over this hole it forms a dome-shaped structure of its own silk 
mixed with the debris from the hole and with its own black excrement. 
From time to time it adds silk and excrement to the dome which in a 
day or so takes the appearance of a microscopical thimble thickly 
covered with black dots. The larva now gets inside the thimble, cuts 
it free of the leaf and crawls off to make a fresh mine. To enlarge 
and perfect its case, it now uses sill only and by frequent spinnings it 
finally forms a miniature black pistol case. In thisit hibernates and in 
spring, as the larva grows, it lengthens its case by spinning at the 
mouth and widens it, I believe, by cutting it down tbe venter and 
extending the margin. ‘These operations appear always to take place 
during the dark. ‘These black pistol cases are conspicuous, but when 
resting on the leaves of trees they may be mistaken for birds’ droppings, 
or when on low herbage the long cases may be passed over as 
leguminous pods, which are often black when the seeds are ripe. The 
most remarkable of them is that of C. palliatella. ‘The posterior 
portion of this case is almost enveloped in a mass of beautiful fan- 
shaped scales all elaborately spun of silk. After hibernation these 
pistol case makers show a freedom of habit. That is they are not all 
tied down to the mining habit. Stainton’s C. ctbipennella and C. 
anatipennella will eat the whole of the upper surface of a leaf making 
a kind of lattice work between the veins, while the latter species may 
be found on the top of a shoot of blackthorn eating the young leaves 
entirely as a Noctuid larva would do. Another species, which I believe 
is still undescribed, is fond of making its spring meals off the male 
catkins of birch. ‘The larvae of Coleophorids do not thrive in closed 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE BRITISH VANESSIDS. 1138 


boxes as so many micro-larvae do, they require plenty of air. I use 
Stainton’s method. Sprays of the foodplant are placed in a bottle with 
water which is plugged with cotton wool and the whole surrounded by 
a glass cylinder covered with gauze at the top. Care must be taken 
that the plant does not touch the cage otherwise the larva will crawl 
to the top and wander aimlessly. It then has to be replaced on the 
plant. If the case is held between the thumb and finger the larva 
will come partly out, it should then be held to the plant tll it has 
taken hold. This operation requires a little patience because the 
Coleophorid, like many small larvae, nearly always spins a ladder of 
silk in its progress. Burdened by its case it requires a firm foothold 
which the ladder provides, and one has to wait till the first two or 
three rungs have been spun. The best opportunity for studying the 
habits of this family is afforded, when we find the species in the garden 
or in some handy place where we may observe them frequently in their 
natural habitat without disturbing them. In these observations on 
the cases I have endeavoured to show that each species has its own 
particular method of forming its case or cases, and that the members 
of a group of species usually form their cases on the same principle. 
Fach larva has in it the inherited architectural instinct peculiar to its 
species. The case is the expression of this instinct and I maintain 
that by the study of the cases and especially of the methods employed 
in the actual building of them, we gain an insight, not only into the 
descent of species, but also into the lines of that descent. ‘Though it 
would be absurd to attempt to classify the genus by the cases alone, I 
feel sure, that in working out the inner phylogeny of the genus the 
cases must be taken into consideration. I feel convinced that, for 
example, a species like O. lineolea, which forms its case of vegetable 
matter could never have arisen from a species like C. anatipennella, 
which spins a case entirely of silk. On the other hand we may get an 
idea as to how the black silk pistol case arose from the vegetable case. 
Let us take C. albitarsella, which is intermediate between the two 
extremes ; it lengthens its case just as CU. lineolea does, but it increases 
the depth of its case exactly as C. anatipennella. In this case the 
vegetable portion is even now of small account, and we can conceive 
that in time the larva mighs neglect this, and spin its case entirely of 
silk, 


(To be continued.) 


Preliminary Observations on the British Vanessids. 


By HAROLD B. WILLIAMS, LL.B., F.E.S. 
(A Paper read before the London Natural History Society, April 17th, 1923.) 
(Continued from page 95.) 
1. Progressive variation of Aglais urticae. 

There are a number of features in the variation of A. wrticae in 
which a transition in the direction of the markings of J’. vo is 
observable. Foremost among these I may mention the obsolescence 
of the ‘“‘puncta” in many forms (ichnusoides, Selys, etc.) and the 
obsolescence of the “nota” in others. I have, apart from extreme 
forms, an example without trace of ‘puncta,’ and one with only faint 
traces of the “nota,” both specimens otherwise normal. I believe Mr. 


114 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Shaw has an example with the “nota” entirely absent. These two 
forms concern the forewings only. The remaining forms to be 
discussed concern both wings. 

The blue marginal “ guttae” and ‘‘ lunulae ” are frequently 
partially obsolete, and in such cases the apical lunules tend more 
stronely to survive than the anal, thus leaving those which, as I shall 
show later,are modified into the ocelli in V. zo. 

In conjunction with the obsolescence of ‘‘ puncta”’ and coalescence 
of ‘‘ maculae ”’ on the forewings, a certain amount of suffusion of the 
hindwings, either in the form of darkening of the veins, or of a general 
suffusion occurs. In such forms it is common to note that the darkest 
part of the wing occurs in precisely the area in which the hindwing 
ocellus is produced in J’. to. 

These ‘“‘ progressive’ forms culminate in two aberrations described 
and figured by Reuss (/¢nt. Rec., xxi., p. 83) as ab. toformis, and ab. 
toprotoformis, in which there are distinct ocelliform markings on both 
fore and hindwings. Reference should be made to the figures of these 
truly remarkable aberrations in Plate vii., of the volume of the Hnt. 
Rec. cited. 

In ab. doformis the ‘nota’ and first costal ‘‘ macula” of the fore- 
wings are normal, the remainder of the markings being progressive or 
aberrational. The coalescence of the 2nd and 8rd costal ‘‘ maculae” 
may be regarded as aberrational and possibly, having regard to its 
frequency in other forms of A. wrtieae, the obsolescence of the 
“ puncta”’ also. The most remarkable feature of the form, however, 
is the distinct ocelliform marking at the apex of the forewings, formed 
by metallic white spots, the lower two of which are shaded with violet 
by the marginal markings. The hindwing is shaded with io colour as 
in J’. 20, and where the ocellus should form is a black area, with hghter 
areas opposite the three blue marginal spots. The blue marginal spots 
in the tornal areas of both wings tend to obsolescence. (See also 
Entom., xliii., p. 55, figure). 

Ab. toprotoformis 1s perhaps even more remarkable. It is a more 
extreme aberration. In the forewing all three costal ‘“‘ maculae”’ 
coalesce. The ‘‘nota’”’ and ‘‘ puncta’’ are obsolete, the ocelliform 
markings in the forewings are more pronounced, and the hindwing 
characters of ab. tvformis are more pronounced. ‘The insect, in fact, 
quite closely resembles an extreme specimen of JV. io ab. belisaria. 
Reuss’ articles in Hntom., xliii., and Hnt. Rec., xxi., give further details 
of these forms. 

The suggested wild captured hybrids between A. wrticaeand Pyramets 
atalanta are probably further instances of this sort of variation. (Vide 
fintom., vol. xliii., p. 84). 

A. urticae ab. polaris may be another, and I have prepared drawings 
of this form compared with Aglais milberti, to illustrate the suggestion. 
Cf. also A. urticae ab. fulvomarginata, Rnr. 


19 


2. Atavistic variation in Vanessa to. 


Normal British V. to have at the apex of the forewings a black 
margin, with distinct blue spots, as in A. wrticae. This is occasionally 
extended (as in ab. antiyone) so that these spots spread out and form an 


OBSERVATIONS ON THE BRITISH VANESSIDS. 115 


unbroken blue band. Such forms are more usual on the continent 
and are induced by a warmer temperature. In their further develop- 
ment they are probably progressive, in the direction of ab. belisaria, as 
our insular form is, in its most pronounced instances, transitional to 
ab. fischeri. Ab. fischeri, with its disintegrated ocellus, is perhaps one 
of the most striking forms of V.io. In the extreme form (vide H’ntom., 
vol. xlii., p. 311) not only is the ocellus disintegrated, but there is also 
developed a complete chain of blue lunules in the black outer marginal 
band, a further fact indicating, in my view, a line of variation in the 
direction of A. urticae, or at least of a ‘‘ tortoiseshell”’ species. Traces 
of such lunules occur with somo frequency in the form of a series of 
intense black spots in the margin, and I have a series bred from 
Chalfont larvae in 1912. 

The hindwing ocellus of V. io is, I think, in reality composed of 
three coalesced lunules. The development of a fourth (ab. cyanosticta, 
Rnr.) is not unusual, and I believe the appearance of a fifth has been 
recorded, these forms indicating, I think, variation in the direction of 
a reversion to a chain of blue lunules as in A. wrticae. ‘The obsolescence 
of the blue markings (Fig. 15 in Frohawk’s plate) results in a form 
which should be compared with A. wrticae ab. ioformis and other hind- 
wing aberrations of that species. 

Other examples of variation of J’. io in a tortoiseshell direction 
must be dealt with more shortly for the present. I may instance the 
occasional development of a “nota.” The occurrence of ‘‘ puncta”’ is 
unknown to me, and I must for the moment content myself with 
observing that at precisely the place where these spots would occur, if 
present, there are two white spots, the lower two of the chain of white 
spots passing across the wing. This is undoubtedly a significant fact, 
but for the present I should prefer to express no opinion as to whether 
it is material to the subject under discussion. 

Before leaving this subject of variation I desire to guard myself 
against being supposed to have said that Vanessa io has developed, by 
progressive mutation or otherwise, from Aylais urticae. 1 regard it as 
a somewhat more specialised species and I regard the “ tortoiseshell ” 
facies, particularly as displayed in such species as Hugonia polychloros, 
as suggestive of the primitive markings of this group of Vanessids, and 
I regard Aglais as nearer to Vanessa (io) than Hugonia, but I go no 
further. : 

To Huvanessa antiopa and the Pyrameid species I have made no 
particular reference. The relationships of these insects to the species 
I have discussed seem to me to raise questions of the greatest difficulty, 
and I hope after deeper study to endeavour to interest you in a discussion 
of some of the points involved. 

Here for the moment I propose to leave these subjects in the hope 
that what I have written may interest others in the two problems I 
have put before you. The first is a problem for the field-naturalist, 
the second for the scientific student, and I trust that before I write 
again on this group material contributions to the solution of both will 
have been made. 

(To be continued.) 


116 THE ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD. 


Notes on the Psychides. 
By Rey. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S. 
(Continued from page 84.) 

So far it wiil be seen that 1 have confined my notes to the difficulties, 
which I have met with in my quest for the names of the Pyschides 
which have come into my hands. It will be quite obvious that as a 
pioneer on a new road, I have been obliged to depend largely upon 
those who have already partly explored the road, or its approaches. I 
have been compelled to argue from the known to the unknown, trying 
thus to recognise the species from the point of view of thoge who have 
gone before me. Venation, antennal, and tibial, measurements, are 
really outside my intended path. I have examined the last subject 
somewhat minutely, as it is the one detail which I find comparatively 
easy to study. Venation I find out of my reach, and the antennae of 
these small insects are so often lost, and if not lost imperfect (especially 
in old specimens), that very little can be learnt from them. 

There still remain the question how far these particulars are con- 
stant. Chapman writes regarding venation (Tutt, Brit. Lep., I1., p. 121) 
““Psychides are, speaking paradoxically, especially homogeneous in 
exhibiting the most remarkable vagaries in their neuration.” The 
same fact is emphasised in the instance of specimens of Thyridopterya 
ephemeraeformis in the British Museum Coll. (Tutt, l.c., pp. 873,375) and 
and in the specimen of Masonia crassiorella preserved, and mounted, by 
Chapman, which has the ‘ cellula intrusa”’ on one, and not upon the 
corresponding wing (Tutt, l.c., p. 8306, note and plate, fig. 7). Bruand 
figures a similar specimen. Mr. F. M. Jones, of Wilmington, U.S.A., 
has sent to me the following note, which is embodied in his paper 
published in the Hntom. News, Academy of Natural Sciences, 
Philadelphia, for April, 1923. 

‘In my attempts to separate Thyridopteryx vernalis, Jones, from 
IT. ephemeraeformis, I have studied 50 specimens of the latter from 
different localities, and foodplants, and tabulated the range of variation 
exhibited, especially in the venation. ‘The result is that I find if I 
make a composite drawing from the 50, to exhibit the maximum 
venation, I have a 14-8 veined insect and if I make a similar composite 
to show the minimum yenation exhibited by the 50 insects, I have a 
9-5 veined insect, and the extremes in any character are exhibited by 
the opposite wings of individual insects, so that they are not conceivably 
of specific value.” 

This is the sort of investigation which is imperative, in my opinion, 
before we give importance to any single feature. One is compelled to 
question whether, if examination were made of a sufficient number of 
specimens, the venation evidence would be as strong as is supposed, 
and whether this inconsistency is confined to the Pyschides. It appears: 
to me to be much the same thing with the antennae. Where the 
structure is obviously different, | do not question the evidence, but I 
do feel doubts where the size, number of joints, and such details are 
concerned, so long as there has been no sufficient numerical examination 
of specimens. 

I must now proceed to record the results of my examinations of the 
final segments of the males of the group. Here I am without help, 
and my observations will of necessity be more or less crude, perhaps 


NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. — 117 


one-sided. The anal appendages in the Pyschides are remarkably 
distinct from those of all other Lepidoptera known to me, and I do not 
boast idly, when I say that I have a fair knowledge of all the larger 
divisions. This difference is quite sufficient to support the opinion 
(based, of course, on entirely different grounds) of Chapman (Hnt. 
Record, XI., p. 200) and Tutt (Hntom. Record, l.c., p. 149, British 
Lepidoptera, vol. l.c., p. 121 et seq) following Guénee, Bruand, Packard, 
Spuler, and others, that they form a distinct homogeneous super- 
family, in disagreement with the many, Linné, Stainton, Meyrick, 
Barrett, ete., who have split them, and assigned the parts to widely 
separated positions. I do not myself propose therefore to define 
any boundary between the so-called Macro- and Micro-Pyschides, 
the differences which I discover being no greater than one observes in 
other groups of the Lepidoptera, in many cases much less. I am able 
after due study to affirm that every suggested alliance with other 
groups of Lepidoptera which has come to my knowledge is at present 
fallacious, the ‘ missing link” being so far undiscoverable, and I shall 
hope to prove this later on. I have attempted to formulate a diagnosis 
of the group, based upon the genitalia, and find that the points of 
difference from the rest of the Lepidoptera are largely negative. ‘The 
genitalia are of the simplest, except for the development in a large 
portion of the species, of the seventh and eighth segments. Some such 
scheme as follows may be taken as roughly covering the whole group. 

Psycuirs.—Marre.—Extremity of the tenth segment dorsally 
rounded, without extensive final projection, though rarely somewhat 
produced medially, sometimes bifid, and generally slightly folded 
inwardly, toward the apex, on either side of the central line. The 
valves are quite simple, without armature, baghke, the valve and its 
sacculus forming one bag, separated only towards the extremity of the 
sacculus, which is seldom harder than the rest of the valve, except at 
the tip. The saccus is sometimes only slightly extended, but generally 
well developed, even greatly so. Centrally of the two final segments 
as viewed from below, 7.e., between, and connected with the bases of 
the valves, are, almost invariably, two inflated cushions, ‘“ pulvill,” 
embracing the anellus laterally, perbaps constituting it. This feature 
is as far as I know, quite peculiar to the Psychides, and there 1s no 
suggested ally of the group which possesses it. 

There are no “ cornuti,” at the most the ductus ejaculatorius is 
lined with fine spines. Except in the smaller and more delicate 
species each segment of the abdomen bears a well defined plate 
dorsally and sternally (tergite and sternite), which may be simply 
quadrate, divided centrally into two parts, or even more highly modified 
or reduced in size. The forwara edge of the eighth sternite in a large 
pact of the eroup bears a pair of well-developed rods, sometimes greatly 
lengthened, directed forwards, and enclosed within the preceding 
segment or segments, and the rods are in some cases enveloped in 
separate sleeves, within the seventh segment. These rods are in a 
considerable section (chiefly exotic) modified into a large plate, divided 
into arms upon the forward edge. In many cases of the larger species, 
especially those which possess these rods, the eighth segment is 
completely covered, and the seventh encircled by a band of closely 
placed coarse hairs or spines. Frmanes.—The females of the Pyschides, 


118 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD. 


except in a few species, are either entirely apterous, or possess merely 
rudimentary wings. 

The rods in these insects call for special notice. Chapman in his 
paper ‘“‘ Notes on the habits and structure of Acanthopsyche opacella, 
H.-Sch. (Trans. Hntom. Soc. Lon., 1900, part iii., p. 403) supplies an 
excellent description of the method of copulation in this species, which 
possesses the rods. The accompanying plate* shows the extensile 
powers of the male abdomen, and the necessity for this, since it has 
to reach the far end of the pupal shell, in order to affect his purpose. 

The rods give him power to bend and direct the extremity of his 
body. It will be evident that these rods exactly correspond with the 
ovipositor rods of female Lepidoptera in general, and serve the same 
purpose, which is allowing the end of the abdomen to be curved (Tutt, 
p. 115). In these instances the female Psychid would appear, at least 
in some species to remain in the pupal shell, but to force off the head 
cover to provide an entrance. Of this I have no personal knowledge. 
I have, however, found the perfect females within the exceptionally 
hard dry pupal shells of such species, whenever I have examined them.+ 
I should expect considerable differences in the length and form of these 
rods to indicate modifications in the necessities of the case, and when 
the rods are replaced by plates, that the pairing habit would be some- 
what different. But these suggestions are mere conjecture, and can 
only be verified by the careful study of the living insects, which it is 
out of my power to make. 

I have tried in the plate which accompanies this paper, to indicate 
the chief forms of the Psychid genitalia which have come under my 
notice. Ido not profess that the material which has reached me is in 
any way sufficient. I hesitate therefore in pushing my conclusions 
too far, as it is quite certain that there are many more forms to be ex- 
amined, or even discovered. So far as Europe is concerned, I have 
reason to think that I have secured the majority of the species, but of 
exotic forms there remains much to be learned. I have then chosen 
types of formation to begin with, in order that I may present some 
suggestions to guide such as follow me. The names attached to these 
figures may be taken as probably correct, all having been as far as 
possible identified. 


* I found among Dr. Chapman’s material the identical individuals from 
which the drawing was made, and have deposited them at the British Museum 
(Natural History). 

+ A striking confirmation of this fact has recently come to my notice. I 
received from Mr. P. A. Buxton a female case of Amicta quadrangularis, Christ., 
collected near Jericho, November, 1922. When it arrived, on March 21st of this 
year, curiosity prompted me to open it. I found within, the hard pupal shell with 
the head broken open, and the interior packed with the large soft eggs of the insect, 
still unhatched. The female has evidently never left the pupal shell, though her 
presence in an empty and collapsed condition is not evident. Iam sorry to say 
that these eggs appear to be infertile, proving, almost conclusively, that the indi- 
vidual had been transported, by some means, from the locality in which it occurs, 
to a locality where it does not occur. 


(To be continued.) 


NOTES ON PARANEUROPTERA FOR 1922, 119 


Notes on Paraneuroptera for 1922. (Eastleigh, etc.) 
By FREDK. J. KILLINGTON, A.C.P. 


This has not been a good year on the whole for Dragonflies, although 
on some fine days certain species were in abundance, notably Agrion 
mercuriale, Charp., Calopteryx splendens, Harris, C. aenea, Linn., and 
Brachytron hafniense, Mull. 

The first dragonflies seen were two teneral specimens of Pyrrhosoma 
nymphula, Silzer (May 8th), but these were not taken, and it was not 
until May 21st that the species was well out, although still mostly in 
teneral condition. The last capture of the season was on September 
16th when Jschnwura elegans var. infuscans, Campion, was captured. 

Cordulegaster annulatus, Latr.—Very few of this fine insect have 
been seen this year. Among alders by the Beaulieu River in the New 
Forest I noticed a pair ‘in cop.” (June 5th). 

Brachytron hafniense, Mull.—Large numbers of this dragonfly were 
seen on June 12th, at a large pond near Eastleigh, but most of those 
taken were badly damaged. 

Aeschna mixta, Latr.—A specimen of this species was seen at rest, 
just out of reach but near enough for identification, at a pond here on 
September 2nd. A male was picked off a bramble twig in a brickfield 
at Southampton on September 9th. Mr. H. Campion informed me 
(September 21st, 1922), that a specimen was knocked down by a builder 
with a trowel in the grounds of the British Museum (Nat. Hist.). 

A. cyanea, Mull.—This species has not been plentiful here this 
year, the first specimens were taken on August 5th, and the last on 
September 2nd. 

Anax tmperator, Leach.—This species was fairly common here on 
June 12th, and a pair “‘in cop.” were netted as they drifted low over 
the grass at the pond side; the female was much damaged. 

Cordulia aenea, Linn.—A species which seems to have been common 
this season. On June lst a specimen was brought to me for 
identification taken at Botley (near Fareham), and several were taken 
near Lyndhurst on the same day. On June 5th I counted 20 in the 
latter spot, and noted a pair, united ‘‘ hoop-fashion,” drift swiftly out 
of sight over the tree tops. Two pairs were seen to act in the same 
manner at EKastleigh, on June 12th, where the species was in 
extraordinary numbers. 

Libellula quadrimaculata, Linn.—It was first noticed on May 24th, 
at Beaulieu, and the last was taken at Eastleigh on June 12th. On 
June 8rd, it was observed pairing and ovipositing. 

L. depressa, Linn.—This species was noted on several days, near 
Eastleigh, between May 28th and June 12th, and was seen pairing 
and ovipositing on June 3rd. 

O. coerulescens, Fab.— One very teneral male was taken at Beaulieu 
on June 5th, but I had no further opportunity to notice the species. 
The male taken, in spite of its very immature condition showed faint 
tracés of blue colouring. 

Sympetrum striolatum, Charp.—This species was noticed first on 
August 5th, at a shallow woodland pond at Chandler’s Ford. The day 
was very dull with rain threatening all the time, but imagines were 
emerging from their brown stumpy larval-skins in numbers. Empty 
larval-skins could be seen clinging in various situations : some clasping 


120 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


reeds, others clinging to the rough surface of a wall that holds in the 
water on one side, and others, again, were hanging to rotting tree 
stumps and boughs projecting from the surface of the pond. A few 
newly-emerged imagines were trying their wings in flight despite the 
sun’s absence. ‘The species was common on Southampton Common, 
and in late August specimens were noted flying over the Winchester 
Downs. 

Calopteryx virgo, Linn.—This species was fairly plentiful in the 
New Forest on June 1st and 5th. 

QO. splendens, Harris.—An exceptionally abundant dragonfly at 
Hastleigh and at Alton in 1922. On May 21st, the first specimen, a 
teneral male, was seen at Eastleigh by the R. Itchen. The following 
day numbers were emerging, the empty larval-skins dotting the 
vegetation on the riverside. The species continues on the wing for at 
least half an hour after sunset. By May 28th the insects were 
frequently seen pairing, and while copulation took place the pairs 
rested among the grasses. One pair I managed to secure, and by 
quickly killing the male, prevented their separation. The superior 
appendages of the male were noticed to grip over the hind ridge of the 
prothorax of the female, while the inferior ones held the front of the 
female’s prothorax: there was a very noticeable resistance when an 
attempt was made to separate the specimens. On May 28th a female 
was taken devouring a caddis-fly. The tow-path by the R. Itchen 
was, by this date, littered with hundreds of wings of this species, but I 
failed to see any bird attack the insects, and a water-keeper who 
expressed astonishment at the sight failed to find out what was 
responsible for the massacre. My suspicions rested on the large 
number of cuckoos that haunt the locality, but I could gain no definite 
proof. Numbers of the dragonfly were algo noticed in spiders’ webs. 
So common was this beautiful insect thatin a square yard of meadow, 
on June 10th, I counted 83 males resting. On June 12th a specimen 
was taken with larval water-mites on the underside of the thorax. 
In spite of the wretched weather a few specimens were still about 
on July 8lst. 

Ischnura eleyans, Vander.—This was another common dragonfly in 
1922, and was first seen on May 31st at Eastleigh. On June 10th 
var. rufescens, Steph., was taken by the R. Itchen, and again on June 
12th at a woodland pool here. A specimen, taken on the latter date, 
had a larval water-mite on the underside of the thorax, and several 
alone the mid-ventral line of the abdomen. On the same day a 
number of specimens of the female were taken of two distinct forms. 
Some of the specimens were of a lovely bright violet colour in place of 
the usual blue on the head, thorax, and first two abdominal segments, 
a colour sometimes found on minature Agrionid dragonflies, but a few 
of these violet forms seemed so immature that I came to the conclusion 
that they constituted a good mature variety. I have since discovered, 
through the kindness of Mr. H. Campion, that both Roster and De 
Selys named a violet form of the female of /. elegans. As to hig var. 
? exigua, while admitting that it corresponds in colour with the 
immature form, Roster states that the immature coloration sometimes 
persists throughout life. Referring to var. violacea, Selys., Schirmer 
speaks of it as ‘‘ ausfarbungsform,” without q alification (Arch. 
Naturgesch., Berlin, UX XIX., A. 2, p. 31, 1913). 


NOTES ON PARANHUROPTFRA FOR 1922. 121 


The other colour form referred to above has the normal blue 
replaced by a fresh grass-green colour. My specimens of this form 
unfortunately met with an accident, and I am not in a position, there- 
fore, to say much about them, except that the form was not uncommon, 
and some of the specimens undoubtedly immature. As var. infuscans, 
Campion, occurs here (the last Z. elegans taken in 1922 was a specimen 
of this form on September 16th), it is quite possible that the insects I 
took were immature specimens of this variety. 

Ayrion pulchellum, Vander.—Only one specimen of this insect, a 
female, was taken here on May 28th. 

A, mercuriale, Charp.—This species was common this year in 
its restricted locality. It appeared, suddenly, on May 30th, in good 
numbers, males and females being equally abundant. Empty larval- 
skins were obtained as the specimens emerged. The short caudal 
lamellae, 8 mm.-3:25 mm., are obviously characteristic of the species, 
which breeds here in a swift-flowing part of the R. Itchen. On June 
10th males and females were noticed “in cop.’ A number of males 
were taken with aberrant markings on segment 2 of the abdomen: 
specimens with the two horns of the ‘“ Mercury”’ mark detached were 
fairly common; on June Ist a specimen was captured with only the 
right horn detached, and on the 10th another male had only the right 
horn detached. 

A. puella, Linn.—Noted first on May 28th; and on the 3lst 
specimens were pairing. Very few specimens of this little dragonfly 
were seen in the New Forest on June Ist, or on the 5th, but on the 
12th many pairs of the insect were seen at Hastleigh, and an interesting 
variety of the female was taken “in cop.” with a typical male. In 
this aberrant female the blue colouring of segments 4, 5, and 6, 
occupies quite a third of each segment and is not bisected by a black 
mid-dorsal line, and on segments 3 (bisected by a black line) and 7 
(almost bisected) is larger than normal 

Pyrrhosoma nymphula, Stilz.—I have already mentioned that this 
species was the first seen in 1922 (May 8th), but it was not until May 
21st that the species was well out, although still for the most part in 
teneral condition. On the 22nd a teneral pair were taken “in cop.,” 
and it wasobvious that the female had only emerged that morning. 
In the New Forest, on the 24th, the dragonfly was plentiful. On 
May 25th, at 11 a.m., a specimen was noticed by the Rh. Itchen 
emerging from its pupal skin. On May 80th two var. melanotum, 
Selys., were taken here, one being of a very extreme form; the same 
variety was also taken in the New Forest on June 5th. Several females 
were watched, on May 81st, as they were ovipositing, their abdomens 
and wines being completely under the water. On two occasions I 
took this dragonfly with prey: at Hastleigh (May 29th) a specimen 
was taken with the Alder-Fly, Sialis lutaria, Linn., and at Beaulieu, 
in the New Forest, another was taken (June 5th) with the Lacewing, 
Chrysopa perla. 

Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp.—-This dragonfly was in teneral 
condition on Southampton Common on May 14th, and was plentiful 
at Eastleigh by June 12th. 


122 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


List of Orthoptera and Neuroptera collected in the Eastern 
Pyrenees, with ecological notes. 


By HUGH SCOTT, M.A., S8c.D., F.E.S. 


The Orthoptera and Neuroptera enumerated below were taken in 
the immediate vicinity of Vernet-les-Bains, Pyrénées-Orientales, 
France, between August 17th and September 7th, 1922. The 
Orthoptera were all named at the British Museum by Mr. B. P. 
Uvarov, and the Neuroptera by Mr. C. L. Withycombe. Mr. Uvarov 
has also read the manuscript and made several suggestions, which I 
have followed. I am greatly indebted to these colleagues, without 
whose kind help this article could not have been written. Although 
my lists contain nothing new or very striking, they are here placed on 
record as pertaining to an area which, though circumscribed, never- 
less contains several very different types of country, and also because 
careful notes of habitat were in many cases made. 

The eastern extremity of the Pyrenees differs considerably in 
climate, fauna, and flora from other parts of those mountains, a 
Mediterranean type prevailing to a large extent. But Vernet is 
probably too well-known a collecting-ground to require much des- 
cription. The following remarks may, however, not be out of place. 

Vernet lies some way to the north-west of Mont Canigou, in the 
higher part of a side-valley which falls away northwards to join the 
valley of the river Tet. The ridges in the immediate vicinity are 
some of the outlying spurs of the great complex of the Canigou. The 
village of Vernet is at an elevation between about 2000 and a little 
over 2200 feet above sea-level (620-680 metres). The specimens were 
all taken within a few miles of Vernet, at points between 2000 and 
a little over 3000 feet. My whole time was not devoted to collecting, 
and circumstances prevented expeditions being made to higher 
elevations up the Canigou, which rises to 9,187 feet. 

This limited area, however, contained several distinct types of 
country. ‘The season was well advanced, and great, sometimes intense, 
heat* prevailed up till August 28th, after which the weather was often 
windy and cool and sometimes wet. Despite the heat, the valleys, 
irrigated by mountain-streams, were intensely green, anda late crop of 
hay was being scythed in the little meadows or under the apple-trees 
in the numerous orchards. In marked contrast were the brown, 
treeless, sun-scorched hills to the north, especially certain ridges to the 
north-east in the direction of the village of Fillols; these hills were 
covered in places with dead brown grass, while in other parts acres of 
ground are occupied by gum-cistus bushes, between which le bare 
stony patches. Most plants on these hillsides had gone to seed, but 
some, such as lavender, larkspurs, and the blue-flowered Composite 
Catananche were still blossoming. Other and moister slopes were 
clothed with greener grass, dotted with bushes of broom.| Lastly, 


* Part of a great heat-wave (accompanied by forest-fires) which embraced 
ee of Southern France, though conditions further north were very unsettled 
and wet. t 

+ Several species of Satyrus occurred in numbers on these open hillsides, and 
appeared to be somewhat localised. Besides S. semele, many worn examples of 
S. briseis, Li., were seen on one hill, while many fresh specimens of S. fidia, L., 
and S. statilinus, Hufn., frequented very stony and dry places. 


ORTHOPTERA AND NEUROPTERA IN EASTERN PYRENEES. 123 


the woods, which in different places took the form either of a scrubby 
copse-growth of chestnuts (Castanea) or deciduous oaks, or small trees 
of evergreen oak; or, on the higher parts of some steep ridges were 
composed of pines, between which flourished a tall luxuriant vegetation 
of ling (Calluna), sometimes mingled with occasional junipers, brooms, 
cistus, etc. Late-summer flowers were abundant along roadsides and 
in waste-places; Saponaria, Mryngiwn, Echinops, Eupatorium and 
others, and, in wet spots, tall clumps of a kind of mint round which, 
during the first ten days at least, congregated great numbers of a small 
Epinephele (2 I’. tithonus). This much being said by way of intro- 
duction, one may proceed to the list of captures. 


ORTHOPTERA. 


In the following list the distribution of each species in other parts 
of France is usually briefly indicated, and sometimes the entire range 
of the species as well. This information is nearly all taken from Dr. 
Li. Chopard’s ‘‘ Orthopteres et Dermapteres”’ in the Faune de France 
series, Paris, 1922. 

Two local lists of particular districts within the department of 
Pyrénées-Orientales have also been consulted. The first, by Xambeu, 
forms part of a ‘‘ Faune Entomologique des Pyrénées-Orientales,” and 
appeared in L’ Hchanye, XXIV., no. 288, July, 1908, pp. 204-208 
(special pagination). The centre of his district was Ria, a village a 
few miles north of Vernet in the valley of the Tet, and his radius of 
collecting included all types of country from the valley itself, with its 
vineyards and maize-fields, up to an elevation of over 7800 ft. (2400 
metres) on the Canigou.* His list therefore cannot be very closely 
compared with the fauna of a restricted area such as I worked. It 
consists of 34 species in all, 5 Dermaptera, 2 Blattidae, 3 Mantidae, 
1 Phasmid, 7 Acridiidae, 9 Phasgonuridae, 7 Gryllidae. Only 7 of 
these species occur also in my list, in which they are marked *. 

The second list is by J. Azam (Feuille Jeunes Natural., ser. 5, vol. 
43, no. 509, pp. 84-5, May, 1913) and pertains only to the Val d’Hyne, 
a small valley at the high elevation of from 1600 to over 2000 metres 
(roughly, 5000 to nearly 7000 feet), south of Mont Louis and consider- 
ably west of Vernet. This list includes 28 species, largely different 
from those of Xambeu’s list, and made up of 1 species of Dermaptera, 
1 Blattid, 14 Acridiidae, and 7 Phasgonuridae. 8 of the species have 
a place also in my list, in which they are marked f+. 

These two lists and my own, all taken together, amount to 63 
species of Orthoptera (and 5 species of Dermaptera),** but this is still 
very far from a complete enumeration of the Orthoptera of the Hastern 
Pyrenees. Chopard records many other species from that region, and 
as he does not always mention departments by name, the list might 
possibly be even further extended by a perusal of Azam’s ‘ Catalogue 
des Orthoptéres de France” (Misc. Hnt., [X., 1901) and of scattered 
papers. 


* See introduction to his ‘‘Faune,’’ which appeared with vol. XIX. of 
LL’ Echange (1903). 

** More than double the number considered to be indigenous to the entire 
British Islands. 


124 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Blattidae. 
1. Hetobius panzeri, Steph.—Several specimens. 


Mantidae. 

2. *Ameles decolor, (Charp).—One specimen of this small brown 
Mantid, taken on short turf on a wind-swept treeless ‘‘ Col’’ on the 
ridge south of Fillols, at about 3000 feet or above, 6.1X. Chopard lists, 
under the distribution in France of this Mediterranean insect, almost 
all the coastal departments from Alpes-Maritimes to Pyrénées-Orientales, 
as well as several others in Provence. 

3. “Mantis religiosa, L.—A number of examples, all of the green 
form, were seen in certain places, always sitting in broom-brushes ; 
26.VIII, and later; over 2200 feet. Xambeu records it from elevations 
up to over 3900 feet. Its very wide distribution (Central and S. 
Europe, N. Africa, parts of Asia) includes practically all France, even 
to the extreme northern departments. I am indebted to Charles 
Aymé, a young grandson of Monsieur René Oberthur, for first taking 
me to a place where Mantis was present in numbers. I did not have 
the privilege of meeting Mons. Oberthtr himself on his own hunting- 
ground, as he had left Vernet shortly before my arrival, but I received 
a kind welcome from his daughter, Madame Aymé, and her son. 


Tettigoniidae. 

4, Tylopsis lilifolia, F. (thymifolia, Pet.).—One 9, swept from 
among bracken and broom on some overgrown hillside terraces east 
of the road to Casteill, 24.VIII., a little over 2000 feet. All the 
south of France: 8. Europe, N. Africa, S.W. Asia. 

5. Phaneroptera quadripunctata, Br.—Five examples; two $ g and 
two @ 2 were swept from bracken and broom at exactly the same place 
and time as the specimen of Tylopsis recorded above. In the region of 
Périgord it is recorded as common, along with P. falcata, in woods of oak 
and chestnut.* In France, mainly southern, but also recorded from 
some departments much further north, such as Maine-et-Loire: S. 
Kurope, Asia. 

6. Leptophyes punctatissima, (Bosc.).—Two g 3 and one 9, swept 
from undergrowth of tall ling under pines on the summit of a spur at 
about 38050 feet (929 m.), 23.VIII. All France: Central Europe, 
Italy. 

7. Tettigonia {= Phasgonura| sp.—tI unfortunately neglected to 
take some examples seen among shrubs beside the road to Casteill, 
and therefore cannot say if they were 7. viridissimae or T. 
cantans (Iuessly). 

8. Pholidoptera griseoaptera, (De Geer).—One @ , from among tall 
ling (Calluna), at exactly the same time and place (about 3050 feet 
elevation) as the Leptophyes recorded above. Chopard gives ‘all 
France except, probably, the Mediterranean region”: it has, however, 
quite recently been recorded from the coastal department of Hérault,t 
though my specimen may constitute a new record for the Pyrénées- 
Orientales. 


* Grassé, Bull. Soc. ent. France, 1923, p. 82. 
+ Grassé, loc. cit. 


ORTHOPTERA AND NEUROPTERA IN EASTERN PYRENEES. 125 


9. *+Metrioptera albopunctata, (Goeze) (Platycleis grisea, Fabr.).— 
Two $ 3, two 2 2 ; among grass in dry treeless places. All France: 
Kurope, Madeira, Asia Minor. 

10. Metrioptera tessellata, (Charp).—Two ¢ 3 ; same places as pre- 
ceding species. All France except the north and east; Europe, N. 
Africa. 

11. tl phippiger cunti, Bolivar (1877).—Two g ¢ and three 2 ?, 
taken froma number seen, exclusively in broom-bushes, on grassy hillsides 
at about 2500-3000 feet. They have a very shrill song. In France 
this species is only recorded from the two departments of Pyrénées- 
Orientales and Hautes-Pyrénées; it is known besides only in Spain. 
Azam states that the type form is found at the foot of the Canigou, 
near Vernet-les-Bains, as well as beside the road leading from Axat to 
Mont Louis, principally at the baths of Carcaniéres. ‘The variety 
jugicola, Bolivar (1896), occurs only on the hedges which border the 
pastures of the Val d’Kyne.” 


Gryllidae. 


12. *Oecanthus pellucens, (Scop.).—Four 3 g ,two ? 2 ; others were 
seen: this species was beaten in some numbers from the foliage of 
woods, especially of scrubby deciduous oak. Xambeu (0). cit.) states 
that it is ‘very abundant on our hills (coteaux) in July and August, 
on shrubs.’”’ It is recorded from all France south of the Loire, and 
from a number of departments north of that river. Central and S. 
Europe, N. Africa, Asia. 

18. Nemobius sylvestris, (Bose.).—One g, one ?. All France: 
Europe, Algeria. 

14. *Liogryllus [= Acheta] campestris, L.—One example. Xambeu 
records it aS very common everywhere in his district, ‘“‘en plaine, en 
coteau, et en moyenne montagne.” It is spread over Kurope (including 
all France), N. Africa, W. Asia. 


Phasmidae. 


I obtained none, though several species are reported by Chopard 
from the department of Pyrénées-Orientales ; probably they occur for 
the most part at lower elevations. 


Acridiidae. 


15. Paraplewrus |= Mecostethus| alliaceus, (Germar).—Four 3 3, 
one ?, from long green grass in a moist meadow aboye the road to 
Fillols, 19.VIII. Four of the examples were of the bright green 
form when alive; one g has now no trace of green, but this may be 
due to discoloration. All France: Europe, Asia. 

16. +Stenobothrus lineatus, (Panz.).—Two ¢ 9? of this species, which 
occurs all over France, and has a wide distribution in Europe and N. 
Asia. 

17. tOmocestus ventralis, (Zett.) (rufipes, Zett.).—Three g g, two 
? 2, the former sex brown, the latter green, as is normal in this species. 
It occurs all over France: Europe, Algeria, Asia Minor, Siberia. 

18. tOmocestus viridulus, (Li.).—One g,one 2, the former brown, 
the latter green. All France. lurope, Siberia. 


126 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


19. Stauroderus binotatus, (Charp).—One g, from a dry stony hill- 
side dotted with bushes of gum-cistus, 21.VIII. A species with a more 
limited distribution, recorded only from parts of France (all the 
departments listed by Chopard are south of Paris; they include most 
of those on the Biscay coast and some on, or near, the Mediterranean), 
Spain and Portugal. It has recently been recorded as common in the 
environs of Périgueux, on ferns and furze (ajoncs) in woods of chest- 
nut, but as quite absent in woods on calcareous soil.* 


20. Stauroderus vagans, (Hivers.).—-One g ,one ?, from a dry stony 
hillside with patches of cistus, 21.VIII. Occurs all over France, but is 
commoner in the south: Hurope, Siberia. 


21. +Stauroderus biguttulus, (Li.) (bicolor, Charp).—One of 
the most abundant grasshoppers; thirteen gg, twelve 2 9, 
presenting many variations of colour and markings, brown, 
reddish-brown, testaceous, and (in one ¢) blackish dorsally, but 
in no case greenish. The markings render the coloration very 
cryptic in the dry, stony places, and among the low bushes where 
all the examples were found: eight $ g and ten 9 2 were 
got on the same hillside (above the road to Fillols) with bare stony 
patches, clumps of cistus and other tufted plants, at the same time as 
the two preceding species. Occurs all over France : Europe, N. Africa, 
Asia, 


22. Chorthippus pulvinatus, (Fisch. Waldh.), subsp. declivus, Brisout. 
—Two 3g, eleven ?: all from dry places. Seven of the specimens 
were taken on 21.VIII. from among dead brown grass below the Fillols 
road. In such a situation the coloration is very cryptic, being (in 
this series at any rate) the brown of dead grass with dark and pale 
longitudinal bands, but with a complete absence of transverse bands, or 
of the speckles and markings, which make the preceding species har- 
monise with stony ground. It is remarkable that in this particular 
spot CU. pulvinatus appeared to be restricted to the less stony areas 
covered with dead grass, but did not extend on to the more stony, 
cistus-dotted slopes with little or no grass, where, only a few hundred 
yards away, S. biguttulus was taken in such numbers on the same 
morning. 

Mr. Uvarov writes (in litt.) that the subspecies declivus is a western 
geographical race occurring in France and Spain and extending along 
the Mediterranean into the Balkan Peninsula, but the typical form 
only occurs in Eastern Europe, Russia and W. Asia. 

23. +Chorthippus parallelus, (Zett.)—Two 3 fg, three 2? 9, from 
moist meadows, one J and one 9 being taken on 19.VILI. in the same 
meadow with Parapleurus alliaceus and Mecostethus grossus. All showed 
green colour when taken. All France: Hurope, N. and W. Asia. 


* Grassé, op. cit., p. 83. This writer suggests that it may possibly be restricted 
to plant associations growing on siliceous soil. 


To be concluded.) 


CURRENT NOTES. 127 


<XURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


The last meeting of the Entomological Club was held at 
‘“‘ Hodeslea,” Eastbourne, on June 9th; Mr. R. Adkin in the chair ; 
Mr. Donisthorpe being the only other member of the club present. 

The visitors were Messrs. K. G. Blair, Malcolm Burr, J. KE. Collin, 
H. Willoughby Ellis, EH. E. Green, and A. Ei. Tonge. Mr. Willoughby 
Ellis was elected a member of the club in the place of the late H. 
Rowland-Brown, and accepted the post of Hon. Secretary in place of 
Mr. R. South resigned. 

After an early lunch a ramble was taken on the Downs, and an 
excellent supper was served at 6.80. Some of the party stayed over 
the week end, and on Sunday an excursion was made to Abbot's Wood, 
where in spite of the bad weather the Coleopterists of the party 
made several interesting captures.—-H.D. 

We regret to learn from a notice in the daily press that Mrs. O. A. 
Merritt-Hawkes, B.Sc., M.C., etc., well known for her researches in 
the scientific cross-breeding of Coccinellidae, Lepidoptera and kindred 
subjects, was attacked and robbed by a bearded man wearing clogs, 
who it is alleged tied her to a tree, when collecting in the Vosges, near 
Gruebville. Motorists attracted by her cries put the man to flight. 
We sincerely trust that Mrs. Merritt-Hawkes sustained no injury, nor 
suffered any serious loss—H.D.  ~ 

ReFrerences For lLocaniries.—Pontresina, Ht. Rec., xix. 48; 
Xx. 193; xxiv. 266; xxvi. 228, 246; xxvil. 107, 165; xxvii. 8, etc. 
lint. Vil. 77. Wincapine, HM.M., xxxiv. 25; xli., 238. int., xvill. 
S07. lint Jha. som, 1G, BRAS  soquiiny 0%, Cie.3 soap, Ilias) 
Sr. Moritz, Wnt. Rec., xxiv. 87. Daupnineé Aups, Hnt. Rec., xix., 42; 
XXiv. 96; xxv. 77; xxvi. 219, 220, 250. Ifnt., xlvu. 8, 244, 281, ete. 
Briancon, nt. Rec., xxiv., 97. 

We regret to hear that the Rev. Canon Fowler, D.Sc., M.A., 
President of the Entomological Society of London in 1901-2, died on 
June 8rd. He will be remembered by his great work, The Coleoptera 
of the British Isles, in 5 vols., to which he added a 6th in conjunction 
with our colleague, Mr. H. Donisthorpe. 

Another entomologist has also passed away, Mr. W. H. Whiffen, 
a member of the South London Entomological Society since 1887. 

In the Annales de la Soc. ent. de France, part 4, there is a kindly 
appreciation of the late H. Rowland-Brown, by M. Chas. Oberthur, 
who also incidentally refers to our late colleague Dr. T. A. Chapman, 
calling them both “ sincéres amis de leurs confréres frangais. ”’ 

In the Rev. Mens. Soc. ent. Namurotise the form of Papilio machaon 
in which the ocellus at the anal angle of the hindwing is absent, the 
area being covered by a continuation of the blue coloration, is named 
as ab. exocellatus by M. Cabeau, the reference to the original description 
being given “ Archives Cosmologiques,’ Bruxelles, 1867. 

The L’ Amateur de Papillons continues to be attractive and useful 
and we hear that its circulation is satisfactory. The last number 
issued contains, the Caterpillars found on the Lavender, by M. P. 
Chétien ; the Oviposition of Chrysophanus dispar (called hippothoe) var. 
rutilus, by M. ©. Bnsch; the Hybrid of Algerian Smerinthids, by M. 
Rotrou; Notes on Thawmatopoea processionea, by M. L. de Larminat, 
ete. 


128 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


SOCIETIES. 
Tut Sourn Lonpon EntomonocicaL Society. 


March 22nd.—Mr. Walter Burch, 35, Ansdell Road, 8.K. 14, was 
elected a member. 

Mr. A. A. W. Buckstone exhibited ab. niyrotata of Pieris brassicae, 
from Hltham, an unusually light example of Anticlea nigrofasciaria, 
also a transverse banded form of the same species from Malvern, and 
an aberration of Melitaea aurinia, from near Brighton, having a broad 
black hindmarginal band, the usual marginal spots being absent. 

Col. R. H. Rattray read a paper on “ Indian Cuckoos.” 


April 12th.—Mr. P. H. Windsor, “ Fern Hill,” Horley, was elected 
a member. 
Mr, K. H. Ellis read a paper, with lantern slides, ‘‘ The Life-history 
and Structure of Mosses.” 


April 26th.—Messrs. W. G. Nash, “ Clavering House,” Bedford, . 
and W. §. Brocklehurst, ‘‘ Grove House,’’ Bedford, were elected 
members. 

Mr. K. G. Blair exhibited the stick-insects Bacillus rossii and B. 
gallicus to compare with Carausius (Dixippus) niorosus, and gave the 
distinguishing characters of the two genera, the former genus has 
Species with short antennae, in Carausius they are long. 

Mr. Newman, extreme forms of M. cinaia, two undersides with 
black bands, two with a paucity of markings, and two uppersides with 
the outer two-thirds of the wings devoid of markings. 

Mr. H. Moore, Coleoptera from N. Zealand, including the Longi- 
corn Prionoplus reticularis, whose huge larva lives in the Kauri-pine. 


May 10th.—Capt. Kenneth J. Hayward, F.E.S., 492, High Road, 
Chiswick, was elected a member. 
Mr. Tonge, ova of Mucosmia certata laid on barberry in gardens at 
Reigate. 
Mr. A. W. Dennis, flowers of the Bogbean, Menyanthes trifoliata. 
Mr. H. J. Prior gave a lecture, “The Life of the Bee,” with a series 
of lantern slides in illustration. 


May 24th.—Messrs. G. A. W. Stolzle and R. W. Stolzle, of Forest 
Hill, J. F. Johnstone and C. H. Cork, of Rayleigh, Essex, and F. A. 
Parker, of Cricklewood, were elected members. 

Mr. Parker, a strikingly aberrant form of Brenthis euphrosyne, taken 
near Portsmouth, and a female Huchloé cardamines, with streaks of 
male orange coloration. 

Mr. Enefer, a sample of biscuits with larvae and imagines of the 
beetle Phyllobius aryentulus, and a sample of lentils from Egypt infested 
with Bruchus pist.  [?| 

Mr. Mera, a series of Ventlia macularia which had been two years 
in pupa. 

Mr. Blair, empty galls of the Cecidomyiid, Mycocecis ovalis on a 
bark-encrusting fungus. 

Mr. R. Adkin read a paper, ‘“‘ Some Ancient Naturalists and their 
Work.”’ 


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Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs, from all parts cf the 
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data 
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IJV..G. Pether, ‘‘ Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge 
Road, London, N. 1. ; 


Duplicates.—Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quereus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), 
*B. quercus ¢, Tiliew,. Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophiearia vars. 
Paniscus. Desiderata.—Pups of Dictwoides; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina 
(dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria.—Harold B. \Villiams, 
112a, Bensham Manor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. . 


Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, 
Nupta, and many others. | Desiderata.—Blandina, Ivish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. 
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.— 
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford. 


Duplicates.— Cinerea ¢, fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars. 
- Immorata and other East Sussex species. 


Desiderata.—Pupe. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista, 
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctue 
in fine condition only.—d. J. Wightman, 35, Morris Road, Lewes. 


For Sale. -- Three vols. of Ganglbauer’s Die Kifer von Mittelewropa. Any reason- 
able offer accepted.—H.D., 19, Hazlewell Road, Putney, S.W.15. 


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Notes on the Psychides, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S. (cont.) : Be a se A) 
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NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 129 


Notes on the Psychides. (With two Plates.) 
By Rey. C. R. N. BURROWS, F.E.S. 
(Continued from page 118.) 


The amplifications in the drawings which accompany this section 
of my notes are not identical, the insects themselves being of very 
different sizes. The figures are therefore designed to fill the space, as 
far as may be, symmetrically. I have not attempted to represent any 
but tbe most important features. All the figures are sternal, the 
objects being viewed from beneath. 

A glance at the plate will show at once a considerable difference in 
the appearance of the objects. Half the diagrams are of the species 
which possess the *eighth segmental rods, the other half of those 
which do not. It is a somewhat curious coincidence that the 
Palaearctic species catalogued by Tutt, if allowance be made for 
doubtful forms, divide almost exactly into these two categories, the 
division coming at number 81, out of a possible 143. 

The important points to which I have invited attention will, I hope, 
be at once evident. First the pulvilli, to my mind the most distinctive 
feature in the Psychid genitalia. It will be noticed that while always 
present and attached to the bases of the valves, they have somewhat 
different forms and positions. In Solenvbia for instance, they are in 
contact with the valve, even partly lying over it, a condition which 
recurs lower down in the list. In Fumea they are connected with an 
elongation of the costa of the valve (Pierce’s ‘“‘ transtilla”’), and in a 
large section of the rod-bearing species, they occupy the apex of the 
central tube (? Pierce’s anellus), while in some of the species with 
short rods (and also those which have plates instead of rods), they are 
again attached to the costal extension. Secondly the sacculus, varying 
in form, and sometimes in position, upon its valve. I have 
represented but few examples of this variation, but I may mention 
that in contrast with the large sacculus of Amicta, we meet with the 
tiny form, scarcely more than a papilla, in Psychidea. Thirdly in 
importance, the sharp difference between the non-rod-bearing and the 
rod-bearing species (with those bearing a plate in place of rods). 

I have throughout these notes feared that much which I am 
writing must be lacking in lucidity, to such as have not devoted 
special attention to the final segments of the Lepidoptera, and for this 
reason I have tried to confine my descriptions to the simplest terms, in 
order that my readers may, even if the subject be more or less new to 
them, be able to follow my meaning. 

It is difficult to make a digest of the classifications adopted by 
former writers upon this subject, but as I have already mentioned 
there has been a frequent custom of dividing the Psychides into two 
parts, widely separated, one section appearing in the Macro- and the 
other in the Micro- Lepidoptera. 

Several different points of division have been selected by investi- 
gators. Tutt, while himself discarding this separation, points out that 


* I have attributed these rods to the 8th segment, as the most reasonable 
connection, but they appear sometimes to arise from 8-7 intersegmental space, I 
imagine that as they obviously actuate the following segments, they must in every 
case be connected to the edge of the 8th. 


SepremsBer 157TH, 1923. 


130 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 
there is a “change of tune’’ if I may call it so, between Bacotia, and 
Proutia, as placed in his catalogue. Staudinger and Rebel (Catalog., 
Ed. 1901) place this division between Bacotia and Dissoctena. 
Meyrick (Handbook), dealing with only British species, places the 
Psychina between Pterophoridae, and Zeuzeridae, while Epichnopterys, 
Fumea, Solenobia, Talaeporia, Narycia, and Diplodoma, are relegated to 
the Tineidae. We recall also the separation, into different volumes, in 
Stainton’s Manual. None of these writers has touched, at least 
effectively, upon the subject of genitalia, which appear to indicate a 
very sharp division at a new position. 

In sorting out my material I have felt compelled to remove Lypusa 
maurella from the group. My reason is simply that the structure of 
the final segments of the male of this species does not fall into line 
with the Psychides. Staudinger, I am glad to find, takes the same view. 

I have retained as far as may be, the classification, and the 
arrangement, adopted by Tutt, and have been much encouraged and 
supported by finding how little difference I have had to make, as a 
result of my own investigations, from the conclusions of previous 
workers. 

The chief changes have been in the necessary transposition of the 
genera Dijugis, and Psychidea, and a small divergence from the 
opinion of Dr. Chapman, as to the position of Dissoctena, 
previously referred to. It may be, however, that as the work of 
discrimination and sorting out of the species proceeds, it will be 
necessary to shift the position of some of the genera. I should myself 
for instance, wish that all the similarly formed pulvilli should come 
nearer together, and all the long, or short, rods. 

I have given with each diagram a figure of the central organ, and 
of the 7th sternite, when necessary. 

I have figured first two outlines of Fumea casta, the one with the 
valves closed, and the other with the same opened, because this is the 
commonest British species, and because the structure is very simple 
and easy to understand. Any of my readers should, without much 
difficulty, be able to procure specimens of this species, and if inclined 
to do so, prepare mounts for the microscope. 

In the drawing with the open valves it is distinctly seen how the 
opening distends, or inflates the pulvilli, and also the relation of the 
saccus to its valve. I have in both these figures given a diagram of 
the anterior tibia and its spur, that it may be evident how we arrive at 
the ‘‘ ratio of position ” to which I have already devoted a considerable 
space. The spur points towards the claws, and the measurements 
required for the calculation are, the distance of the origin of the spur, 
from the lowest point of the tibia, divided by the whole length of the 
tibia (AB + AC =X.). I refer again to this species. in its proper 
place. 

*Diplodoma herminata.—It will be observed that the central organ 
is acicular and hooked, while the pulvilli appear as outgrowths of the 
valve-bases. There is also an elongation of the valve costa towards 
the central area, forming a stalk (‘‘ Transtilla divided’’ of Pierce). 


* Iam not satisfied with my figure of this species. The insect is small and 
the final segments much ‘‘ cupped ”’ (i.e., concave), making it well nigh impossible 
to produce a good mount. My efforts have resulted in a figure which is evidently 
too broad, but which, I think, fairly represents the structure. 


NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 131 


Solenobia inconspicuella.—Exactly reproduces the features of the 
last species. Jt will be remembered that the female of the first species 
is fully winged, while that of the latter is entirely apterous. 

Both species have the sacculus well separated from the valve, and 
bearing a sinele point at the extremity, and also the dorsal tufts of 
hats upon the ninth segment. 

Fumea casta.—The pulvilli here are placed upon the stalk noticed 
above. The sacculi are well separated from the valve, but bear a 
dentate extremity. There are no tufts of bair upon the ninth segment. 

Dissoctena albidella.—This species falls into the Fumea group. The 
pulvilli are comparatively large. This genus, placed between 
Talaeporidae, and Luffidae, by Tutt, is that against whose position Dr. 
Chapman protested. It has no close connection with Bijuqgis as 
suggested by him, for the affinities of that genus are with 
Epichnopteryz. Y have however been able to place it much nearer the 
desired position than in Tutt’s list. 

This Fwmea group includes, besides the above genera, Proutia, 
Bruandia, Masonia and Psychidea (the latter with modifications). 

All the preceding species are delicate in structure, and have more 
or less squared segmental plates. 

Whittleia wndulella.—This species represents the Hpichnopteryx 
croup. The structure here is much more stout, the chitin being hard 
and dark. The peculiarity lies in the wavy form of the sacculus, 
which produces the curves of the sides of a violin. Otherwise the 
details are as in F'umea. 

This group includes Bijugis (of Heylaerts, and Tutt) and 
Kpichnopteryxy. The smallest Hpichnopteryx in the Palaearctic fauna, 
E. iarnierella, does not quite agree with the genus, for it has no 
produced saceus, and exhibits other peculiarities in general structure. 
I have another specimen from Herr Bang-Haas labellel ‘ Syria,” 
which although undoubtedly distinct, falls in with this little species. 

I come now to the species with segmental rods*. 

Apterona pusilla.—Here the formation previously noted would at 
first sight appear to be completely changed, but examination will show 
that the essential points are perfectly in agreement with the Psychid 
facies. The pulvilli are little developed, and appear to be in a state of 
transition, midway between the “affixed,” and the “tubular,” 
formation. They are still closely attached to the valve bases, and 
appear to extend+ downwards into the saccus. The saccus is also a 
departure from previous structures, possessing laterally projecting 
winglike pieces. These wings are peculiar to Apterona. The rods are 
very long and naked. 


* By long rods I mean that they are extended well beyond the ring of coarse 
spines which surrounds the hind edge of the seventh segment. By short I mean 
that they do not extend beyond that ring of spines. These coarse spines are 
characteristic of the rod-bearing Psychides. 


+ It is possible that the tube to which the pulvilli in the following species are 
attached, may exist in all the Psychides, but be exceedingly weak, and not discern- 
able in the smaller and non-rod-bearing portion. If it be so the connection 
extending downwards into the saccus in this genus may be the first indication of 
the tube, due to the optical thickening of the sides. These extensions are evident, 
though not so well developed, in the larger species where pulvilli are affixed to the 
valve, as in Acanthopsyche, Pachythelia, Caneophora, Amicta, and Humeta. 


132 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


The genus Apterona is a puzzling one. Of the four species which 
I possess I can say but little. I have not been able to discover any 
difference of importance. Of each of two species I appear to have two 
forms, the one large and the other small. The larval case in this 
genus is helical, and the pupa is stated to assume the curve necessary 
for its comfortable accommodation in the case. Pierce and I have found 
that the abdomen of the imago presents the same peculiarity, by still 
preserving the curve. 

Arctus bruandia.—This species 1s an example of the group with 
short rods and sleeves, the pulvilli tubular, and the saccus open, that 
is, not filled in with dark chitin. 

With this genus agree Psyche, Sterrhopteryx, Standfussia, and 
Leptopteryx schiffermilleri. 

Acanthopsyche atva, L.—This species has short rods and sleeves, but 
the pulvilli are affixed to the valves, instead of being tubular. The 
saccus is more filled up, and very strongly connected with the valves 
(quadrate). 

With this genus agree Pachythelia, and Caneophora. 

Oreopsyche leschenaulti.This species has long rods and sleeves, and 
a very elongate formatioa of the two final segments. The saccus is 
peculiar in that its narrow curved arms embrace the quadrate, central, 
portion. ‘This structure I believe to be specific, and not generic. The 
pulvilli are tubular. This species is not truly representative of the large 
long-rod group, which will call for much closer examination, in order 
to find out points of difference, and further separation. It would 
appear that this will rest upon the relative length of the rods, or upon 
the form of the sternites, which present many differences very 
difficult to follow. Some are single, some double (or twinned) and 
some of these latter are angulated in outline. ‘The assortment of the 
specimens is made doubtful, by uncertainty as to their correct 
identification. 

To this group belong Phalacropterya, Pyvropsyche moncauiella, 
Chapman, and Hyalina. 

Ptilocephala plumifera, Ochs.—I have received this form, with the 
peaked extremity, under several names. Varieties, ralesiella and 
castiliana, are the same species, and I believe also, Phalacropterya 
mediterranea, if. I really have a specimen of this latter form. But I 
have also a few other examples sent to me under different names, which 
can scarcely be plumifera. Ihave doubts therefore whether the peak 
be a specific feature, and only give it here as a possible indication of a 
group, while not removing it at present from related species. The 
formation js as the last species, but the rods are not quite so long. 

Amicta lutea.—This species represents the insects which possess a 
large plate in the place of rods. The valves here are much more free 
and open readily, approaching thus the Fumea form. The pulvilli are 
affixed to the valve and partly fold over the surface. The sacculus is 
as large as, if not larger than, the valve. The saccus is open, long, and 
more or less quadrate. The sleeves to the plate extremities are short. 
With this genus probably agrees Humeta (Clania). 

To this last group appear to belong the greater number of the 
larger Exotic Psychides which have passed through my hands. North 
and South America, Africa, Asia and Australia, all supply such species. 
So far as I can discover very little is yet known about the smaller 


133 


NOTES ON THE PSYCHIDES. 


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134 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Psychides outside the Palearctic Region. I have seen but one Sulenobia 
froin North America. Another species from the same Continent is 
represented in the British Museum Collection. It would appear that 
only the larger, and more conspicuous, species attract attention. Our 
non-segmental-rod sections should be fairly represented, at least in the 
cooler parts of the Neo-arctic, if not also in the Southern Hemisphere. 

I have not made much of the sleeves into which the rods in most 
species pass. In some specimens, even of those with long rods, the 
sleeves are distinctly traceable, to the extremity of the rods. In others 
the sleeves are scarcely discernable, and are absent in one specimen of 
a species, and not in another. Again in some species (Apterona, and 
Sctoptera), these sleeves are certainly absent. I have felt therefore that 
as a long rod would have a long sleeve, and a short rod a short one, 
there is not much to be learnt from them. In the short-rod species 
the sleeves are much more evident than in the long, and are certainly 
more than mere folds in the outer skin of the abdomen, as one might 
possibly at first sight conclude. 

I am hoping that this bare outline may serve as a basis for further 
study. My aim has been to contrive such a table as may help to place 
any unknown specimen in its correct position. I have, as I have 
stated before, been much hampered by uncertainty as to the correctness 
of some of the names supplied to me with the specimens, and also 
by the lack of sufficient specimens to base conclusions upon. I have 
therefore often been ruled by majorities. Of 50 of the species in Tutt’s 
list, I have no specimen, of 20 I have but one, of 12 only two, of 10 
only three. I should have been better satisfied had I been able to 
secure more duplicates to strengthen my observations. . 1 have also 
certain specimens about whose identity i am still puzzled, belonging 
principally to forms of which I possess only one example. 


(To be continued.) 


On some Italian races of Erebia aethiops, Esp., and of E. pirene, 
Hub. (= stygne, 0.), and on E. flavofasciata, Ruhl-Heyne. 
By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 


The name of medea of the Wiener Verzeichniss may have, by a few 
months, the right of priority claimed for it by Kirby, but as this is not 
sure, and Iisper’s figure and description of aethiops are far more satis- 
factory, I think his name, which is the one in use, can be preserved ; 
Hubner’s figure of medea is not previous to Esper’s, as thought by 
Kirby. It may seein surprising that a species so widespread in Hurope 
and in Asia should stop short on the boundary of Peninsular Italy, and 
should not reach the Pyrenees either. I think the explanation rests in 
the fact that it requires swampy spots under the shade of woods, and 
that these conditions are too scarce for it in the south of Kurope, where 
the mountains have been laid bare of forests. The races of northern 
Italy are, in most cases, characterised by a more or less marked reduction 
in the extent of the red bands. In the giant taurinorwm, Vrty., from 
Turin and the hills of Piedmont (Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1911, p. 312, 
pl. I., f. 2) the band of forewing has an hour-glass shape. In the 
Crattian Alps that band has the same extent and shape, but the size of 
the insect is far less, the eye-spots are much larger and more numerous, 


ON SOM ITALIAN RACES, | 135 


with large white pupils, so that it is quite distinct from sapandia, 
Frihst., and rubria, Fribst.; [ propose naming it crarriaw, mihi, from 
specimens from Torre Pellice in my collection. 

From the Ligurian Apennines (Valle Brevenna in the Alta Valle 
di Serivia), Dr. Rocci, of Genoa, describes (Mem. Soc. Hint. Itul., Te 
March, 1923) a giant race he has collected in the chestnut woods at 
600m. to 700m. He claims it to be larger on an average than 
taurinorum (52mm. in expanse); he describes it as belonging to the 
same group of races as the latter, with strongly convex outer margins, 
but having a very extensive and bright fulvous band on forewing and 
none on hindwing; eye-spots smaller than in taurinorum; light band 
on underside of hindwings very conspicuous. 

On June 11th, 1920, Querci discovered the most southern 
locality of this species as yet known, just within the boundary of 
Central Italy, at the Acqua Bianca, 1,300m., on Mt. Pisanino in the 
Apuane Alps (N.-W. of Tuscany). He was only able to collect two 
males, but they are so like each other, and so different from the other 
races I have just mentioned, that I do not hesitate to ascribe them to 
a new race, calling it apuana, mihi. It stands to crattrae as race etrusca, 
Vrty., of these same Apuane mountains stands to nymotypical F. 
neoridas of the Maritime Alps, by the very small size of the eye-spots, 
with most minute white pupils, and by the very limited extent of the 
red bands; in one of my specimens there is a broad gap between the 
apical part and that round the hinder ocellus, but the red is not 
reduced to an extremely narrow circle round each ocellus, as in race 
parvist, Vrty., from Udine; it probably comes nearer the less extreme 
derufata, Frihst., from Primiero in 8. Tyrol; in size, underside and 
other features apwana is quite like crattiae. 

Turning our attention to another species, a race of which from 
Central Italy deserves to be recorded, I must first of all remark that I 
quite agree with Irihstorfer, Iris, February, 1918, p. 98, that the 
species usually known as styyne, O., should be designated by the older 
name introduced by Hiibner and by Esper, as pirene and as pyrene, 
respectively. Only, I think that of Hubner is not a nomen nudum, as 
Fruhstorfer considers it. The names on Hibner’s plates are accepted 
as valid in innumerable other cases, and there is no reason to discuss 
its validity in this special one. . Staudinger, in his Catalogue of 1901, 
refers the race of the Apennines to pyrenaica, Ruhl, and Turati finds 
that a specimen in the University of Naples collection quite agrees 
with his from the Pyrenees. They evidently had before them examples 
from the Abruzzi, because a single male | possess from Castel del Monte 
confirms their statement. On the contrary, out of the large numbers 
collected by Querci in the Sibillini Mts., not one individual is similar to 
the latter. They are all much darker. In my List of the Lepidoptera 
of the Province of Macerata I called them valesiaca, Klws., on this 
account, but I now see that this was not correct and that it is a per- 
fectly distinct race, to be described as follows:—Small size; wings 
more elongated and outer margins rather straighter than in most other 
races ; colour of a very deep black in the male and always dark also in 
the female, never having the faded tone of some Alpine individuals on 
both surfaces (Calberla notes that the underside of hindwings also of 
the Abruzzi females, is very dark); ocelli constantly very small, and 
with a very minute white pupil; there are never more than three in 


136 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


the male on the forewing, and sometimes only the two apical ones ; 
the red band in the male is always very reduced in extent, but not as 
much as in valesiaca ; usually not entirely broken between the apical 
ocelli and the hinder one, although it is often reduced to a faint and 
narrow streak; broader and of more even breadth on underside; on 
hindwings above three red circles round the eye-spots always present, 
but never confluent, and in some cases very thin; light band of under- 
side scarcely ever perceptible in the male. In the female the bands 
and eye-spots do not differ as strikingly from those of the nymotypical 
race ; they are considerably less extensive than in race etruriae, Vrty., 
Ent. Rec., 1919, p. 124 (=costantinii, Turati), from the Apennines in 
Northern Tuscany, but much less so than in the first female, wrongly 
figured by Seitz on pl. 35 of Gross-schmett., under the name of stygne, 
whereas it is a very extreme valesiaca. For the race of the Sibillini 
Mts. I suggest the name of TeTrRica, mihi. 

As I am dealing with this genus, I must take the occasion to say a 
few words in answer to Mr. B. C. 8. Warren’s question concerning E, 
flavofasciata, Heyne-Rihl., in his interesting paper in Hnt. Rec. of May 
last, p. 78. The question he puts is whether the race he has collected 
near the Tschierva glacier, in the Engadine, is the nymotypical one of 
the Campolungo Pass, in Tessin, or thiemet, Bartel, of Pontresina. 
Possessing a nice series of the former and ‘‘co-types”’ of the latter, 
sent to me by Bartel himself, I have ascertained at a glance that 
Warren’s specimens come distinctly nearer thiemet. To be more 
accurate, however, I should notice that only two of the twelve he 
figures on pl. I. are really exactly similar to Bartel’s, 7.e., the male and 
the female, with the broadest and most continuous underside band, at 
the bottom of column I. The ten others have the band much more 
reduced and broken than in thiemei, and constitute a much more 
extreme and distinct race than the latter, standing opposite the nymo- 
typical flavofasciata, and well worth distinguishing by the name of 
WARRENI, mihi. 


The Growing Importance of Entomology. 
By H. 8. FREMLIN, M.B.C.S., L.R.C.P., F.E.S. 


To most collectors Entomology means collecting butterflies and 
moths, getting as many species of these as possible, having good 
series and as many varieties as oneis able to obtain. Tosuch an one the 
“Bath White’ and the “‘ Camberwell Beauty’ are always looked-for 
prizes, and the mind turns now and then with longing to a “ Clifton 
Nonpareil,” or a ‘Crimson Speckled Footman;’’ to all the ‘“ Large 
Copper” is a gem in the collection, even though it must be obtained 
at Stevens’. There are other Collectors who hunt for beetles, or 
dragonflies, or bees, and here and there one who works for grasshoppers. 
or earwigs; but these are few. 

To all such collectors 1 new species, a rare specimen, an extra 
ordinary variety, or some special form such as a beetle that looks like 
a wasp, or a butterfly that birds like the taste of, disguising itself as 
another sort that birds do not fancy; all of these are of great interest, 
and about them societies are formed, meetings are held, evenings are 
spent, and month by month, year by year, they are exhibited and 


THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF ENTOMOLOGY. 137 


discussed, whilst the important things of Entomology, its relations with 
plant-life and medicine are lightly passed over.. 

As the idea of getting a collection fades there arises, however, in 
the mind, a hazy idea of the real, vast and increasing importanee of 
Entcmology in the world. In this paper I wish to bring to your notice 
two of the features that are most prominent; the first is: Insects and 
their influence in the Vegetable Kingdom; the second: the part 
Insects take in the Causation of Disease. 

The fact that all people and many animals are dependent on 
vegetable life for their existence, is of course well known; yet until a 
few years ago very little was systematically carried out to keep insects 
in check, and not much was known of their life-history; when they 
came and the leaves and flowers disappeared from tree or plant leaving 
only stalks, they might be syringed with a mixture of soft soap and 
water, or soot, or lime be dusted over them; if these remedies failed, 
hand picking, when possible, was tried, but this was generally done 
when most of the larvae were full fed and the crop already destroyed. 

Thousands of acres of crops were blighted by Aphides every few 
years, and part of a county frequently suffered from vast numbers of 
the ‘‘ Winter Moth” larvae, which ate the expanding buds and young 
leaves of oaks, apples, nuts, pears, etc., leaving the trees without either 
leaves or flowers, and looking as they would in the middle of winter, 
and so much injured that not only was the crop destroyed for that 
year, but after the trees had apparently recovered they were too weak to 
produce a satisfactory crop in the following year. Noremedy for either 
the Aphides or “ Winter Moth” was then known. Abroad locusts 
frequently swept over miles of vegetation leaving the country bare. 
Probably even now 2% of the crops are destroyed each year by insect 
attacks on seeds, seedlings, roots, wood, stems, leaves, flowers and fruit, 
also on stored grain, flour and other food. What does this loss repre- 
sent in money? Given that there are 1,500,000,000 people in the 
world and that each individual requires one shilling’s worth of vegetable 
food a week which amounts to £3,750,000,000 a year; 2% of this is 
£75,000,000. The insects that cause this enormous loss belong to all 
the Orders, larvae of moths attacking forests destroy the leaves over 
thousands of square miles, or attacking fruit trees live in the open buds, 
destroying leaves and flowers, piercing holes in the young fruit. 
Larvae of both moths and beetles do great damage to forest trees, not 
only do they feed on the wood, and either destroy the trees or so 
interfere with their growth that they are worthless as timber, but also 
drill holes into felled trees and so spoil them ; much wood is rendered 
useless by ‘‘ Worm”’ in this way. 

Locusts, another scourge, living when young in wild grassy areas, on 
reaching maturity and having acquired wings, fly in vast clouds from 
place to place, clearing all vegetation wherever they settle. Another 
insect, the ant, is also very injurious to general vegetation. The 
White Ant of the Tropics is one of the most destructive insects known, 
travelling in vast numbers it destroys wood, clothes, leather, in fact 
anything but metal or stone, that happens to be on its line of march. 
A curious insect known as the “Scale” attaches itself to the bark 
of branches, to twigs and leaves, especially to oranges and lemons, and 
sucks the sap: it is often present in such numbers as to cover whole 
limbs, greatly interfering with growth and crop. Cockroaches are well 


158 ie THE ENLOMOLOGISY’S RECORD. 


known in houses and cause much damage and discomfort. Aphides, 
or plant lice can blight the leaves of nearly every sort of tree or plant,. 
and, when the seasons are favourable to them, increase in such vast 
numbers as to destroy the crops and almost kill their hosts. These 
are but few instances of the great power of destruction possessed by 
insects. However, for some years now a great deal of work has been 
done to lessen the damage thus caused. The late Miss Ormerod was 
one of the first to draw public attention to the great harm done to crops 
by. insects, and her book on Jnjurious Insects and the suggestions 
there made for their control were sorely needed and have proved 
extremely useful. 

At the present time there are workers on Hconomic Entomology in 
many parts of the world, and they are doing a great work, not only in 
studying the life-history of injurious insects and finding new species, 
but also in preparing and testing remedies, and most important of all, 
erowing the parasites that attack injurious insects, and where possible 
obtaining these in sufficient numbers to send to ether countries where 
the same crops grow but where the parasites do not exist naturally. 
The most effective remedies for insect pests, are other insects and fungi 
which act as parasites. , 

Turning now to the association between Entomology and Disease, 
practically nothing was known before 1898. The Tse-l'se fly was 
known to destroy horses and cattle in Africa, and cattle and sheep were 
worried and at times died of attacks by larvae of carnivorous flies. 
When Ross discovered the parasite of Malaria in a mosquito and 
showed how this parasite was carried to man, the Medical world 
realised that a new light was shed on the cause of disease, and that 
our knowledge of infection had now brought another science in touch 
with Medicine, and Entomology was permanently linked to it and to 
be considered in all questions of the cause and prevention of disease. 

Since then many insects have been shown to set up disease either 
(1) by simply carrying an infective agent on their feet, as the house 
fly carries the germs of Typhoid fever, Dysentery, Cholera, etc., or (2) 
as a biting insect that carries the agent of disease on its proboscis and 
thrusts this into the blood stream of the host, as the flea carries the 
plague bacillus from an infected rat; or (3) by the insect itself 
becoming the host for the partial development of a parasite which 
escapes from it in the saliva and is so transmitted to man; in this way 
a mosquito carries the Malaria parasite. 

Knowledge of insect infections has so extended that Entomology 
is now one of the most important branches of Tropical Medicine. 
When M. de Lesseps attempted to dig the Panama Canal, he failed on 
account of the enormous death roll of all who ventured to undertake 
the work. The cause of the disease was then unknown; but when the 
connection between Entomology and Medicine was better understood 
it was found that a mosquito was the cause. This mosquito was 
banished by clearing out its breeding grounds on both sides of the 
track, and the death roll became practically nil. West Africa, up to 
only a few years since, was known as ‘‘The White Man’s Grave” ; 
now it is simply a hot country where with care one can remain healthy. 
Again, all have read of the Plague, a disease that has killed tens of 
thousands and almost destroyed nations, it is now known to be carried 
by a flea. The above are only a few illustrations of the known 
connection between insects and disease. 


PSYCHIDES. 139 


So that, as you see, insects carry destruction into the vegetable 
world, and disease and death into the animal kingdom; this great 
multitude of butterflies, moths, wasps, flies, grasshoppers, beetles, 
aphides, mosquitos, midges, fleas, thrips, lice, and so on, coming into 
existence every day and rising as a cloud over the earth, these are to 
be controlled, the friends improved and multiplied, and the enemies 
hunted out and destroyed. Specialists are doing their best, and a large 
amount of good work is being done. National thanks are due to the 
Entomological Societies who, entirely unsupported from without, are 
at present the chief trainers of Collectors, not only bringing them 
among colleagues, but giving them at any time the best advice. 

With all this however there is a lack of central organisation ; 
nothing corresponding to The College of Physicians exists ; no exam- 
inations are held in which Entomology is a subject, so far as I know, 
and no degree given by Universities. It has to be taken up as a 
hobby, or learned by those who are necessarily brought in contact with 
insect pests, as gardeners, or as agriculturalists. For a subject of such 
universal importance to-all living things, when every man should 
know what harm a fly or a mosquito may do, and anyone who grows 
vegetables or keeps fowls should know how to kill caterpillars and lice, 
surely a central organisation is necessary; a College of Hntomology, 
where men are trained in all branches of this subject, where insects 
and their parasites are investigated, where insect blights of individual 
species of plants growing in various parts of the world could have the 
pests and their parasites studied, where arrangements could be made 
to distribute useful parasites. ‘This central body should be linked up 
with Stations in all parts of the world to give advice, examine speci- 
mens and receive reports. Investigations carried out in the Tropics 
on pests or disease-producing insects should be notified, and when 
necessary experts could be sent out to assist the investigator. Inspectors 
should also form part of the Central Staff to assist in training the 
public by lectures, advice and practical help. A definite system of 
training should be required of all who were Members of this College. 
They should have a general knowledge of all orders of insects and 
make a speciality of one. They should also have a good knowledge of 
Botany, which is essential in connection with vegetable blights, and of 
Chemistry, so necessary in dealing with Insecticides both in their 
preparation, use, and, where necessary, analysis. 

This is only a slight outline of the great and growing importance 
of Entomology, and I trust that this paper may lead others better 
qualified to bring the subject before the notice of the public, that they 
may develop some definite scheme worthy of such a universally 
important Science. 


Psychides. 


The Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S., The Vicarage, Mucking, 
Stanford-le-hope, Essex, is very desirous of obtaining specimens of the 
following species of Psychides of which he has hitherto been unable to 
obtain even a single example. . 

N. astrella, D. adspersella, P. melas, P. punctata, P. melana, 8S. 
suifunella, S. fumosella, S. pallida, B. douglasti, B. conspurcatella, B, 
montanella, B. defoliella, T. borealis, T, improvisella, S. technica, S. 


140 THE ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


pretiosa, P.rouasti, B. raiblensis, B. norvegica, M.sawicolella, B. alpherakit, 
P.niyrolucidella, P.staudingert, P. millieret, P. flavescens, P. kuldschaensts, 
EK. mentonella, FE. alpina, EK. hofmanni, HE. flavociliella, S. helicinoides, 
A. calberlae, P. detrita, P. stiynatella, P. minutella, P. fulminella, H. 
wockit, O. vesubiella, O. inquinata, O. staudingert, A. maritimella, A. 
oberthuert, A. jordani, A. wralensis, A. grummi, A. sera, Humeta pungelert, 
EH. minusculla, I). pryeri, HE. aurea, and also additional specimens of 
the following species of which he has only one or two, generally 
imperfect examples: P. dardoinella, S. nickerlii, B. vernila, M. 
subflavella, Bijugis graeaella, B. altaica, A. helicinella, A. bruandi, A. 
constancella, P. crassicornis, P. gondebautella, H. malvinella, H. lucasi, 
O. tabanivicinella, O. colossa, A. senex,? A. tedaldti, A. quadrangularis, 
A. oschi, C. japonica, D. ragonoti, M. ciliaris, M. lugubris, S. clathrella, 
D. granigerella, B. comitella, P. nocturnella, A. praecellens, A. viadrina, 
S. standfusst, L. schiffermillert, O. silphella, and any species at present 
unnamed. 


Seven New Varieties of Abraxas grossulariata. 
By Rev. G. H. RAYNOR, M.A. 


The following very definite forms of this wonderful species seem to 
me worthy of varietal names, which I hereunder append to the technical 
descriptions of each distinct aberration. 


(GROSSULARIATA. 


ab. aberdontensis, mibi.—Forewines much clouded with black, but 
having constantly a large irregular oblong patch of white adjoining 
the black basal blotch on the inner margins of the forewings. The 
late Arthur Horne reared this freely at Aberdeen, and I have bred 
several from Yorkshire. 

ab. antemarginata, mihi.—Forewings with a black band in the 
actual specimen I am describing 8mm. broad in its upper half, but 
only 2mm. broad in its lower half, extending from the apex to the 
tornus, of the forewings. This band replaces the usual black marginal 
spots. Reared by the Rev. C. R. N. Burrows from Mucking, Essex, in 
1923. 

ab. postmarginata, mibi.—The hindwings with a broad black band 
similar to the one I have just described as occurring on the forewings 
(in ab. antemaryinata). A specimen appeared in the Sydney Webb 
sale a short time ago, but I have no note of its origin, 

ab. niyroapicata, mihi.—At the apex of each forewing is a black 
blotech—5mm. long x 3mm. broad in the specimen here described— 
extending from the apex to the black median band. It thus contrasts 
strongly with ab. fulvapicata in which the apical blotch is fulvous. A 
male bred from a wild York larva by myself in July, 1920. 

ab. nigrolineata, mibi.—On the forewings is a broad horizontal 
black line, varying in width from 1 to 2 mm., uniting the disc to the 
basal blotch. Occurs in yrossulariata and varleyata, but not so far in 
lacticolor. 


CURRENT NOTES. 141 


Lacticouor. 


ab. subangulata, mihi.—Beneath the disc of the forewing is a black 
angular (or elbowed) line varying in intensity, but very distinct. 
Although this peculiarity is not very rare in lacticolor, I have reared 
only one grossulariata possessing it. 


VARLEYATA. 


ab. niyrocretacea, mihi.—Very similar to ab. exquisita, but having 
the white areas larger and more transparent. On the hindwings the 
only black markings, besides the discs, are a faint black transverse 
band, so broad as to cover about a third of the wing, and a row of small 
black spots, sometimes forming a narrow band, round the edge of the 
outer margin. This very charming variety has beenevolved from ab. 
varleyata, and possibly does not occur in a wild state. I have bred a 
few examples suffused with yellow—a very handsome insect. (Locality 
Yorkshire). 


CURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


Iintomology is slowly becoming recognised in high places. We 
read with pleasure in the daily press that a Civil Pension has been 
granted to Miss Bacot, who was wholly dependent upon her brother 
the late A. Bacot, in recognition of his devotion to the scientific 
investigation of disease. 

The London Naturalist for the year 1922 consists of about 40 pp. of 
matter other than entomological. A report of half a page of very 
short summaries of five field meetings represents, ‘‘ almost exclusively,” 
the work of the Entomological Section during the year. Ornithology 
and Archaeology seem the chief lines of study of the present meinbers 
of the Society, which years ago made its name as the City of London 
Entomological Society, in the days of Clark, Bacot, Prout, etc. There 
are two plates of birds. 

The Vasculum, a North Country Quarterly, was established nine 
years ago to deal with Science and Local History, more particularly of 
the six northern counties of England. Among the names of those 
responsible for its contents we note the Rev. J. HE. Hull, M.A., editor, 
our colleague R. §. Bagnall, F.1.5., H. Ernest Green (President of the 
Entomological Society), J. W. H. Harrison, D.Sc., etc., and F. C. 
Garrett, D.Sc. (Business Editor). In a circular sent to us we read 
that in spite of ‘“‘a great increase in the circulation we have not yet 
become self-supporting,” and the editors appeal for further subscribers 
of 5s. per ann. ‘hose numbers of the magazine which we have perused 
were most interesting, and appeal strongly to all field workers. 

The final part of the Annales de la Société entomologique de France 
for 1922 contains, I., J. A. Lestage, Catalogue des E.,phéméres de 
France; II., E. Rabaud, sur Ja Nidification de Ceratina callossa 
(Hym); II1., L. Sheljuzko, Lépidopteres nouveaux ou peu connus 
de la Sibérie (plt.); IV., EH. Fleutiaux, Les Melastdae du Japon (plt.); 


1492 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


V., F. Brocher, Biologie et physiologie des Dytiscides; VI., Dr. 
Gautier, Un Aleurode parasite du Poirier (plt.); VII., P. Lesne et L. 
Mercier, Un Staphylinide parasite des Muscides fucicoles (plt.) ; VIIL., 
EK. Séguy, Nouveaux Anthomyiaires (Dip.); IX., A. Mequignon, Les 
Melasidae; X., C. Oberthtir, Notice nécrologique sur Rowland-Brown. 

The Transactions of the Carlisle Nat. Hist. Socy., Vol. II1., has now 
been issued. Vol. I. was issued in 1909, and Vol. II. in 1912. The 
inordinate delay of Vol. III. has been caused by the incidence of the 
war, the untimely death of Mr. Dunlop, one of the chief contributors, 
and to the heavy cost of printing. The List of Coleoptera by Mr. F. H. 
Day is now completed, that of Lepidoptera by Mr. G. B. Routledge 
is completed to the end of the Geometers and in later volumes the groups 
of smaller moths will be dealt with. We congratulate the Society on 
its achievements and on the continuance of its youthful enthusiasm. 

Parts I. or IL. of the Transactions of the Entomological Society of 
London have just been issued and contains fourteen separate papers 
and forty-eight pages of Proceedings. I., H. H. Andrews on the 
Schmidt Goebel Types of Carabidae; II., H. J. Carter, a Revision of 
the Australian Species of Melobasis (Col.) ; I1I., Malcolm Burr, B. P. 
Campbell, and B. P. Uvarov on the Orthoptera of Macedonia; IV., 
G. T. Bethune-Baker, on the Pupal Shell of Lachnocnema bibulus 
(Lep.); V., A. J. Turner, a Lepidopterous Scavenger living in Parrot’s 
Nests; VI., I’. Muir, on the Genitalia of some Diptera and of Merope 
tuber; VIL., R. J. Tillyard, on the Mouth-parts of the Microptery- 
eoidea (Lep.); VIII, C. B. Williams, Records and Problems of 
Insect Migration; IX., T. G. Sloane, Classification of the Carabidae ; 
X., G. B. Walsh, Growth of the Larva of Dicranura vinula; X1., 
F. Silvestri, Thysanura, Termitidae, and Embiidae of Mesopotamia ; 
XI1., H. Kltringham, the Larva of Pterocroce storeyi (Nemop.); XIII., 
©. L. Withycombe, Notes on the Crocini (Nemop.); XIV., J. 
Waterston, the Mallophaga of the Shackleton Expedition. There are 
thirteen plates and numerous woodcuts with 290 pages. 

At last the Proceedings of the South London Entomological and N. 
H. Soe. have been issued for 1922. It is the most pretentious volume 
the Society has so far issued, consisting of 180 pages and 8 plates. A 
full review will be published later on. 

An interesting Bulletin (no. 295) has been issued by the Ontario 
Department of Agriculture, on the European Corn-Borer in Ontario. 
This Lepidopteron, Pyrausta nubilalis, is another emigrant from the 
old continent which has flourished amazingly in the new. It had 
already been recognised as a pest in some parts of Austria, and was 
probably introduced about 1909. Although originally attached to hops, 
hemp, broom corn, and millet, its favourite pabulum: now is Indian 
maize. It was discovered as a pest about 1920, in Elgin Co., Ontario, 
and has gradually spread since over some two dozen counties of the 
Dominion. 

We have received from Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker one of those 
extremely useful monographs which he periodically issues on a genus 
of the Lycaenidae. The present one deals with the difficult genus 
Catochrysops, Boisd. (sens. lat.), in the light of modern morphological 
research. It contains 21 plates, of which three are coloured, illus- 
trating imagines, appendages, and androconia. 


SOCIETIES. 143 


SOCIETIES. 


Tar EnromonocicaL Sociery oF Lonpon. 


April 4th, 1923.—Hecrions.—The following were elected Fellows 
of the Society:—Mr. G. F. Gee, Houldsworth, near Chertsey; Mr. J. 
B. Hicks, 99, Barkston Gardens, S. Kensington, 8.W. 6. 

Exureitions.—Mr. Thos. Greer, a visitor, expressed his thanks 
for the opportunity given him of attending the meeting, and exhibited a 
number of Lepidoptera from Hast Tyrone. 

Mr. H. D. Riley exhibited and described a new Satyrid butterfly 
from East Africa. 

Mr. F. D. Morice exhibited and made remarks upon a rare British 
Hymenopteron, Pseudogonalos hahni, Spinola. 

Mr. H. J. Turner exhibited examples of Colias behri, Hdw., from 
the Yosemite Park, U.S.A., at 9,700 ft. 


May 2nd.—Exections.— The following were elected Fellows of the 
Society :—Dr. R. C. Lowther, M.B., Ch.B., Fernleigh, Grange-over- 
Sands, Lanes; Mr. John D. Sherman, Junr., 132, Primrose Avenue, 
Mount Vernon, New York, U.S.A. 

Wickxen Fen Funn.—The Treasurer made a statement on the 
financial position of the Wicken Fen Fund and made an appeal to 
Fellows for further contributions. 

Exursitions.—Mr. W. G. Sheldon exhibited types of Argynnis 
aglaia race scotica, Watkins. (Hnt., Vol. LVI., pp. 109.) 

Professor K. B. Poulton, F.R.S., read notes on:—(1) The meal 
made by a monkey on Lepidopterous larvae and pupae; (2) Some 
striking examples of mimicry in Butterflies from the Federated Malay 
States. 

Mr. W. J. Kaye exhibited some Nymphaline butterflies that showed 
the upper surface pattern as seen from beneath in a floating flight. 
Professor Poulton in discussing Mr. Kaye’s exhibit read a letter from 
Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S., on the optical interpretation of this 
phenomenon. 

Mr. C. L. Withycombe exhibited and gave some account of an 
Ascalaphid larva from Nyassaland. 

Mr. T. W. Kirkpatrick exhibited living larvae of Pterocroce storeyi, 
Withycombe, from near Cairo, and distributed several to Fellows 
desirous of breeding the perfect insect. 

Mr. O. E. Hanson exhibited examples of Leistus montanus, Steph., 
from the Knockmealdown Mts., Co. Waterford. 

Parers.—The following papers were read :—(1) ‘‘ On the classitica- 
tion of the Carabidae,’ by Mr. T. G. Sloane. (2) ‘ Observations on 
the growth of the larva of the Puss Moth (Cerura vinula, Fab.), by Mr. 
G. B. Walsh, B.Sc. (Communicated by Mr. E.C. Bedwell.) (8) “On 
Thysanura, Termitidae and Hmbiidae, collected in Mesopotamia and 
N.W. Persia, by Mr. W. Edgar Evans, B.Sc., and Dr. P. A. Buxton,” 
by EF. Silvestri. (Communicated by Mr. K. J. Morton.) (4) ‘‘ On the 
larva of Pterocroce storeyi, Withyeombe (Nemopteridae),” by Dr. H. 
Eltringham. (5) “Systematic notes on the Crocini (Nemopteridae) 
with descriptions of new genera and species,” by Mr. C. L. Withycombe, 
M.Se. (6) ‘“ Onthe Mallophaga of the Shackleton-Rowatt Expedition, 
1921-1922,” by Dr. J. Waterston. 


144 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


JR EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Part 27 of the Lepidopterorum Catalogus has recently been issued. 
It deals with the Parnassiidae and consists of about 250 pages. The 
compiler is F. Bryk who is well known for his study of this group for 
many years. ‘The voluminous references and the general arrangement 
backed by a detailed closer search, prove that the contribution is quite 
worthy to be classed with the parts of the Catalogue compiled by 
L. B. Prout, to whose exhaustive thoroughness we have referred 
previously. Zerynthia takes the place of Thais as the genus name for 
rumina and its two congeners. Thais is a Fabrician genus name 
(Ill. Mag., Vol. VI., 1807), but was already in use in Mollusea (Bolt.) 
1798, and therefore by the Rules of Nomenclature not available. 
Ochsenheimer in Schm. Hur., 1[V., 1816. substituted Zerynthia, and this 
was used by Her.-Schif., 1835, Treitschke 1840, Mann 1844, ete. 
Scudder in his Revision. pointed this out in detail in 1875. ‘This has 
been accepted by Kirby, 1902, Stichel, 1907, Rothschild, 1918, and 
others. It is unfortunate that our British insular conservatism has 
so long prevented us from adjusting oft-pointed-out errors, such as 
this and janira for jurtina and edusa for croceus, ete. Year in and 
year out we have gone on using polywena of Schiffermuller, 1776 (5). 
Butler long ago corrected this to hypermmnestra, Scopoli’s name of 1763 
(Ent. Carn. p. 149.), in his Cat. of Diur. Lep. of Fab., 1869. 

Herr Bryk has separated some half-a-dozen species of the old genus 
Parnassius into two small genera, Aailasius and Taduma, which action 
had been previously suggested by ’. Moore leaving the bulk in Par- 
nassius proper. 

As an example of the compiler’s throughness we have selected the 
well-known species apollo. The references to this species occupy over 
seventy quarto pages, and are dealt with in an analytic way. First 
are given the references dealing with the species in general; next 
come references as to the Biology of the species, then as to the Ovum, 
the Larva, the Tentaculae, the Pupa, the Palpi, the Antennae, the 
Squamae, the Neuration, the Copulation, the Stridulation, the 
Parasitation, the Breeding, the Thermo-biology, the Hermaphroditism, 
the Hybridisation, the Significance of the Wing-ornamentation, and 
even to the various regulations which have been made as to the 
preservation of local races like vinningensis. 

Next the references to the aberrations are given, in alphabetical 
order with their synonyms. ‘These are succeeded by a series referring 
to aberrations of neuration dealt with under the three headings, 
Metathesis, Plethoneurose and Atrophie, with a section devoted to 
monstrous forms. 

The next set of references are to the typical form in particular, 

succeeded by those to the large number of local races, and to their 
various synonyms and forms. A conclusion is made with a few 
names which the compiler considers to be nomina nuda. This is 
probably the most complete and helpful list of references which has 
ever been made for any one species. 
We can only say how much future generations of students of 
entomology will gain in starting work with such preparation as is 
afforded by lists of this thoroughness. We congratulate the author 
and publishers as well as the lucky students of the future.—H.J.T. 


Subscriptions for Vol. XXXV. (10 shillings) should be sent to 
Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Gross, 
S.E.14 [This subscription includes all numbers published from 
January 15th to December 15th, 1923.) 


Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be 
notified to Mr. Herbert E. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.E. 14 


ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted will be nserted at a minimum 
oharge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Longer Advertisementsin proportion. A reduction made for a series 
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.1. 14 


Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. I. Paas “ Bertrose 
Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, S.f., otherwise their magazines will probably bs delayed. 


Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the 
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data 
indispensable. Liberal return made.—JV. G. Pether, ‘‘ Thelma,” 4, Willow Bridge 
Road, London, N. 1. 


Duplicates.—Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quereus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), 
*“B. quercus ¢, Tiliss, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophearia vars. 
Paniscus. Desiderata.—Pups of Dictseoides; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina 
{cark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria.—Harold B. JVilliams, 
3/8a, Bensham Manor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, 
Nepta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Irish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. 
id ‘tigma, Ashworthii, YTempli, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.— 
ford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford. 


Puplicates.—-Cinerea @?, fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vars. 
in orata and other Hast Sussex species. 


Desiderata.—Pups. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista, 
i, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctusz 
endition only.—d. J. Wightman, 35, Morris Road, Lewes. 


: icf or AppREsS.—Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.H.S., ‘‘ Ellesmere,’ Gratwicke 
HOGd, ¥ orthing. 


“on Sale.—Three vols. of Ganglbauer’s Die Kiifer von Mittelewropa. Any reason- 
ab.° offer accepted.—H.D., 19, Hazlewell Road, Putney, S.W.15. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W. 7, 
8 p.m. October 3rd, 17th. 


The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, S.H.3. 


The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets.in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C. 2, first and 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. EH. 
Gurac, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16. 


All MS. and editorial matter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.H.14 


We must earnestly request our correspondents Now to send ws communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 


Lists of Douriicarrs and Drstprrata should be sent direct to “Mr. H. E. Page, 
Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, §.H. 14 


OVA, LARV4E, AND PUP. 


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H. W. HEAD, G@ittontalonist, 


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etc., sent on application. 


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IMPORTANT 
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BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journal of Variation. 


(Vols. I-X XXIII.) 


CONTENTS OF Vol. I. (Most important only mentioned.) 

Grnus Acronycta and its allies.—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and awrelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Pauper on Taeniocampidue—Phylloxera— Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp. 


To be obtained from— 
Mr. H. E. PAGH, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, §8.E. 14 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable. 


oct 31 1923 | a 
No. 10, 


5 Record 
journal of variation 


WbimEpd By 


"Ricnarp S. BAGNALL, v.1.s., ¥.E.s. Tag i Column: nae: 

" Gronce T. BETHUNE-BAKHR, F.1.8., F-E.S. H. Str. J. K. DONISTHORPH, v.z.s., v.8.8. 
“M. BURR, p.sc., F-L.S., F.Z.8., F-E.S. Joun Hartiry DURRANT, r-x.s. 

“(Rev.) C. R. N. BURROWS, r.u.s. Aurrep SICH, F.u.s. 

BH. A. COCKAYNGE, m.p., F.@.8. ' (Rzv.) Gzorer WHEELER, m.a., F-n.8. 


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CONTENTS. 


E PAGE. 
a The Lido in May, George Wheeler, M.A., F.H.S.. ig ne Se va 45 
List of Orthoptera and ee collected in the Hastern Pyrenees Hugh Scott, M.A., 
me D.Sc, FES... BS . 146 
Old Haunts ie wien, Russell Fait Fr B. S. Re Sees ce ae .. 149 
“Geographical Variation in Hipparchia semele, Roger Ver a VED ise ts are : So lap) 
Nores on Courectine :—A. grossulariata v. SOUT IRENE G. T. Porritt, F.L.S., F.H.S. ; 
4 A Habit of M. stellatarum, A. Sich, F.E.S.; seh’ of P. atalanta, 18L. LE Be i: 
exisua at Mucking, Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, F.E.S.; D. ocellaris in Britain, poe 
Mitford, F.H.S.; UL. algirus, at Fairlight, ee : : 156 
) CurRentT Norzs. aS at Sc Se su 36 oe Ne a zs pie nea is) 


7 Soctetizs :—The Entomological Society ; The §. London Entomological Society. .. ne t60 
- List of the Macro- oe of a and the Isle of Wight, W. Fassnidge, M.A.  (9)-(12) 


OCTOBER 15th, 1928 


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Russell James, H. J. Turner, with Reports of Societies and Reviews. 


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OCT 381 1923. 
THE LIDO IN MAY. 145 


The Lido in May. 
By GEORGE WHEELER, M.A, F.E.S. 


The fortnight from May 18th to June Ist this year I spent at 
Venice. In Venice itself there are practically no butterflies, but I had 
three days hunting on the Lido. the fauna of which seems so little 
known that I thought it well to take specimens of every species I saw. 
The only part of the Malamocco Lido (the only district visited) which 
lends itself to the chase is reached by taking the tram from the 
landing place to the Excelsior Restaurant, and then continuing in the 
same direction, 7.e., southward, on the landward side of. the embank- 
ment. The top of the embankment, and here and there the seaward 
slope, may also be advantageously explored. Very shortly after leaving 
the buildings one enters on a little country lane, and at the entrance to 
to this, butterflies begin to appear. A few specimens of Aporia 
crataeygt, Pieris brassicae and P. rapae were met with here on each 
occasion, also Hpinephele jurtina, Coenonympha pamphilus, and Augiades 
sylvanus, the last three being also tolerably abundant throughout the 
whole extent of the tract visited. Here also on May 30th I 
took the only specimen of Polyyonia c-albwm that I saw. P. rapae 
was much commoner on the vetch with which the top and the land- 
ward side of the embankment were clothed farther on. — Colias croceus 
occurred very sparingly on May 26th, but was very abundant on the 
30th and 31st, the helice form of the ? being also taken in varying 
shades of creamy yellow. Dolyonmatus icarus was not uncommon on 
the embankment, the only other Lycaenid seen being a single specimen 
of Syntarucus telicanus taken on a small patch of privet by the side of 
the track. On the 26th, I took one specimen of Pontia daplidice, 
which occurred fairly frequently on the 81st, but only gs were met 
with. Pyrameis cardut was present in many hundreds on all three 
occasions, in every possible condition except that of absolute freshness, 
a few however being but little the worse for wear. They must, I 
think, have dispersed later, as 1 saw no plant on which the larvae 
eould conceivably feed, except a few very stunted specimens of a sea- 
thistle, which would certainly not have sufficed as pabulum for a single 
family of caterpillars. A single specimen of P. atalanta, too bad to 
keep, was the only other Vanessid present. By the side of a very 
sluggish-looking stream (if indeed a “stream” at all), I took two 
specimens of Pieris napi, of the summer form, the only representatives 
of the species that I saw. Pararge megera was fairly common, the 
ragged remains of the first brood only on the 26th; these also 
continued to be on the wing on the 30th and 31st, but on the latter 
day a few very fresh gs of the second brood also appeared, the two 
broods thus overlapping. The same phenomenon occurred in the case 
of Pieris rapae, worn specimens of the spring form and fresh ones of 
the summer form being found on each occasion. This, I think, was 
also the case with Coenonympha pamphilus, judging both from the 
condition and the form of the specimens captured, but in this instance 
I am not perfectly certain, as I am in the other two. Carcharodus 
alceae, common, but mostly rather worn, completes the list of 
Rhopalocera. 

But few Heterocera were observed. Macroglossa stellatarum 
occurred, but not frequently ; Arctia villica was occasionally disturbed 

Ocroper 15rH, 1928. 


146 {HE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


both from the hedge and from the vetch, and was particularly fine and 
fresh, Coscinia striata was also frequently started from the embankment, 
and May 31st gave me on the same ground a beautiful fresh example of 
Deiopeia pulchella. Of the Noctuids two species of Acontia, lucida and 
luctuosa, were common at one spot and appeared occasionally also 
elsewhere, and Plusta gamma provided three or four examples only. 
Finally, a burnet which I take to be Zygaena lonicerae occurred in some 
numbers on the top of the embankment. 

The list of butterflies is not long, consisting only of two Hesperids, 
two Lyeaenids, six Pierids, three Vanessids and three Satyrids, sixteen 
species in all; but the time available was very limited, and on one of 
my three visits, May 30th, the sun went in within an hour of my 
arrival ; the available space was even more limited, being little more 
than a mile in length and at no point more than fifty or sixty yards in 
breadth. 

The only two species which seem to call for special notice are 
Epinephele jurtina and Coenonympha pamphilus. The 9s of the 
former were very large in comparison with the gs, but showed only 
slight inclination towards the hispulla form. The undersides of both 
sexes varied greatly in the number of spots on the hind wing and those 
of the 9s varied also in colour; this sex was only just emerging and I 
only found five specimens (the ¢s being very common), but of these 
five the colouring of no two undersides was alike. The 3s also varied 
much on the upperside in the amount of orange colouring round the 
apical eye-spot, which in some was barely visible, and in others formed 
a sort of veiled cloud extending two-thirds down the wing, whilein one 
Specimen there was an orange patch as conspicuous, though not so 
large, as that of the ¢. Another specimen was almost of the sem- 
alba form, and yet another of an intermediate shade. 

In (. pamphilus the hindwings of the underside were almost 
unicolorous even in the @s of those which I take to be the remnants 
of the Ist brood, whilst the same wings on the upperside showed no 
trace of spots, the fresher specimens on the other hand, had generally 
a somewhat conspicuous whitish mark, more or less crescentic, on the 
underside of the hindwings, and showed traces of spots even in some of 
the gs on the upperside of the same wings, whilst in some of the 9s 
they were very conspicuous. ‘These had also, as a rule, a broader dark 
margin to all the wings, but as this feature was variable, and the 
colouring of the underside hindwing not quite constant, I am not 
certain as to the overlapping of the two broods in this species. 

The Lido is a narrow island (or rather succession of islands) 
defending Venice from the Adriatic, but has far more the appearance 
of being mainland than any other part of the islands. Horses and 
carriages as well as motor-trams are much in evidence, though quite 
unknown elsewhere in the Venetian islands, where locomotion is either 
by water on the canalg, or on foot in the narrowest of imaginable 


alleys. 


List of Orthoptera and Neuroptera collected in the Eastern 
Pyrenees, with ecological notes. 
By HUGH SCOTT, M.A., Sc.D., F.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 126.) 
i 24. Mecostethus [Stethophyma] grossus, (i.).—One @ , taken in long 
erass in the same moist meadow with Parapleurus alliaceus and 


LIST OF ORTHOPTERA AND NEUROPTERA IN EASTERN PYRENEES. 147 


Chorthippus parallelus, 19.VIII. When caught, the lighter parts were 
light yellow rather than green. A more northern species, occurring 
all over France, and widely distributed in Kurope and N. Asia. 

25. Oe4daleus decorus, (Germar) (nigrofasciatus, De Geer).—One 2? , 
with some bright green colour dorsally, taken on the actual road to 
Fillols, below the dry, cistus-dotted slopes. A southern species (S. 
Europe, Africa), occurring over all France south of the Loire and 
recorded also from two departments immediately adjacent to Paris. 

26. Oedipoda germanica, Latr. (miniata, Chopard et auctt., nec 
Pall.).—Abundant, but restricted to particular places, especially dry 
and stony spots: frequently settling on heaps of stones piled in one 
place, for repairing purposes, beside the road to Fillols. This species 
attracts attention in flight by the colour of the hindwings, the basal 
part of which is bright red, bordered externally by a dark band. In 
the series before me the prevailing tone of the cryptic coloration of the 
elytra, etc., varies from greyish to reddish-brown ; it happens that one 
strikingly reddish specimen (2) was taken on a patch of red earth, 
21.VIII. Mr. Uvarov informs me (én litt.) that this Mediterranean 
species ranges as far east as Asia Minor, and extends rather far north 
in the western part of its range, but does not occur in HKuropean 
Russia or in other parts of Asia, records from these countries being 
due to confusion in the nomenclature.* 

27. *4+Oedipoda coerulescens, (L.).—Abundant in dry and stony 
places. Like the last, it has a eryptic coloration except for the hind- 
wings, which are basally bright blue, with a broad dark band. All 
France: Kurope, N. Africa, W. Asia. 

28. Acrotylus insubricus, (Scop.).—Represented in the material 
only by two immature ? 2. Chopard records it from a number of 
the far southern departments of France, right across from the Italian 
frontier to the Biscay coast: South Hurope, Africa, Western Asia. 

29. Sphingonotus coerulans, (i.).—I only found this species once | 
(21.VIII.), right on top of the arid ridge across which winds the road 
to the village of Fillols; the ground was bare and very stony, and the 
tufts of cistus, etc., scanty. The insects frequented the bare stony 
patches, with which their cryptic colouring harmonised well. The 
hindwings are basally pale blue but with no dark band at all. This 
species was abundant in that one plaee, but the specimens were 
difficult to capture. Chopard records it from all France south of the 
Loire, and some other departments, even north of Paris: Central and 
S. Europe, N. Africa, Asia. 

80. Calliptamus *(Caloptenus) italicus, (L.).—Abundant: among a 
seriesoften g g andeleven ? ? ,therearetwo g g andfive ? ? ofthe 
form with two pale stripes along the lateral keels of the pronotum and 
extending on to the elytra, and two other @ ? in which there is a 
faint trace of these stripes. ‘his species occurred in several different 
types of habitat; the g g were all taken in dry, stony, treeless places 
beside the Villols road, 18-21.VIII.; while seven of the 9 9 were 
taken, 24.VIII., on the very steep hillside east of the road to Casteill, 
some among bracken, broom, ete,, the others at a higher elevation on 
the pine-needles which covered the ground beneath a wood of pines, 


* Novitates Zoologicae, XXX., 1928, p. 70. 


148 — THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


which is at this spot without undergrowth. Found over nearly all 
France: general distribution, Central and 8. Europe, N. Africa, W. 
Asia.” 

Some matters of interest can be deduced from the foregoing ilst. 
(i.) Northern species and Mediterranean species occurred to a con- 
siderable extent in different habitats, e.y., the species taken among damp 
meadow grass, Paraplenrus alliaceus, Chorthippus parallelus, and 
Mecostethus yrossus are all, on the whole, northern, and the same may 
perhaps be said of those found among ling under pines, namely, 
Pholidoptera griseoaptera and Leptophyes punctatissima ; while Mediter- 
ranean forms, such as the species of Oedipoda, Sphingonotus coerulans, 
and Caloptenus italicus, frequented hot, dry places. Of course there 
are some exceptions, e.y., Metrioptera albopunctata, which extends fairly 
far north, was taken in dry, treeless places. (ii.) The northern and 
the southern species occurred (though in different habitats) within the 
same thousand feet of vertical distribution (2000 to 8000 ft. above sea- 
level): on the other hand, the fact that much higher elevations were 
not visited, doubtless accounts for the absence from my list of such 
forms as Gomphocerus sibiricus, G. brevipennis, Stenobothrus bréhlemanni, 
and Stauroderus scalaris (morio), all of which are included in Azam’s 
list from the Val d’Eyne, and which are recorded by Chopard as 
occurring (in France) at elevations above 1500 or 1000 metres (about 
4900 and 8800 feet respectively). (i1.) All the species are forms of 
very wide distribution except Hphippiger cunii and Stauroderus 
binotatus, which are limited to parts of France and the Iberian 
Peninsula. (iv.) Remarks on cryptic coloration have been made 
under Stauroderus biyuttulus, Chorthippus pulvinatus, and the species of 
VOedipoda and Sphingonotus. The grasshoppers provided a whole series 
of cryptically coloured forms: grass-green in the moist meadows; the 
brown of dead grass in C. pulvinatus, which occurred abundantly in 
dead grass; mottled browns, reddish tints, etc., in species that were 
found among low bushes with bare interspaces; and stone-colours in 
the species frequenting bare stony places. But I do not recall any 
great difficulty in seeing the insects, especially when they had once 
moved, however well they harmonised with the background on which 
they alighted. They were difficult to capture, but this was owing 
much more to their powers of swift movement than to their colouring. 
Probably the value of the cryptic colouring cannot be accurately 
gauged without more precise information than we at present have, as 
to what are the enemies of each species, and what powers of vision 
those enemies possess. 


NEUROPTERA. 


My records are very few, nor am I acquainted with any local list 
of the district. Xambeu includes no Neuroptera in his ‘‘ Faune des 
Pyrénées-Orientales’’ (cited above), remarking on p. 208 that his 
material was too incomplete. My captures may be briefly listed as 
follows :—Myrmeleonidae: fairly numerous on the dry stony hills 


* Among the voluminous literature on the bionomics of this species, notes on 
recent outbreaks in parts of France have been given by de Joannis and Falcoz, 
Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1922, pp. 223; 315 respectively. 


OLD HAUNTS RE-VISITED. 149 


towards Fillols; Macronemurus appendiculatus, Latr.,one g , four 2 g 

(a Mediterranean and South Russian species*); Nelees nemausiensts, 
Borkh., one ?, determined by C. L. Withycombe and confirmed by 
Mr. P. Esben-Petersen from a photograph of the wing; known from - 
S. France, Spain, and the Canaries. Ascalaphidae: I saw only two 
specimens, of which I captured one; it proved to be Ascalaphus 
longicornis, L. Chrysopidae: Chrysopa prasina, Burm.; Chrysopa 
walkeri, Mcliachl., six examples, beaten in woods of small deciduous 
trees, oak or chestnut (Mr. Withycombe tells me that this species is 
known from §S. France, Hungary, Hastern Hurope, and the Caucasus 
{Suchum, 1911, Malcolm Burr coll.|). Hemerobiidae: Loriomyia 
subnebulosa, Steph., Hemerobius lutescens, Fabr., and H. stiyma, Steph.; 
the Cambridge Museum also contains two examples of Meyalomus 
tortricoides, Ramb., taken at Vernet in June, 1891, by Dr. Sharp, 
while he and Mr. Champion were staying with Monsieur Oberthur. 
Panorpidae: Panorpa meridionalis, Klug., several g g and 2 ? were 
taken in shrubby places and deciduous woods, and the Cambridge 
Museum also contains examples taken at Vernet by Dr. Sharp, VI.1891 ; 
this beautiful species is striking from the deep black of the wing- 
markings; it is recorded from Central and §. France, Pyrenees, Spain, 
Portugal and Rumania (Cat. Coll. Selys, Vascic. V., part 2, p. 24, 
1921); no other Panorpa was seen. 


Old haunts re-visited—Wicken and the Deal Sandhills. 
By RUSSELL JAMES, F.E.S. 


After an interval of ten years, I determined to renew my old 
acquaintance with Wicken Fen, the attraction being the greater as the 
district was—entomologically—new to my son.* In order to have a 
larger scope we did not stay in Wicken itself, but hired an ‘“ Mnfield ” 
motor-cycle and side-car and made our headquarters in a small village 
not far from Mildenhall. 

_ A side-car machine is a great asset in collecting as you can cover 
so much ground and get right on to the desired spot with your 
paraphernalia—light, sheet, etc. 

I was very anxious to see how Wicken Fen fared under the 
management of the National Trust, and I may say at once that the 
impression I brought away was entirely good. The fen growth 
appears to be well and intelligently controlled—the bushes allowed to 
remain and thicken near the main drove and kept clearer away back. 

Here there are large open reedy spaces in varying stages of growth, 
where the Milk Parsley flourishes and Papilio machaon larvae abound 
in numbers far exceeding anything I have known in the past. 

This species is partially protected. None of the village people are 
allowed in the fen, where formerly P. machaon larvae were collected 
wholesale by village boys. Hach visitor is allowed to take up to a 
dozen specimens in either egg, larva, pupa or perfect state. I should 


* The distribution of these two species of Myrmeleonidue is cited from Esben- 
Petersen’s ‘‘Help-notes towards the determination of the Huropean Myrme- 
leonidae,’”’ Hint. Meddelelser, XII., part 2, pp. 97-127, 1918. 


150 THE KNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


have thought that a graduated scale might have been better—more 
eggs and fewer full grown larvae, pupae or imagines. However the 
butterfly can well protect itself and the pupa conceal itself; it is as a 
larva that the danger exists —it is so conspicuous if you know where to 
look. After all, its present numbers seem to prove that the arrange- 
ment is a good practical one. 

With this exception there is no restriction put upon the bona-fide 
amateur entomologist, although Barnes, the fen watcher, gives one the 
impression that he is a watcher in a real sense and would allow no 
nonsense. 

He is also adamant in refusing access to the fen to anyone not 
provided with the official permit of the National Trust. 

I think it would be well possibly to protect Mutricha quercifolia in 
some measure. ‘This species has also suffered from over collecting in 
the past at the hands of the locals, and does not seem to be recovering. 
We had no suitable nights at light ourselves and did not see it, but 
from enquires made I believe it is becoming a comparative rarity, while 
in days gone by I have seen a couple of dozen or more in a night. 
With this exception and possibly a waning of Nascia cilialis the fen 
fauna seems very healthy. 

Our four nights, with bright clear skies and nearly a full moon, 
were no criterion—although treacle was on strongly—but I met others 
and compared notes, and all the old species are doing well. Leucania 
obsoleta seems to be slowly increasing, Arsilonche albovenosa is going 
through one of its plentiful phases and Phraymatoecia arwndinis 
(castaneae) has maintained its largely increased numbers which were 
apparent ten years ago. 

According to one gentleman Senta maritima seems to have gone 
again, but then this was never an old Wicken species, and only put in 
an appearance very sparingly about 1905—although common locally 
at Ely. 

As I mentioned, the four nights we spent in the en (July 24th, 
26th, 28th, and 29th), were bright with a full moon—a chill coming on 
early from rapid radiation after a hot sun. A number of moths flew 
at dusk—prominently Nudaria senea and Scoparia pallida. As the late 
Mr. Tutt said years ago, N. senea in numbers at dusk nearly always 
heralds an entomological collapse after dark, and so it proved. 

It is true that on the 28th with the moon clouded over we had a 
little ran on the sheet from half-past ten till eleven, but after that it 
fizzled out entirely. 

Hydrelia uncula appeared the moment the lamp was lit, followed 
immediately by Cosmotriche potatoria—the capture of the evening—as 
it was a very fine specimen of the pale yellow male variety; only the 
third I have ever taken at Wicken. Two other typical males came along, 
some ‘‘ wainscots,”’ Lithosia griseola, Acidalia immutata, Nudaria senex, 
Chilo phragmitellus, ete., and then the chill air came along and flight 
ceased. 

On the 29th again a few moths came including Phragmatoecia 
arundinis (castaneae) and odd specimens of Paraponyx stratiotata, 
Fihodophaea advenella, and Chilo forficellus. 

At dusk Hpione apiciaria, the pale fenland Cidaria testata, and 
Chilo phragmitellus (including two females) were in plenty and a few 
Acidalia immutata and Caenobia rufa. The buckthorn feeders, Scotosta 


OLD HAUNTS RE-VISITED. 151 


rhamnata and S. vetulata were practically over, and Collix sparsata 
quite so. 

Moths swarmed on treacle each night but the vast majority were 
Apamea secalis and Xylophasia monoylypha. A couple of fresh Agrotis 
obscura were taken and some fine Leucania straminea. L. pudorina 
were still good and plentiful and Apamea leucostigma and Calamia 
phragmitidis just coming out. Tapinostola hellmanni were also out, 
turning up very late as usual. Caradrina alsines and C. tarawaci were 
in moderate numbers and a fine variable lot of Aygrotis nigricans were 
taken. 

A few each of Cleoceris viminalis, Mania maura, Calymnia affinis, 
Triphaena interjecta and Ceriyo cytherea made a pretty large bag and 
the mixture of the seasons was shown by a belated Meliana flamimea 
and some fresh Noctua festiva occurring among such August species as 
A, leucostigna and C. phragmitidis. 

A few poor Herminia cribralis were netted and odd larvae of 
Saturnia carpiut and Arsilonche albovenosa picked up. 

I examined a lot of Thalictrum flavum, which is now very 
abundant in the fen, but found no Cidaria sagittata larvae. 

We did not get time to visit its old quarters in Burwell Ien, where 
I found it so plentiful in 1899, but I was pleased to hear from a 
visitor, that it had occurred this year in a locality some miles away. 

So much for Wicken. 

An evening at Chippenham Fen hardly did it justice, as heavy rain 
had occurred in the afternoon and again late in the evening. Few 
moths flew at dusk, but we took Toaocampa pastinum,Hydrelia uncula, 
a nics Coremta quadrifasctaria, and a fair lot of Rivula sericealis. 
Treacle produced not a single moth—probably owing to the masses of 
ragwort. There were lots of moths at this bloom—mostly Ayrotis 
nigricans, but the rain was now so heavy that we did not look very 
closely. 

When we reached the side-car, we appeared to be landed in the 
Fen for the night. It was the first day of our trip, and hitherto we 
had only started the engine when it was warm. LDeing now stone 
cold it defied our utmost efforts. As a matter of fact although we did 
not know it at the time, the priming taps were carboned up and when 
we imagined we were flooding the cylinders, no petrol was getting 
through. At last in despair, we decided to push it along the grassy 
lane for nearly half-a-mile on to the main road, and here with the aid 
of a slight hill we got it started. 

We visited Chippenham again the following afternoon in the hope 
of a belated Bankia argentula—a species my boy had never seen alive— 
and succeeded in walking up two quite good females. 

We also took some fresh Orambus selasellus, more Rivula sericealis, 
Pyrausta aurata, afew Acidalia tmmutata, and one or two Triaena pst 
and a 7’. tridens on tree trunks. I never have great difficulty in 
distinguishing these species. Although almost impossible to describe 
in words, there is a ‘“‘look”’ about tridens that is generally unmistak- - 
able. I imagine it to be in the scaling, but it has what I should 
describe as an oily appearance on the wings—something like what 
Leucania favicolor is to L. pallens, but in a less degree. Chippenham 
generally seemed to have a great dearth of insect life—in fact this 
dearth of insects by day, was a characteristic of our whole holiday. 


152 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


On the morning of this day (July 24th) and again on the 29th, we 
visited an old locality for Dianthoecia irreqularis. To my grief I found 
that the place where Silene otites used to grow most freely, had been 
partially cultivated and the whole of the food-plant destroyed. Small 
patches occurred on the other side of the road over a wide area, and 
here D. irregularis larvae occurred in some numbers and among them 
two Heliothis dipsacea. Adopaea lineola used to occur commonly on 
this spot, but to my surprise every skipper netted this time proved to 
be A. flava (thaumas). 

We treacled over this ground one night and worked the knapweed 
and bugloss blossoms. Agrotis niyricans was plentiful on the flowers 
and Miana bicoloria swarmed, but little beside, and treacle only 
attracted a dozen moths or so—among them Cerigo cytherea and Miana 
literosa. A single Oxyptilus pilosellae.was taken off knapweed. 

Another day was devoted to a run over to Bury St. Edmund’s for 
larvae of Mucosmia certata and Anticlea berberata, both of which I have 
formerly taken nearly full-fed at this date. The barbary hedge had 
been cut close which made beating difficult, but we took all the HE. 
certata we wanted—smaller than usual—but no sign of A. berberata. 
At the very end of our time, however, we beat out a freshly emerged 
imago. This prompted a visit at dusk two evenings later (July 27th), 


when a long series was taken. Why one species should bs later than — 


usual and another feeding on the saine foodplant in the same lane a 
fortnight early I do not understand. Not much else occurred except 


uantities of Camptoyramma bilineata, but odd specimens of Jodis— 
q pto, p 


vernaria, Mupithecia subfulvata, and Acidalia emarginata were netted. 
We treacled a large group of elms on our way, to examine coming 
back in hopes of Calymnia diffinis, but not a single moth was attracted. 


As at Chippenham there was too much ragwort about. A couple of» 


pupae of Cucullia verbasci were scraped up at the roots of a much 
eaten mullein en route, and throughout our stay seed-heads of the 
White Campion produced numbers of Dianthoecia larvae—mostly D. 
carpophaga, but a fair lot of D. cucubali and probably D. capsincola 
among them. 

The morning of this day was given up to a hunt for Lithostege 
griseata larvae which proved entirely successful. The extreme 
localness of this species is marvellous. 

There is one field where I have always taken odd specimens of the 
moth in June and some numbers in 1905. Now after eighteen years 
in the same field we found a larva on almost the first plant of 
Sisymbriin sophia examined—practically full-fed—and this was 


followed by many more. They mostly pupated at once, and probably” 


many had already gone down. 

The full-fed larva is fairly conspicuous but the smaller ones, of 
which we found a very few, are wonderfully protected by their 
similarity to the spikey seed-pods on which they feed. 

The larvae by no means occur wherever the food-plant is and we 


‘only found them on two spots. On the same ground we took a— 
specimen each of Agrophila sulphuralis and Spilodes sticticalis—both © 
new to my boy—and evidently cases of retarded emergence, as both 


were beautifully fresh. ‘The one exception to the general dearth of 
moths by day was Strenia clathrata which abounded everywhere. 


GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN HIPPARCHIA SEMELE. 153 


Odd Crambus pinellus and Hecatera serena were picked up and these 
completed the list of captures for the week. We had taken most things 
that we came for except Hutricha quercifolia and one or two unexpected, 
such as /leliothis dipsacea larvae and Coremia quadrifasciaria—the 
latter in my experience always hard to get. 


(Lo be concluded.) 


Geographical Variation in Hipparchia semele, L. 
_By ROGER VERITY, M.D. 


This species produces several distinct races, the most highly 
characterised of which are found chiefly on the outskirts of its area of 
distribution, whilst others, more or less intermediate, exist in inter- 
mediate regions. My first attempt, however, to detect the funda- 
mental lines of variation in connection with the features of these races, 
and to classify them accordingly, so as to show as naturally as possible 
their relationships, left me for some time in much perplexity, because 
individual variation, producing also in most regions local variations 
restricted to limited areas, is so great as compared with the total scale 
of variability of the species, that for some time I failed to detect any 
character affording a sufficient amount of constancy and regularity to 
be reliable as an index. At last I grasped the fact that there does 
exist one, but that to follow it one must take into account an interest- 
ine phenomenon, which semele exhibits to an extent, I am not aware 
of, in this special way, in any other species. The leading feature is 
the network of fine streaks running in a perpendicular direction to the 
nervures on the underside of the hindwings; on broad lines these may 
be stated to be thick and densely packed together on the entire wing, 
or most of it, in forms, whether individual or racial, of damp localities 
and especially of northern ones ; these streaks on the contrary become, 
as a result of dryness and especially in the south, gradually thinner 
and set further apart, and they get obliterated on certain zones of the 
wing. These zones, as a result, become broader and broader, and the 
chief of them, and the first to appear, is a band-like space running 
across the wing just beyond the end of the cell; it is nearly invariably 
outlined internally by the sharp streak present in most Satyridae at 
this level. Besides the network just described the dark pattern of the 
underside of the hindwings also consists in a lighter coloured brownish 
eray suffusion, which first makes its appearance between the two 
central streaks and along the line of eye-spots, in separate patches ; 
these then spread and blend together, and may end by covering the 
entire wing. The network and the suffusion are usually both present, 
but their comparative development varies very much, and we shall see_ 
that some extreme races are characterised by the total, or a consider- 
able, obliteration of one of the two. On broad lines one may say that 
the network is more developed in northern races and the suffusion in 
most of the southern ones. The important phenomenon, mentioned 
above, one must, however, bear in mind to be able to follow the main 
lines of variation of this species is, that in most regions it produces 
two forms so different from each other as to stand near the opposite 
ends of its scale of variation. What is more, the majority of individuals 
belong distinctly either to one or to the other, and intermediate forms 
are comparatively scarce; this takes place so markedly that as a rule 


154 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


one form only is produced locally, whilst in a spot a few miles off only 
the other exists; thus each region exhibits two parallel races, and the 
two lines of variation are met with over the greater part of Kurope; 
here and there the two forms are found together and with transitional 
ones, This interesting phenomenon is evidently a tendency of H. 
semele to split into two subspecies, somewhat as Nytha fagi produces 
locally either nymotypical fayt (= alcyone), or major (= hermione), or 
transitional races, and somewhat as HMrebia ligea produces ligea, or 
philomela (= euryale), or transitions. The two extreme lines of 
variation of H. semele can be described as follows :— 

Line A: Fulvous areas of upperside in both sexes very extensive, 
but usually of a rather cold yellowish tone ; in the male the forewing, 
as well as the hindwing, is crossed by a broad band of uniform colour. 
On the underside of the hindwing the diffused dark shadings tend to be 
pale and limited in extent, or even nearly absent, so that, when the 
dark network is thin, the white ground-colour remains uncovered, and 
usually a broad band-like space of this colour is to be seen across the 
whole wing. 

Line EK: Fulvous areas of upperside in both sexes, but especially in 
the male, very reduced, usually of a warm, reddish tone; in the male 
the forewing often lacks all traces of fulvous; as a rule there are two 
or three spots of it, very limited in extent, just outside the eye-spots ; 
on the hindwing of both sexes all that is left is a series of separate 
spots, arrow-headed in shape and of a very intense reddish fulvous ; 
the rest of the band is only vaguely shadowed by a whitish clouding-~ 
On the underside of the hindwing the gray or brownish-gray suffusion, 
described above, tends to be very extensive so that, when the network 
is thin or obliterated, the wing remains darkened all the same; the 
white band-like space may exist, in northern races especially, but it is 
narrow, and more often it only exists on the fore part of the wing; 
in extreme southern ones it is nearly or entirely abolished. 

When the existence of these two lines of variation has been grasped, 
the classification of the majority of the races works out naturally and 
easily, as successive grades along them. A few races, however, stand: 
apart and do not fall in with those of either line, evidently being quite 
as distinct from both as these are from each other. I think the most 
correct way of expressing their relationship to them is to designate 
them as three other parallel lines, as I will endeavour to show clearly 
by a synoptic table at the end of this paper which will also help 
to understand the following descriptions. 

Line B. I will thus call the line of race aristaeus, Bonelli, which 
contains no other, so that its grades simply consist in the individual 
variations of this one race. These however are so broad that they 
make up for it by covering entirely the corresponding grades of the 
other lines. I have found 1t well worth preserving in my collection a: 
series of 147 males and of 41 females, to show the extent of variation 
in a single locality on Mt. Capanna, in the Isle of Elba, where this 
race is found, besides Sardinia, whence it was described, and Corsica. 
The characteristic of this line is that it combines the upperside charac- 
teristic of line A with the underside one of line EK. ‘The extent of 
fulvous is, in fact, even greater than in any race of line A, on an 
average, whereas the extent of dark suffusion on the underside is 
usually such that the white band-like space is always very reduced and 


GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION IN HIPPARCHIA SEMELE. 155 


often entirely abolished, as in line E. The extent and the thickness of 
the network of the underside is so variable that it runs from the heavy 
and complete one of grade I, recalling the northern scota, !o its nearly 
total obliteration, as in the southern mersina or alyirica, so that the 
wing is then of a uniform grayish brown, due to the suffusion. It is 
noteworthy that this combination of an extremely reduced upperside 
dark colouring with a very developed underside one, is the very 
characteristic of race tigelius of Pararye megera, L., which is found in 
the same localities, and which also deviates from the more usual con- 
tinental line of variation on this account. Other characters which 
aristaelis has in common with line EH are the tone of the fulvous, very 
bright and reddish, and the fact that on the forewing it is usually 
much less extensive than on the hindwing. A peculiarity of this race 
is the way that colour shades off gradually towards the base of the 
wing, which it often reaches, especially on the hindwing, whereas in the 
other broadly fulvous ones it always ends sharply, forming a band. 

Line C. We must, I think, consider this line on account 
of a feature exhibited by race alyirica, Obth,, of North Africa, which is 
never found in any other race even as an individual variation, so that 
it cannot be placed in the other lines; the fulvous spots on the forewing 
of the male are similar to those of the female of all the other races, 
(except aristaeus and siciliana), because the fulvous band is wide and 
sharply outlined, but broadly interrupted by a dark band on the third 
median nervure. On the hindwing the band is also broad, as in line 
A, and its tone of colour is often cold, as in this line; on the underside 
of the hindwings, on the contrary, the dark suffusien is very broad- 
spread, as in line KE, only leaving, as a rule, a narrow and irregular 
white band uncovered, and it is of a characteristic warm chestnut tinge, 
not veiled with black, because the dark network is always extremely 
reduced ; algirica constantly corresponds to the last grade in this 
respect, and contrasts with aristaeus by its very limited individual 
variations. A peculiarity is the sharpness and intensity of the two 
black streaks, which cross the underside of the hindwing ; they are broken 
by unusually sharp angles; they are more accentuated also on the 
forewing. In some females the extent of the fulvous on the upperside 
is considerable, and there is a diffused patch of it in the middle of the 
wing, as in race siciliana and in the less highly characterised aristaens. 
This African race is remarkably small. Rothschild remarks in Novwi- 
tates Zool., XXI., p. 808 (1914), that the form found at Guelt-es-Stel, 
in Central Algeria, ‘‘is very brilliant, considerably more so than the 
series from Blida, Les Glaciéres.” I notice, in fact, a remarkable 
difference between a series I have from Lambése and the specimens of 
Sebdou and Géryville, figured by Oberthur in Et. Lép. Comp., X., fig. 
2317-21. The former are very much less conspicuous: the fulvous is 
dull and cold in tinge, and so limited in extent that some females on 
the upperside differ in no way from the jubaris and nymotypical semele 
of Central Kurope. As Oberthtr, in the few words of his original 
description of alyirica, in the Mt. nt., L., p. 27 (1874), gives “ Daya, 
Lambeése, and Collo,” as localities for it, I conclude he had both the 
dull and the brilliant races before him, and I propose restricting his 
name to the one he figures in 1914, and naming the Lambése and 
Blida one paLLipanerrica, mihi. 

The races of the Iberic zone seem, on the whole, to constitute a 


156 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


gradual transition from those of France to algivica of Africa, just as 
might have been expected, and as in the races of many other species. 
I cannot pretend to work them out thoroughly here, because it would 
need considerably more material than I have at hand, but I can state 
that the race of Cuenga in Nueva Castille and of Canizares is distinctly 
intermediate, and that other specimens I have from Barcelona are more 
similar to the French races. The Cuenca race stands well apart from 
any other European race I have seen, and points to algirica by the fol- 
lowing characters: small size, elongated and narrow wings; apex very 
pointed, outer margin straight ; distance between the nervures less than 
in the Italian and other southern races, so that in the female the 
fulvous spots are lesser in extent; the latter are also rather dull and 
cold in tinge, with a shaded outline, very different from the bright, 
clear, clean-cut spots of the more eastern races of the south, and 
resembling more the northern ones in this respect. Inthe male these 
fulvous spots are not perceptible enough to show if they exhibit the 
characteristic female-like features of alyirica. 1 presume this would 
show better in the races of Southern Spain. What is important is that 
the underside of some individuals has most markedly the same aspect 
as that of alyirica, whilst no other. Kuropean race exhibits it even as 
an individual variation. I propose for this race the name of HIBERA, 
mihi. 

Line D consists in a combination of characters which diverge from 
the more usual ones of lines A and If in a way exactly opposite to that 
of the aristacus line B; in D, in fact, the fulvous markings of the 
upperside are limited in extent, as in line I, but their tinge is pale and 
cold as in A, and the underside of the hindwings also resembles A. I 
know two vaces which afford these features. At high altitudes in the 
Sibillini Mts. (Marche in Central Italy), in alpine surroundings, a 
distinct mountain race is produced, which I propose calling 
APENNINIGENA : size as small as the English race; fulvous of upperside 
pale yellowish in tone, as in the nymotypical semele of the north, and 
the extent of it also similar to it in both sexes; eye-spots remarkably 
large ; underside of hindwings very light, rather like race teres, and 
belonging to line A rather than to EK by its light gray and limited 
suffusion, which in the males leaves a broad white area free. 

I do not know the Greek race described from the Taygetos as 
senthes, Friihstorfer (dnt. Hnt. Zeit., April, 1908, p. 11), but his 
description of an upperside, ‘‘ very poor in pattern,’ females with “a 
dull, pale, ochre yellow and very narrow band on hindwing,” and 
of an underside “not much darker than in teres, and with a median 
band nearly as broad,’ suggests features similar to those of apenniniyena ; 
its size, however, is said to be large. This is presumably the hinter- 
land race, most widespread. No doubt, however, more than one race 
is produced in the Balkanic zone. Staudinger in Horae Soc. Mut. 
Ross., VII., p. 68 (1871), for instance, records a different one from 
the Isle of Naxos, which be deseribes as transitional to aristaeus. 


(To be concluded.) 


I) OTES ON COLLECTING, etc. 
ABRAXAS GROSSULARIATA VAR. NIGROAPICATA, Etc.—To prevent 
confusion in the future, it seems disirable to point out at once, that 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. ES 


the form of A. grossulariata to which in the current number of the 
Ent. Record, p. 140, the Rev. G. H. Raynor has applied the name 
nigroapicata, was described by myself in the Knt. Mo. May. of June 
1921, p. 185, under the name melanapicata. The form occurs here 
occasionally in a wild state, and I have several of it in my series, 
including one covered with the var. ‘nigrosparsata spotting. ‘The dis- 
tinguishing character of what I take to be Raynor’s var. antemarginata 
occurs here frequently in my var. limulata, and I have quite a number 
of specimens of it—in my specimens, however, the black marginal band 
is of almost uniform width throughout, and not broader in the upper 
half as described by Raynor. Of var. aberdoniensis I have some of the 
late Arthur Horne’s specimens, in which the ‘“‘ oblong patch of white” 
(along with the other pale portions of the forewings) is deep yellow, 
and of which form I believe Horne used to breed many. Of var. 
niyrocretacea-varleyata I have a beautiful specimen, bred and sent to 
me by the late Hon. H. Onslow, in which the white areas are replaced 
by yellow, except the basal portion of the hindwings, which remains 
white.—Gero. T. Porrirr (F.L.S., F'.E.S.), Elm Lea, Dalton, Hudders- 
field, September 25th, 1928. 


A Hasrr or Macroctossa steLLararum.—A few days ago | watched 
a specimen of Macroglossa stellatarum hovering at the common fuschia 
in the Botanical Garden here. It did not approach the flowers from 
the open part among the stamens but thrust its tongue between the 
petals at the base. From its behaviour it seemed that the moth could 
discover exactly where the nectar lay by placing the tip of its tongue 
close to the flower.—A.rrep Sicu, Zurich, September 16th, 1923. 


ABUNDANCE OF PyramEis aTaLAnta.—On_ several occasions this 
month I have seen P. atalanta basking in the sun and revelling in the 
taller flowersin the herbceous borders of many garders. But to-day 
I was delighted to find a very secluded woodland meadow, quite blue 
with the flowers of scabious and luscious undiscovered blackberries, 
where there were large numbers of the “ Royal William”? in all its 
beauty. Among them was a solitary Aglais wrticae, a ‘ white’’ or 
two, and several Plusia gamma. The P. atalanta seemed to be spread 
over the whole field.—H.J.T., September 28th. 


Laprayema exicua at Mucxine.—On September 6th, I took at sugar 
a much wasted specimen of L. eaigua. I have not seen this species 
alive since 1906, the great eviyua year.—Rev. C. R. N. Burrows 
(F.1.8.), Mucking, October 4th, 1923. 


DINoDERUS OCELLARIS, StEepH., in Britain.—In August last while 
staying at the Wellington Hotel, Wellington College Station, I 
captured a small beetle which I found crawling on a table under the 
open window in my dressing-room. My friend Mr. Donisthorpe, was 
good enough to examine it for me, as I was unable to identify it. He 
has informed me that it is an example of Dinoderus pilifrons, Lesne. 
He has also given me the following account of this species.—“ In the 
supplement to Fowler’s Brit. Col. Dinoderus ocellaris, Steph.=D. 
pilifrons, Lesne, is stated to be cosmopolitan ; Europe, India, Indo- 
China, Philippine Islands. There are also specimens in the Brit. 


158 THE ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD. 


Mus. from Japan and Hong-Kong which probably belong to this 
species. The only British examples which have been recorded are in 
the Power collection, labelled ‘‘ Darenth, Lewis,’ ’and one mentioned by 
Stephens as taken at Little Chelsea, in July last, by Mr. Westwood. 
It is probably exotic, having been found in a cup of coffee.” Mr. 
Donisthorpe says that D. ocellaris-is distinguished from D. minutus, F. 
(the species taken by Professor Beare in the wood of an old paper- 
basket at Richmond) by the central foveae of the thorax being 
obsolete, and the frontal region being furnished at the ends with 
upright thick and rather long hairs. ‘The funiculi of the antennae 
are also furnished with similar hairs to those on the frontal 
region. In the Hnt. Record (16.12.1900) Mr. Donisthorpe pointed 
out the confusion that has hitherto. existed with regard to the 
Dinoderus substriatus of our British collections ; and he stated that as 
a matter of fact we possess three species, riz :— 

1. Dinoderus minutus, F. 

up a ocellaris, Steph. =pilifrons, Lesne. 

3. Stephanopachys substriatus, Pk. 

I am much indebted to Mr. Donisthorpe for his kindly assistance, 
and for the full information which he has been good enough to afford 
me concerning my very interesting capture.—R. §. Miurrorp, 
September 20th, 1923. 


Lixus avairus, L., ar Farrntenr.—On the 10th inst., Mr. Bennett 
was good enough to accompany me in an expedition to Fairlight in 
search of Liaus algirus, L. We found it in its old logality, and were 
able to take a nice series of this fine beetle.—R. 5. Mirrorp, September 
20th, 1923. 


GXURRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


Four fresh parts of the Genera Insectorum have just been 
distributed to the subscribers. Part 174c, Hymenoptera: Formicidae 
(Afyrmicidae) completed, by C. Emery. Part 179, Lepidoptera-Hetero- 
cera: Carpocapsinidae, with 1 col. plate, by EK. Meyrick. Part 180, 
Lepidoptera-Heterocera : Oecophoridae, with 6 col. plates, by I. 
Meyrick. Part 181, Hymenoptera: Apidae (Prosopidinae), with 1 col. 
plate, by Geoffrey Meade- Waldo. 

May we remind our readers that the South London Entomological 
Society’s Annual Exhibition takes place at their rooms, Hibernia 
Chambers, London [ridge, on November 28rd. All visitors are 
heartily welcome, and are free to bring exhibits. 

The [nt. Mitt. of the Deutsch. Entom. Inst. Berlin-Dahlem contains 
a few short remarks on current entomological items of interest which 
give food for earnest thought, by the editor Dr. Walther Horn; an 
article on Mntomology in Russia and another on the Russian 
Zoological and Entomological Congress of 1922; O. John writes an 
account of Viviparity in the Thysanoptera; with other items, and 
reviews of New Literature. 

Reports from Royston are everything that those who went down 
could wish to make. It is stated that remarkable aberrations of all 
sorts were as plentiful, if not more so, than ever before. Already they 


CURRENT NOTES. 159 


have begun to appear in our societies exhibits. Last year we referred 
to a nefarious method of collecting that was reported to have been 
indulged in at Royston. A most reliable witness this year agsures us 
that there was scarcely any sign of what occurred so openly last year. 

Recent numbers of the Canadian Entomologist have contained a 
series of charts illustrating the records of a Trap-lantern at Ithaca, 
N.Y., in which the waxing and waning of the brood as well as tine 
sporadic appearances of early and late. emergence is well shown. A 
series of notes accompanying the record add other details and point 
out the apparent reasons for certain irregularities of appearance which 
appear in the case of some species. 

In the Jvish Nat. is the record of a new butterfly to the island. In 
June last a specimen of Brenthis euphrosyne was captured in Co. Clare 
and sent to the National Museum. It was in company with Huchloé 
cardamines, Pararge aegerta, Epinephile jurtina, Coenonympha pamn- 
philus, Cupido minimus and Polyournatus icarus. 

An important paper by Stauder 1s ranning through the pages of the 
Zeit. fur wissen. Insektenbiologie on the Butterfly Fauna of the Illyros 
Adriatic Coast and Island Zone, illustrated with map, plates and text- 
figures. This area has a most interesting fauna and flora and very 
little has been done to investigate it. During the present year a very 
successful expedition was made by Dr. Zerny and Fritz Wagner to 
South Dalmatia. In the same magazine H. Stichel is writing 
contributions to our knowledge of the Riodinidae (Hrycinidae) of South 
America. 

In the Mut. Rua. for September, Dr. Seitz completes his notes on 
Mt. Everest and the Southern Boundary of the Palaearctic Region and 
also contributes an article on Insect-life in the Pyrenees, dealing with 
all orders but mainly with the Lepidoptera. 

An important study of the species of North American Tortrices 
of the subfamily Mucosminae has been prepared by C. Heinrich 
at the suggestion and with the advice of August Busck. It 
is mainly based upon a morphological investigation and is illustrated 
by no less than 482 figures. There are 26 genera recognised of which 
9 are described as new, and 382 species are dealt with of which 69 are 
new. ‘The revision is based upon the material in the U.S. National 
Museum, the American Museum of Nat. History and Dr. Barnes 
collections. In the classificatlon the hitherto dominant Heinemann 
system has been discarded, as well as all genera dependent upon 
secondary sexual character. Respecting synonymy some ef the more 
recent advances are not recognised. ‘The author writes ‘In separating 
the genera, I have considered as nearly as possible all the external 
structural characters of the moth. My purpose has been to arrange 
the species in their natural order, putting together those most alike in 
their genitalia structure and general habitus, and separating them 
into groups according to their development from the generalised type. 
These groups I have designated as genera, defining them on any 
characters that would serve to identify them.” 


160 THE ENTOMOLOGISE’S RECORD. 


SOCIETIES. 


Tur EnromouocicaL Society or Lonpon. 


June 6th.—Oxsiruary.—The Chairman announced the death of 
Canon W. W. Fowler, a past President of the Society, and a vote of 
condolence with his relatives was passed. 

Exuisitions.—Mr. J. F. Green exhibited and made remarks on 
Butterflies from the South of France. 

Mr. H. Mace exhibited Butterflies from the neighbourhood of 
Khartoum and said that there is evidence of species being recently 
introduced there from further up the Nile. 

Dr. G. D. Hale Carpenter made remarks on Pseudacraea eurytus 
and its models in Kastern Uganda, and showed specimens and lantern 
slides in illustration of them. 

Mr. C. B. Williams exhibited Nemopterous larvae from Egypt and 
some photographs of the type of country in which they are found. He 
also exhibited photographs of native bee-hives and of an incubator for 
testing the effect of different temperatures on insects. — 

Professor I. B. Poulton, I'.R.S., exhibited a remarkable male of 
Papilio dardanus, Brown, and showed a number of lantern slides 
illustrating the occurrence of reciprocal mimicry between three 
indigenous Fijian Kuploeine Butterflies and an invading Muploea. 


Tue Sours Lonpon [inromontocicaL Society, 


June 14th 1923.—Mr. Brown, on behalf of Miss Cheesman, 
exhibited specimens of Pyrophorus (Col.) from Trinidad, and stated the 
cause of the light to be the oxidisation of the digestive fluid and the 
fat-bodies. 

Mr. Leeds, a larva of Strymon prunit about to pupate, partly eaten 
by another larva. 

Mr. Bunnett, Cryptocephalus parvulus (Col.) from Oxshott. 


June 28th.—Mr. 8. N. A. Jacobs, of Catford Hill, S.K. 6, was 
elected a member. 

Mr. Hugh Main, cocoons and a living female of Heterogynis penella 
from St. Martin Vésubie; <Ascalaphus ottomanus (Neur.) and a 
Nemopterid larva with elongate prothorax from 8. France. 

Mr. Blenkarn, Cryptocephalus nitidulus from Mickleham. 

Mr. Parker, a bred Mimas tiliae of a very variegated rich red-purple 
coloration. 

Mr. Cheeseman, two Argynnis aylaia, one with dark brown suffusion 
in the green areas of the underside, the female with an excess of deep 
black areas on the upperside. 

Mr. Bunnett, on behalf of Mr. Pizey, a collection of Butterflies and 
Moths and other insects illustrative of the fauna of Ceylon; he also 
showed F'phestia ficulella bred from chocolates. 

Messrs. O. R. and A. de B. Goodman, T. H. L.Grosvenor and Hy. 
J. Turner, a large number of European and Kastern Argynnids to 
illustrate Mr. O. R. Goodman’s paper. 

Mr. O. R. Goodman read a short paper initiating a discussion on 
the ‘“‘ Three Larger British Argynnids.” 


Subscriptions for Vol. XXXV. (10 shillings) should be sent to 
Mir. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, 
§.E.14 [This subscription Includes ali numbers published from 
January 15th to December 15th, 1922.| 

_Non-receipt or errors in the sending of Subscribers’ magazines should be 
notified to Mr. Herbert EH. Page, “ Bertrose,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, §.H. 14 


ADVERTISEMENTS of Books and Insects for Sale, or Books wanted willbe nserted at a minimuin 
eharge of 2s. 6d. (for four lines). Lenger Advertisementsin proportion. A reduetion made for a series 
Particulars of Mr. Herbert E. Page, ‘‘ Bertrose,’’ Gellatly Road, New Cross, 8.H. 14 


Subscribers who change their addresses must report the same to Mr. H. 1. Paas ‘ Bertrose 
Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, 8.l., otherwise their magazines will probably be delayed. 


Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the 
world of any butterflies included in the British list. Setting immaterial; exact data 
indispensable. Liberal return made.—IV. G. Pether, ‘‘ Thelma,’ 4, [illow Bridge 
Road, London, N. 1. 


Duplicates.—Aglaia, Adippe, *Io, T. quercus, Coridon vars., *Fuliginosa (Reading), 
*B. quercus ¢?, Tilis, Menthastri, *Linariata, Aurantiaria, Leucophsaria vars. 
Paniseus. Desiderata.—Pupm of Dicteeoides; Imagines of typhon, palpina, camelina 
(dark), Curtula, Pyra, and numerous others; Ova of Hispidaria.—Harold B. \Villiams, 
112a, Bensham Manor Road, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


Duplicates.—Cinxia, Bellargus, Coridon, H. Comma, Lineola, Galathea, Moneta, 
Nupta, and many others. Desiderata.—Blandina, Ivish Icarus, Carmelita, Cuculla. 
Gonostigma, Ashworthii, Templi, Australis, Undulata, Smaragdaria, Testacea.— 
W. Gifford Nash, Clavering House, Bedford. 


Duplicates.—Cinerea ¢?, fine forms, grey, brown and blackish, Maritima and vavrs. 
Immorata and other Hast Sussex species. 


Desiderata.—Pups. Luteago (Barrettii), Caesia, Albimacula, Alpina, Xanthomista, 
Sparganii, Dissoluta (Arundineta), Graphalii. Also imagines of extreme forms Noctus 
in fine condition only.—A. J. Wightman, 35, Morris Road, Lewes. 


CHANGE or Appress.—Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.E.S., ‘‘ Ellesmere,’’? Gratwicke 
Road, Worthing. 


For Sale.— Three vols. of Ganglbauer’s Die Kifer von Mitteleuropa. Any reason- 
able offer accepted.—H.D., 19, Hazlewell Road, Putney, S.W.15. 


MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. 


Entomological Society of London.—41, Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, S.W.7, 
8 p.m. October 17th. 


The South London Entomological and Natural History Society, Hibernia 
Chambers, London Bridge. Second and Fourth Thursdays in the month, at 7 p.m. 
October 25th, Mr. R. Adkin, F.E.S., Paper—‘: White and Buff Hrmines.’? November 
8th, Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, F.H.S., Paper—‘‘ Nat. Hist. of the N.W. Provinces of India.”’ 
—Hon. Sec., Stanley Edwards, 15, St. German’s Place, Blackheath, $.H.3. 


The London Natural History Society (the amalgamation of the City of London 
Entomological and Natural History Society and the North London Natural History 
Society) now meets in Hall 40, Winchester House, Old Broad Street H.C.2, first and 
third Tuesdays in the month, at 6.30 p.m. Visitors welcomed. Hon. Sec., W. E. 
Gurae, 44, Belfast Road, N. 16. 


: All MS. and editorial inatter should be sent and all proofs returned to Hy. J. Turner, 
98, Drakefell Road, New Cross, London, §.E.14 


We must earnestly request our correspondents nor to send ws communications IDENTICAL 
with those they are sending to other magazines. 


Lists: of Durxnicarns and Dmrsipmrata should be sent direct to Mr. H. E. Page, 
Bertrose, Gellatly Road, New Cross, §.W. 14 


OVA, LARV4E, AND PUP. 


The Largest Breeder of Lepidoptera in the British Isles is 


H. W. HEAD, G@itanralontat, 


BURNISTON, Nr. SCARBOROUGH. 


Mull List of Ova, Larvae, and Pupae, also Lepidoptera, Ces Cabinets 
etc., sent on application. 


Many Bove Bele Te a geod Varieties for Sale. 


MOUNTING 
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BACK VOLUMES OF 
The Entomologist’s Record 
and Journa! of Variation. 


(Vols. I-XXXIII.) 


CONTENTS OF Vol. 1. (Most important only mentioned.) 

Genus dcronyeta und its allies.—Variation of Smerinihus tiliae, 3 coloured plates— 
Differentiation of Melitaea athalia, parthenie, and aurelia—The Doubleday collection— 
Parthenogenesis— Paper on YTaeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Practical Hints (many)— 
Parallel Variation in Ccleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphia var. valesina—Work for the 
Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic notes—-Retrospect of a Lepidopterist 
for 1890—Lifehistories of Agrotis pyrophila, Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus— 
Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, etc., etc., 360 pp- 


To be obtained from— 


Mr. H. E. PAGE, “ Bertroge,” Gellatly Road, New Cross, London, SE. 14 
to whom Cheques and Postal Orders should be made payable. 


eee 


DEC 6 1923 
|3, F.20 


he Entomologist’s, Record 
Journal of Variation 


Wprrep By 


ol. XXXV. No. 11. 


MRicusny S. BAGNALL, r.us., F.z.8. Jas. E. COLLIN, .x.8. 
WGnonce T. BETHUNE-BAKER, r.1.s., F-z.s. | H. Sr. J. K. DONISTHORPE, r.z.»., v8.8. 
| M. BURR, p.-sc., F.1.8., F.Z.S., F.E.8. Joun Hartiry DURRANT, F.z.8. 
By.) C. R. N. BURROWS, r-n.s. Arynep SICH, ¥.u.s. 
1B. A. COCKAYNE, m.p., ¥F.zs. (Rev.) Gzornae WHEELER, m.a., F.u.s. 
Y and 


hw Heyry J. TURNER, F.x.s., 
Re Editorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


Ke Old Haunts revisited—Wicken, Russell James, F.E.S. (concluded) .. ee os -» 161 
Ke Good Localities—Le Rozier (Hone?) Mons. L. Lhomme (translated from the French by Lt. 


 #.B. Ashby, F.E.S. .. : : at a8 a ae <o5u 163 

1 he Nomenclature of the ein Buchloé ausonia (= belia), Dr. Roger Verity .. See LOD 

LN flores on Cox LECTING cag oeckshite Records of Ichneumonidae, (concluded) J. W. 

1 Saunt... ae ue ie SF a6 so 55 26 24 jc Sooo heat 

Monnent Norzs. ..  .. He : Be ae cs re es oie by 
SocieTIEs :—The S. London Upktiologionl Spelt 26 ge Te 


Or tuaRY. The Hon. Nathaniel Charles Rothschild, M.A., F. L. S,, F. Z. 3. HL J. r. me ales: 


List of Races of the ae of Peninsular ee aa EE M.D. and Orazio 
Querci. .. - (17)—(20) 


iq NOVEMBER 16th, 1923. 
\4 


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Rey. C. R. N. Burrows, J. W. Saunt, Wm. Fassnidge, H. B. Williams, Orazio Querci, 
Russell James, H. J. Turner, W. C. Crawley, with Reports of Societies and Reviews. 


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DEC 6 1923 


OLD HAUNTS RE-VISITED. ISL 


Old haunts. re-visited—Wicken and the Deal Sandhills. 
By RUSSELL JAMES, F.E.S. 
(Concluded from page 153.) 


A night at home on the 30th, and then off to Deal for five days to 
renew acquaintance with another favourite and historic haunt—the 
Deal Sandhills. How Mr. Tutt loved these sandhills in the ‘‘eighties”’ 
and how bitterly he “cursed” the coming of the golfers. I am 
inclined to think after a lapse of 80 years or so that the golfers are 
not an unmixed evil, even from the entomological point of view. Itis 
true that the construction of the greens practically destroyed Acidalia 
ochrata and Nola centonalis as British species, but the course on each 
side of the fairways remains in its natural state, and is a safeguard 
against building development. It is still a wonderful collecting 
ground and with the exception of the above species, retains most of its 
old-time riches, including plenty of Lithosia lutarella race pygmaeola. 
In fact, I am not at all sure that A. ochrata does not still survive in 
small numbers. We were too late for it, but J know it still occurred 
a few years back further along towards Richborough, and is probably 
somewhere in the neighbourhood. None of the three nights we 
spent there were of the still, breathless type that pygmaeola loves, but 
yet a very short search with hand-lanterns between the treacle rounds 
gave us all we wanted at rest on the grass culms. Only one was seen 
to fly and curiously enough much the larger proportion seen were 
females—quite reversing the usual order of things. A few late 
Mesotype viryata were taken at the same time and Noctuae were on the 
grasses also, but they were in such countless myriads at treacle that 
they did not make it worth while to spend time searching for them. 
The numbers on treacle each night were immense, but the middle night 
of the three (August 3rd) was the night of nights. 

I have not seen such a vast crowd anywhere since 1910—in fact I 
don’t know that I have ever seen its equal. Not only was each post 
crowded to its full length, but the long grass at the foot was full of 
moths, and new arrivals buzzed around all the time. There was a 
strong warm wind from the west, but whether it was due to this 
or to the new substitute for treacle that we used I do not know, but 
neither of the other nights—although good—equalled this one. 

By this treacle ‘substitute’? hangs a tale. We arrived at our 
ground about 8.380, opened our new tin of “ supposed’’ treacle and 
behold! custard powder!! The grocer had substituted another 
purchase for our own. However, I was not going to relinquish our 
night’s work without an effort. Close by our ground, situated midway 
‘between the Deal and Sandwich Golf Courses, is a small colony of 
large private houses and a high-class hotel. They are built on the 
site of the old coast-guard cottages, which used to be almost the only 
sign of habitation in the whole wild sweep between Deal and the 
Stour Mouth. Iam told that the colony is sometimes referred to as 
* Millionaire’s Corner.” At the risk of being taken for a tramp in my 
very oldest fen-working attire, [ determined to try the hotel for treacle. 
So I got my boy to run our “Enfield” in among the Rolls-Royces 
and other cars, and after getting past the luggage porter was received 

NovemBer 15tTa, 19238. 


162 HE KNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


by the manager with most sympathetic courtesy. There was no 
treacle available, but in response to my appeal for anything ‘‘ sweet 
and sticky,’ he produced a supply of glucose. This I thinned down 
with water, methylated spirits and plenty of pear essence into the 
running liquid which produced such record results. 

I hereby tender my thanks for the discovery of such a useful sub- 
stitute and for the courtesy extended to me in an emergency. 

To go into details, the vast majority of the moths were Xylophasia 
monoylypha and among them one nearly as black as any from Scotland. 
Miana bicolovia and Apamea secalis were nearly as common, and next 
to these came Hydroecia nictitans in lovely condition an1 great variety. 
Among them I picked out four H. paludis, a species which I always 
imagined should occur at Deal, but had never previously taken. 

The Agrotids—the great army of the Deal sandhills—were not yet 
out in full numbers, but a lovely lot of A. valligera, A. nigricans, and 
A. tritici were taken—the most beautiful French-grey form of the 
latter I have ever seen being secured by my boy—almost the colour 
of A. ashworthit. Agrotis puta was just beginning, and Caradrina 
tarawact, Ceriyo cytherea, Mania tragopogonis, Triphaena comes, 
ence pallens, and 1. impura were in considerable numbers. A 
single Chariclea wnbra occurred (rather early for this species) and 
Mamestra ebjecta was a new-eomer to me for this locality. Although 
the foregoing species made up the great bulk of the numbers there 
were a good many others represented—Leucania conigera, L. 
lithargyria, L. straminea, Xylophasia sublustris, X. lithoxylea, Miana 
literosa, Hecatera serena, and Triphaena tanthina (the last two rare 
visitors to treacle). Luperina testacea was out and sat on the grass and 
posts, apparently without actually feeding, while a single Gonoptera 
libatrix on August 3rd, touched record date for a hibernated specimen, 
overlapping freshly emerged captures of other years by nearly a 
month. , 

Here again day-work was very poor. We visited the sandhills 
where we took a fine Hremobia ochroleuca, saw some worn Mesotype 
virgata and Zygaena filipendulae and one Argynnis aglaia ; also the 
Kingsdown Cliffs, St. Margaret’s Bay, and the Folkestone Warren, 
but hardly made a capture. Melanargia galathea was still fairly fresh, 
Aspilates gilvaria well out and HKubolia bipunctata common, but 
remarkably little else beyond the very commonest things. Callimorpha 
dominula was over at its Kingsdown locality and we only saw a 
dead one on a nettle leaf. 

We had another string to our bow however for day-work, and that 
was Nonagria sparganti. In a special locality we took enough pupae 
for long series and they are already coming out well, Asa matter of 
fact two came out on the last day we took them—August 5th, 
although several were still in a larval state. This must have been 
about the first emergence as we found no empty pupae. WN. typhae 
was common at the same place and from water-bedstraw a nice lot of 
Chaerocampa (Humorpha) elpenor larvae were picked up—some already 
full-fed. A considerable proportion of the typhae were ichneumoned, 
but apparently no N. sparganit. I could not at first make out these 
ichneumoned pupae. They were so small and yet perfect that I 
thought I must have run across a colony of N. geminipuncta feeding 


GOOD LOCALITIES-—LE ROZIER. 1638 


on bullrush. They were exactly this size. At last, however, I broke 
one and found the ichneumon inside almost ready for emergence. 

I took a few N. typhae from Typha latifolia, but mostly from 
Typha rotundifolia. All the N. sparganii were from the latter plant, 
sometimes from a stem so small that it looked impossible for it to 
contain a pupa. N. sparyganii of course pupates head upwards like N. 
cannae, and so near the emergence hole that the pupa—which has a 
well pronounced beak—can usually be seen as soon as the disc is 
broken. JN. typhae, on the other hand—head downwards—is often six 
or eight inches above this aperture. The bulk of N. sparganii were 
taken in small stunted plants growing on dry land or similar plants at 
the edge of a large bed, but large healthy plants in the water seldom 
produced specimens. Such plants however were frequently tenanted 
by N. typhae. 

Almost in the town of Deal, Harias clorana larvae were in 
‘immense numbers, almost every osier shoot containing one or more 

larvae in the twisted bunch of leaves at its head. They were nearly 
full fed, and spun up almost at once. 

On our way back we looked in—after many years absence—at 
Chattenden Woods. I am afraid it is almost a thing of the past as a 
collecting ground. One side is cut up into building Jots and the Scoria 
dealbata (‘‘ Deal-beaters’’ as the old keeper there used to call them) 
ground, which was such a Paradise thirty years ago, is no more. It 
is a mass of rank trees and over-grown bushes ; all the undergrowth 
and grass gone, and with it all the insect wealth,—S. dealbata 
Toxocampa pastinun, Melanargia galathea, Nola albulalis, Diacrisia 
sannio (russula), Chattendenia w-album and many others. I left the 
wood quite saddened by these recollections of the past glories gone, 
alas! for ever! Nearer home other past memories were revived on 

seeing the old site of Dartford Heath and its famous fence covered 
with rows of workman’s cottages. Darenth Wood, of which the top 
was visible in the distance, apparently remains, but on the main road 
London now extends without intermission right into Gravesend. 

Still, when we arrived home and reviewed our captures, and 
planted out our larvae, I reflected that there is still much good 
collecting to be done by the Londoner, not far beyond the confines of 
the Home Counties. 


Good Localities.—Le Rozier (Lozére). 
By MONSIEUR L. LHOMME. 
Published in L’ Amateur de Papillons Librairie des Sciences Naturelles. 3, Rue 
Corneille, Paris. Volume1, Nos. 2 and 38. 
Cevennes. Altitude 400 metres. 
Ordnance Map to the 1/80000. No. 208. 
Severac, S.E. Post-Office: Peyreleau (Aveyron). 
Railway Station.—Millau. Communications by mail-carriage from 
~ Millau to Le Rozier. 


Le Rozier! This name alone brings to my mind repeated feelings 


(Translation, with the Author’s permission, by Lt. E. B. Ashby, F.E.S., 
member Soe. Ent. de France]. 


164 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD. 


of happiness ; happiness because, for the first time since the beginning 
of the war, in July, 1918, we were able to leave the sad and dismal 
Paris, roused up too often by the sirens; happiness because each day 
was bringing us the echo of the triumphal march of the Allied troops, 
leading the Boche at last back to his den; happiness to live without 
anxiety for the morrow, to rest freely in a glorious country ; happiness 
lastly from being able to devote one’s whole days and a portion of one’s 
nights, without constraint and in complete security, to the chase 
and study of the numerous species of butterflies and moths, found in 
this rich entomological locality. 

Le Rozier is a modern village, built on the river Jonte at its 
confluence with the river Tarn, at the commencement also of those 
magnificent gorges so celebrated and so much visited. Opposite, on 
the other bank, arises Peyreleau, an ancient small market town, whose 
old fashioned houses, seeming to come out of the rock, ie low around 
a feudal chateau partly overgrown by ivy. The whole is commanded 
to the north by the Causse Méjean, to the south by the Causse Noir 
whose cliffs of nearly 400 metres in height seem to overwbelm this 
charming landscape. 

All life is concentrated in the valley ; it is there that the river rolls 
unceasingly its foaming waters, which disappearing here and there 
into unknown subterranean whirlpools, reappear further on to continue 
their wandering course from rock to rock; it is there that the roads 
are furrowed and trodden by carriages, animals, and people; it is 
there that the villages fill the air with the noises of the countryside, 
and with their wonted smoke; and lastly it is there that the greater 
part of the butterflies and moths, which we have come to study flutter 
about. Whilst high up there, on the Méjean, there is aridity, solitude, 
death for kilometres and kilometres in extent. Entire villages have 
been deserted. Capluc shows to the saddened eyes of excursionists its 
gaping homes, partly fallen in, without doors, without windows ; its 
sheds without cattle ; its little streets silent, devoid of inhabitants. 
Neither butterflies nor people live in these solitudes, and if the 
lepidopterist has little time to dispose of, it would be a waste of time 
to climb and collect there”. 

The Causse Noir which stands opposite is less devastated : its 
numerous little woods of stunted, thickly planted pines, shelter in 
spite of all, a varied flora, and consequently a certain number of butter- 
flies fly there. 

Although the valley is a hundred times richer, the lepidopterist 
will do well to visit these regions; he will find there certain species 
which do not descend lower. If, one day, he is able to follow his 
collecting up to the declivity of the Causse Noir jutting towards La 
Roque, he will see there this strange mixture of thousands of dolomite 
rocks, split asunder by weather and rain, standing up like the ruins 
of an immense town; without difficulty, he will find there streets, 
squares, porticos, colonnades, trunks of statues of a town of Giants, 
demolished by Giants. 


[The Causses are, as their name indicates (Latin ‘‘Calx’’), plateaux of 
Jurassic limestone. See also Baedeker’s Southern France.—EH.B.A. 
“(For an interesting account of this whole district see Baring-Gould’s, The 
Deserts of Southern France, now a rare book to obtain.—H.J.T.] 


GOOD LOCALITIES.—LE ROZIER. 165 


Montpellier-de- Vieux is very interesting to visit during the day in 
bright sunlight, but the night, by moonlight, or in its absence by the 
light of the collecting lamp, it becomes impressive, and I know many 
people who giving way to their imagination, would prefer to collect 
alone in the night in the open forest, rather than amidst this assemblage 
of dolomite blocks. If, by this short description, I have succeeded in 
making the country attractive, and if you wish to go and collect there, 
come along. Before setting out for Millau, let us book our rooms at the 
Hotel Rascalou, at Le Rozier, and let us write to Monsieur Rey, at 
Meyrueis, in order to reserve places in the carriage. Let us arrange to 
arrive at Millau before midday, and after having found, near the square, 
the coach-house of our diligence, where we book our luggage, we go and 
have déjeuner. We leave Millau about 2 o’clock, and as we shall not 
arrive at Le Rozier until 5 p.m., we have time to admire the landscape 
which by degrees becomes picturesque. When we have passed liviere, 
where the conveyance stops a few minutes for postal duties, we notice 
on our left the imposing remains of a feudal castle. It is Peyrelade, 
which I mention in passing, because you will see, below these ruins 
a considerable plantation of evergreen-oak (Quercus ilex), the Holm or 
Holly oak, and if we are in this part towards July 24th, we can 
come and collect Lycaena dolus, the larva of which is still unknown* ; 
it would therefore be very interesting to search for it and to study it. 
We can take, at this period, with L. dolus, Lampides bueticus, Zygaena 
occitanica, Z. hilaris, and some other good species. 

We follow the river Tarn, the valley contracts and the great Causses 
appear before us. To the right the Causse Noir, to the left the 
Sauveterre, and further, beyond the confluence of the Tarn, the Méjean. 
These immense wastes belong to the Bajocien stratum, surmounted 
with Bathonien, compact calcareous rocks, very often dolomitic. We 
shall therefore have around Le Rozier only calcareous ground to 
visit ; in order to find silica, it would be necessary to cross over the 
River Jonte as far as Meyrueis, where the siliceous mass of the Aigoual 
commences. About 5 p.m. we alight at Le Rozier, whilst our driver, 
changing horses, continues his journey as far as Meyrueis. 

If we arrive here at the beginning of July, we shall be able the 
following day, to go and cateh the variety lozereae (Oberthur) of 
Parnassius apollo, the king of the mountain. Honour to whom honour 
is due! 

With this intent we leave the hotel about 8a.m. Irom the thresh- 
old, looking up, we notice on the Causse a cross commanding 
Peyreleau; it is on the plateau between this cross and the farm of 
Aleyrac that we seek for this Parnassius. We traverse the Jonte, then 
Peyreleau ; we follow the La Roque road, which climbs over the 
Causse by means of numerous zigzags; with a little care we shall 
certainly find some short-cuts and in less than an hour, we shall be at 
the summit (No. 1 of the map). We encounter fresh and rather keen 
air; we see, a little way on, this magnificent species flutter from flower 
to flower, we must therefore follow it and captureit at all costs. This 
hunt on a fresh and bright July morning, this course of hygiene in an 


* (According to Seitz it feeds on Medicago and Onobrychis, and we have read is 
attended by ants.—H.J.T.] 


166 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


atmosphere so pure, stimulated by the joy of making every now and then 
some fine captures, since in less than three hours we have been able to 
take 30specimens, has left inmeanunforgetable remembrance. If, after 
your hunt, you wish to refresh yourself, donot forget that you willfind at 
the farm of Aleyrac, for certain a warm welcome and a well furnished 
table. To return to Le Rozier, we follow the zigzaes of the road; it 
is now 11 o'clock, and numerous butterflies are fluttering about. 

We have only to make our choice. Notice in passing the end of 
the longest zigzag; (point 2 of my map) you will see there at about 
100 metres from the bend above a path rising amidst the pine woods, 
a spot, which I recommend to you, for moth- ‘hunting at night. Ihave 
taken there many night flying moths, macros and “micros. Another 
spot which you would hke to know (No. 8 of my map) is found at 
about 200 metres from the first houses of Peyreleau; after having left 
the last zigzag, you will see there, on the left of the road, some fields 
with a gentle slope, often planted with lucern, where you can without 
fatigue, hardly a kilometre from the hotel, also make some good and 
varied bags, at different hours of the day. 

After déjeuner, we set our captures of the morning, and prepare 
our collecting apparatus for to-night. We afterwards call on the 
principal of the school at Peyreleau. Monsieur Carriére knows the 
country very well. He has written some very interesting articles on 
the district which he inhabits; he can give us useful information. 

We shall ask him kindly to introduce us to the Head of the Police, 
and to explain to him that we have come here in order to study the 
insects of the district, and that we are going to use acetylene lamps in’ 
order to catch moths. This precaution is necessary, especially if we 
collect around the River Tarn or the River Jonte, where trout abound, 
so as not to be taken for poachers. 

About 8 p.m., after having asked the proprietress of the hotel for the 
house key, we set forth taking the road to Meyrueis, which we follow for 
about 2 kilometres. In going through Le Rozier, we naturally perplex 
the good people of the place; you hear some women sneer and timidly 
say: ‘‘ Butterflies, Butterflies.” Let them talk, for you will agree that 
it igs not very wicked, and that it makes them quite happy. When we 
have reached the second kilometre road mark, we shall find, 50 metres 
further, a bend in the road: it is at this spot, beside a ravine, that I 
did my first collecting at night (No. 4), always very successful, up to 
the time when, attacked literally by some thousands of little flies, I 
was obliged to give up and, after some unhappy attempts, to 
betake myself to half way up the height of the Causse Noir where the 
mosquitos did not come, but where the moths turned up at the lamp- 
in great numbers. 

The road which we have just traversed to-night is also very produe- 
tive by day. You can ascend it further in the direction of Meyrueis, 
whilst working the fallen (waste) ground where Lavandula vera and 
L. latifolia, Rhus coriaria and R. cotinus, Dorycnium suffruticosum, Aphyl- 
lantes monspeliensis, and Cephalaria leucantha grow; that high white 
scabious at the foot of which you sometimes find, in a loose web some 
small Melitaea caterpillars. We shall capture there Laeosopis roboris 
on the flowers of Origanum vulgare about July 15th (No. 4), at the same 
spot where we collected at night. Papilio podalivius is very abundant 
on this road; I remember having seen, one day, about midday, when: 


GOOD LOCALITIES.—LE ROZIER. 167 | 


returning from collecting, a dozen very fresh ‘“ Flambés’’* feed- 
ing, in the open village, on scraps from the kitchen which a house- 
wife had just thrown in the front of her doorway. In order to capture 
Coenonympha iphis you must ascend the Causse Noir, to the west of 
Peyreleau (No. 7). Monsieur Carriére, who accompanied us there to- 
day, July 15th, took a beautiful female of Hurranthis plumistaria, 
which proves that that spring species has two broods at Le Rozier. 

In order to capture numerous Zygaenids, we proceed about 4 p.m., 
at the time of their activity, over the side of the Causse Noir (No. 8), 
where we shall find a path in the midst of Lavender, Marjoram, and 
Centaury. We shall capture many specimens there, and you will see 
side by side, on the same flowers, Zygaena ephialtes and its variety 
peucedant. 

The road which goes along by the river Tarn towards La Malene, 
will give us on leaving Le Rozier (No. 5), numerous caterpillars of 
Detlinia (Hyles) euphorbiae. Opposite on the other bank (No. 6), 
there is a good locality for Zygaena occitanica. The moth flies there 
about July 25th ; but previously, we can find there on grasses, the 
white ege-shaped cocoons of this species. All this gives but a very 
poor idea of the numerous excursions which we can make in this 
country ; other good spots are to be found; other captures are to be 
made there at either earlier or later dates. In any case, we were able 
to collect in one month, from July 1st to 81st, 1918, 888 different 
species of macrolepidoptera, and 168 species of microlepidoptera, 
without mentioning varieties. This represents 571 species out of the 
4,050 of the French Fauna. Before giving a list of the interesting 
species captured at Le Rozier, [ must mention that Monsieur l’Abbé 
Soulie captured on June Ist, at Moline, near Ispagnac, at the entrance 
of the Gorges of the River Tarn, several single specimens of Thats 
medesicaste. 

If in order to vary our collecting, we may wish to put up for some 
days at Meyrueis, the carriage which brought us here can take us 
there, and we shall stop at the Hotel Rey. Naturally, smce we are 
leaving the calcareous strata, we shall go and collect on the siliceous 
mass of the Aigoual, on the side of Conniergues on the hill No. 1079 
in the French Ordnance Map. 

We shall take Coscinia striata in numbers, and some single speci- 
mens of its magnificient variety welanoptera. Irom Meyrueis, a 
postal conveyance can take us to Florac, where we have only had to 
put up at the Hotel Donnadieu. We shall be able to collect on the 
Ramponench, a mountain to the Kast of Florac, where one can catch, 
at the beginning of July, besides Parnassius apollo var. lozereae, 
Zygaena rhadamanthus, Z. hilavis, Acidalia filacearia, and other good 
species. 

We shall again find at Florac, a railway which will take us to 
Sainte-Cécile d’Audorge, a station on the P.L.M., on the line from 
Clermont-Ferrand to Nimes. The excursion will thus be finished. 


List of the interesting species captured by Monsieur L. Lhomme 


*/The popular French name of Papilio podalirius, on account of the long mark- 
ing which it bears on its wings; the Germans call it ‘‘ Segelfalter’’; the popular 
name in English being the ‘‘ Scarce Swallow-Tail Buttertly.’’ ] 


168 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


at Le Rozier in July, 1918, and in the course of an excursion made to 
Meyrueis and to Florac at the same period. 


TI. Macroueprortmra. 


Parnassius apollo race lozereae, Obthr., Pieris manni, Mayer, 
Gonepteryx cleopatra, L., Melitaea deione, H.G., M. parthenie, Bkh., 
Argynnis amathusia, Esp., A. daphne, Schiff., A. niobe var. eris, Meig., 
Erebia epiphron var. cassiope, ¥., I. stygne, O., EB. aethiops, Esp., EF. 
tyndarus, Esp., Satyrus alcyone, Schiff., S. arethusa, Esp., S. statilinus, 
Hufn., S. actaea, Esp., S. cordula, F., Hnodia diyas, Scop., 
Hpinephele ida, Ksp., H. pasiphae, Usp., Coenonympha iphis, Schift., 
C. dorus, Ksp., Laeosopis roboris, isp., Chrysophanus virgaureae, L., 
C. alciphron var. gordius, Sulz., Lycaena meleager, Esp., L. eschert, Hb., 
L. dolus, Hb., L. arion, L., Carcharodus lavaterae, Ksp., Hesperia 
carthamt, Hb., H. sao, Hb., Lophopterya cuculla, Esp., Arctornis 
L-nigrum, Mueller, Lastocampa quercis, L., Odonestis prunt, Li, 
Dendrolimus pint, L., Acronicta leporina, L., Ayrotis agathina, Dup., A. 
margaritacea, Vill., A. obelisca, Hb., A. crassa, Hb., Mamestra 
treitschket, Bdv., Dianthoecia tephroleuca, Bdv., Hadena hepatica, Hb., 
Polyphaenis sericata, Esp., Lucerta virens, L., Leueania sicula, Tr., 
Caradrina  selini, Bdv., Lithocampa millierei, Stgr., Thalpochares 
polygramma, Dup., Grammodes algira, L., Apopestes limbata, Stgr., 
Acidalia filacearia, H.8. (Florac), A. sericeata, Hb., A. moniliata, Fb., 
A. ostrinarvia, Hb., A. calunetaria, Stgr., A. filicata, Hb., Lythria 
plumularia, Fer., Odezia atrata, L., Anaitis praeformata, Hb., 1viphosa 
sabaudiata, Dup., Lygris populata, L., Larentia permixtaria, H.S., L. 
ovybiata, Mill., Tephroclystia breviculata, Donz., T. venosata, F., T. 
graphata, Tr., Hygrochloa syringaria, L., Synopsia seciaria, Hb., 
Boarmia ribeata, Cl., Tephronia sepiaria, Hufn., Gnophos glaucinaria, 
Hb., Hwrranthis plumistaria, Vill., Bupalus ptniarius, L., Nola albula, 
Schiff., Paidia mwina, Hb., Lithosia pallifrons, Zell., Heterogynis 
penella, Hb., Zygaena sarpedon, Hb., Z. ephialtes ab. medusa, Pall., Z. 
ephialtes race athamanthae, Eisp., Z. rhadamanthus, Esp., 24. hilaris, 
Och., Z. occitanica, Vill. 


Il. MicroniEepiporrEra. 


Crambus furcatellus, Zett., Platytes alpinellus, Hb., Hromene bella, 
Hb., Ancylolomia tentaculella, Hb., Hphestia tephrinella, Lid., Megasis 
ilignella, Z., Alophia combustella, H.8., Amphithria sublineatella, Stgr., 
Rhodophaea rosella, Se., Hereulia glauctnalis, L., Perinephila lancealis, 
Schiff., Metasia corsicalis, Dup., Ptonea elutalis, Schiff., Pyrausta 
alpinalis, Schiff., Platyptilia farfarella, Zell., Alucita baliodactyla, Zell., 
Dichelia gnomana, Cl., Eulia formosana, Hb., Tortria croceana, Hb., 
Cnephasia argentana, Cl., Huwanthis margaritana, Hb., Olethreutes 
branderiana, L., O. micana, Hb., Steganoptycha diniana, Gn., Pelatea 
festivana, Hb., Argyresthia goedartella, L., Cerostoma sylvella, Li, 
Topeutis barbella, F., Psecadia aurijluella, Hb. Hypercallia citrinalis, 
Se. 

I earnestly ask our readers to give us many accounts of the above 
kind; they will do a service to their colleagues, since a lepidopterist, 
who has only a few days’ holiday, often hesitates, or refuses to take a 
risk. He will return more willingly to the places which he knows, 


NOMENCLATURE. 169 


where he has already collected, and consequently, he will again find 
the same species, if he goes there just about the same dates. Whereas, 
guided by the ‘‘ Amateur des Papillons,” he will set out without fear 
of false steps, of feeling his way, he will experience no difficulty in 
satisfying the inward pleasure of his life; he will be able to occupy 
himself solely in his dear studies, in a country new to him. 


[I wish to thank my friend, Monsieur A. J. Mathieu, of Barclay’s 
Bank, Ltd., (Foreign Branch), most cordially, for kindly reading 
through my translation. I would also point out that the various 
numbers quoted in the above article refer to points on the map, which 
may be consulted in Monsieur L. Lhomme’s original articles, which 
are in the Library of the Entomological Society of London. 

For those readers who wish to travel in this delightful district, I 
would recommend them to get either the Carte Routiére du Ministére 
de l'Intérieur au 100,000 : 

Carte 44 degrees by 38) 

Carte 15 degrees by 11 

Carte 44 degrees by 11] 
or Carte de France a ggq/5g5- Sheets 65 and 66. 2 maps. 

Any of these are obtainable by ordering beforehand from either 
Edward Stanford, Ltd., 12, Long Acre, London, W.C., or from 
Hachette and Company, 18, King William Street, London, W.C.| 


-3 maps. - 


The Nomenclature of the European Euchloe ausonia, Hb. (= belia, 
auct. nec L.) 
By Dr. ROGER VERITY, 


{ have pointed out in the Hnt. Rec., 1919, p. 148, that the 
two generations all authors talk of with such assurance are a myth; 
when they seem to exist, it is a case of “bipartite emergence.” In 
Oberthir’s Et. Lép. Comp., XVII., p. 48 (1920), G. Catherine con. 
firms my views by a discussion of the facts observed by him at Dosches 
(Aube). I fully agree with Kirby (Syn. Cat. Diurnal Lep., p. 506) and 
with Lord Rothschild (Novitates Zool., XXI., p. 302) that the specific 
name should be ausonia, Hiibner; that the latter’s figures 
582-3 (“type” from “Italy” in the coll. of Abate Mazzola of 
Vienna), should, however, represent a specimen of the high alpine 
race, as supposed by Butler and by those authors, I feel anything but 
certain. It must not be overlooked that it is a female and Hiibner’s 
own figure of female marchandae shows well how utterly it differs 
from it. I have never seen one like it from the Alps, whereas it is 
very similar indeed to some females of race graeca, Vrty., from the 
Balkans. A similar case extends into the N.E. of Italy (I possess it 
from the Piave); the female marked “male” by a misprint on plate, 
of graeca from the Crimea I have figured on pl. XLIX. of Rhopal. 
Pal., fig. 16, is, for instance, a near approach to Hiibner’s on 
both surfaces; more specimens from the N.E. of Italy would 
probably settle this question. In the meantime, to my mind, one 
should on no account drop the name of wmarchandae, Hiib., 
=simplonia, Fr. for the race of the Western Alps, so well figured by 
the former, and one should note that ausonia, Hb., whether from high 


170. THE ENTOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 


altitudes or not, certainly belongs to the form of the early emergence, 


so that it is most astounding that Staudinger and others should have. 


used it for the later one. Kirby very rightly divides the races of this 
species into two varieties: one from the ‘‘S.W. of Europe and 
Africa’ and the other from the “‘South of Europe and Asia Minor.” 
In Lhop. Pal. | grouped the minor races, which have since been 
described, in the same way. These groups meet just on the boundary 
of the Peninsular Italic subzone: on the northern watershed of the 
Apennines, in Emilia, one meets with the first, and on the southern 
watershed, in Tuscany, it abruptly changes to the second; the 
former, however, already shows in the early emergence signs of 
transition to the latter on the underside of the hindwings, by 
its very broad silvery-white spaces and by the strong mixture of 
yellow (see specimens from Modena in Rhop. Pal., pl. XXXVI, 
fig. 831 and 82). This same form prevails also at Genoa, according 
-to Rocci, who has named it genwensis (Atti Soc. Ligustica Sc. Nat., 
1920, N. 4, p. 5); thence, along Liguria, it gradually turns into 
romana, Calb., towards the east and into the entirely western form 
towards the west. Rocci has named the corresponding transitional 
form of the late emergence of Genoa, maritima. At S. Remo and Bor- 
dighera this species has already fully acquired the western features, 
and Turati has named matutia (Nat. Sic., 1905, p. 28, pl. LI., f. 7-12), 
the early emergence individual form, found frequently there, which 
exhibits those features to their highest degree. Turati was rather 
surprised when Rothschild made a local race of matutia and named the 
late emergence turatii, giving becanse it is unknown, however, no 


description of it, nor quoting, so that it remains a nomen nudun. To 


my knowledge from western Liguria and Piedmont, all through 
France and Spain, one meets more or less with the same race; 
its individual variations are certainly striking, but they seem. to 


occur all over this vast area; matutia, for instance, is nothing but 


? 


Ribbe’s alhambra from ‘‘ Granada, collected in April and May,” and 
both these names apply to the individuals with very pointed wings 
and very dark undersides, found everywhere (see specimens froim Digne 
and Bordeaux, figured in [hop. Pal., pl. XXXVI., together with 


‘“‘co-types”’ sent to me by their authors). It has thus been a slip of 
Rothschild to apply the name of alhambra to the late emergence of 


Southern Spain. Concerning the name which should be used for the 
widespread race of the west, mentioned above, one meets again with 
confusion. Rothschild states that Butler, in 1869, gave the name of 
crameri to a specimen of the early emergence form of this race, so this 
seems to be the oldest and the one te be used. Otherwise the next 
would be espert, given by UWirby to Esper’s figure 1 of pl. 94, and 
applied by Rothschild to the late emergence of the I'rench race. Here, 


too, | must remark, I am unable to follow him, because Hsper’s figure. 


represents most clearly a male of the early emergence ; thus Roths- 
child’s nomen nudum of kirby’, proposed for the latter, falls before 
cramert and espert, together with my name of occidentalis. The surpris- 
ing result of all this, if I am not mistaken, is that the late emergence 
form of the west, usually known as ausonia, has to this day received no 
name except the nomen nudum of turatii, Roth. I think the rules on 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 171 


nomenclature do not allow one to utilise a name in this condition™, so 
that I propose the new one of rorascaiipr, mihi, taking as “types” the: 
male of fig. 48 and the female of fig. 46, on Pl. XXXVI. of Rnop. Pal., 
collected by C. Ribbe in the mountains of Granada, and sent to me with. 
alhambra; they are quite similar to some French and Piedmontese- 
specimens, whilst others from Granada differ considerably from the two 
figured, individual variation being broad everywhere. It is worthy otf 
notice that wherever this species has been found at high altitudes (from 
1,000m. upwards) in Peninsular Italy, it always belongs to the late 
emergence form. 


I should, thus, summarise the races of Huchloé ausonia, Hb., from 
Europe, in the following way :— 

Race crameri, Butler: I. emergence crameri, Butler=espert, Kirby 
=occidentalis, Vrty.; II. emergence rothschildi, Vrty.—Spain, France, 
Piedmont and extreme W. of Liguria. (Forms matutia, Turati, and 
alhambra, Ribbe, are individual forms of crameri. The names of kirbyt,. 
Roth., and twatii, Roth., are momina nuda). : 

Race aenuensis, Rocci; I. emergence genwensis, Rocci; 11. emergence 
maritima, Rocei.—Central Liguria and Emilia. 

Race romana, Calberla ; I. emergence romana, Calb.; Il. emergence 
romanoides, Vrty.—Peninsular subzone of Italy. 

Race kruegert, Turati; I. emergence krueyert, Turati; 11. emergence 
trinacriae, Turati.—Sicily and southern Calabria. 

Race ausonia, Hub.; I. emergence ausonia Hitib.; Ll. emergence 
unknown.—Presumably the N.E. of Italy. 

Race yraeca (Stgdr. in litt.) Vrty.; I. emergence graeca, Vrty.; IL. 
emergence maxima, Vrty.—Balkanic zone and the Crimea. 

Race wralensis, Bartel; I. emergence unknown ; II. emergence 
uralensis, Bartel.—Ural Mts. é 

Race marchandae, Hib. =simplonia, Fv.—High altitudes in Western 
Alps and, according to Rothschild, in Hastern Pyrenees. 

Race oberthivni, Vrty.— Western Pyrenees. 

Race flavidior, Wheeler, described in his Butt. of Switz., p. 63, from 
the Rhone Valley, in the plain, I am not acquainted with, but its 
description sounds like an interesting race, intermediate between 
marchandae and romana or graeca. : 


JW OrTES ON GOLLECTING, etc. 


WarwicksHirE Recorps or IcHneumonipak (concluded).—This final 
list of records up to date includes the more interesting forms met 
with since 1921.—IcHnuumoninan.—Stenichneumon trilineatus, Gm.— 
Stoke, 8.vili.23.  Cratichneumon fugitivus, Gr.—Kenilworth, 3.vi.22, 
gf. C. albilarvatus, Gr.—Cathirons, 27.v.22, 3, F. Pepper; Kenil- 
worth, 3.v.238, g.  C. lantus, Gr.—Coombe, 3.vi.22, ¢ g. Melan- 
tchneumon saturatorius, L.—Wolvey, 3.vii.21, gf. Barichnewmon 
ridibundus, Gr.—Stoke, 9.viii.22, g. B. vestigator, Wesm.—Stoke, 


*Yes you can adopt a logonym and validate it—I have done it with Staudinger’s 
Sale Lists.—J.H.D. 


172 THE WNLOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 


4.ix.22, g.  Ichneumnon deliratorius, L.—Coombe, 10.vi.28, g. I. 
sarcitorius, Li.—Stoke, 20.vi.22, g ; 10.vill.22, g ; Binley, 2.x.22, ?. 
I, suspiciosus, Wesm.—Stoke, 1.viii.22, 9 ; Stretton, 24.xi1.22, 9, 
Pepper. J. yracilentus, Wesm.—Coombe, 6.vili.28, g¢. I. raptorius, Gr. 
—Stoke, 3.vili.22, 9 ; Coombe, 6.vii1.28, 2. Chasmiasmotatorius, Fab. 
—Binley, 8.1x.23, gf. Ctenichnewmon castigator, Fab.— Ryton, 9.1x.28. 
Amblyteles armatorius, 'st.—Stoke, 17.vi.28, 2 2 ; (host 7’. pronuba). 
Probolus alticola, Gr.—Brandon, 28.vi.28, 9, F. Pepper. Platylabus 
pedatorius, Fab.—Binley, 2.x.22, g. LP. phaleratus, Hal.—Coombe, 
23.ix.28, 92.  Phaeogenes stimulator, Gr.—Coombe, 3.vi1.22, 2@. 
Aethecerus placidus, Wesm.—Coleshill, 29.v.22, ¢.  Hemichneumon 
elongatus, Rtz.—Willenhall, 20.v.22, g 3, 2 ; (host Psyche sp. ?). 

Cryptinar. —Plectocryptus digitatus, Gm,.—Coombe, 3.v1.22, ¢ ; 
Brandon, I1.vi.22, 9. Cubocephalus oviventris, Gr.—Brandon, 
Q4.ix.22, g. Microcrypius abdominator, Gr.—Napton, 6.vill.22, 3. 
Glyphicnemis suffolciensis, Morl.—Stoke, 80.vii.28, 9. Phygadenon 
leucostigmus, Gr.—Brandon, 24.ix.22, 9 ; Binley, 2.x.22, 9. P. 
fumator, Gr.—Stoke, 18.viil.22, 2° ; Binley, 8.1x.28, 9 9. Hemiteles 
necator, Gr.—Stoke, 20.vi.22, 92. HA. bicolorinus, Gr.—Stoke, 
1.vi.22, 9. A. tristator, Grav.—Stoke, 4.ix.22. HA. ridibundus, Gr. 
Stoke, 20.vi.22, 2. Stilpnus gayates, Gr.—Stoke, 20.v.22, 9 ; 1.vi.22, 
S ; 20.vi.22, g. Cryptus spiralis, Fre-—Coventry, 6.1x.23, 2, rare. 
Cryptus tarsolevcus, Schr.—Bubbenhall, 4.v.22, F. Pepper; Southam, 
6.vill.22, g ; Frankton, 4.vi.22, g ; Stretton, 6.v1.22, 9, F. Pepper. 
CO. obscurus, Gr.—-Coombe, 3.iv.22, 9 ; Stoke, 2.vi.23, 9. Habrocryptus 
porrectorius, Fab.—Brandon, 27.v.22, 9, I. Pepper. H. brachyurus, 
Gr— UtionyGsve2one or 

Pimetinar.—Lhyssa perswasoria, L.—Princethorpe, 1922, 9°, Dr. 
Newton ; Coventry, 25.vii.28, 9. EHphialtes carbonarius, Chr.—Bub- 
benhall,.17.1x.22, ? 9,1’. Pepper. Perithous mediator, Yab.—Brandon, 
22. ix.22, 9. Pimpla graninellae, Hlgr.—Bubbenhall, 11.vi.28, 9, 
F. Pepper. P. brevicornis, Gr.—Bubbenhall, 27.vili.22, 9, HK. H. 
Sills. P. punctiventris, Thms.—Binley, 23.1x.28, 9. P. nucwn, Rtz. 
—Stoke, 5.xu.22, 9? ¢ 9 9 Q; (host Pontania peduneult, Htg.). P. 
alternans, Gr.—Napton, 6.vill.22, 9. P. brassicariae, Poda.—Coles- 
hill, 26.v.28, 9. Glypta flavolineata, Grav.—Coleshill, 29.vi.22, 9 9. 
Phytodiaetus coryphaeus, Gr.—Stoke, 28.v.22, 9. Lampronota melan- 
cholica, Gr.—Coombe, 3.vi.22. 3. 

TryeHoninan.—Polyclistus mansuetor, Gr.—Stoke, 138.vii.20 ; 
20.i1x.22. Haochus prosopius, Gr.—Napton, 6.vill.22. Homocidus cinetus, 
Gray.—Coombe, 25.vii.22. H. tarsatorius, Pz—Brandon, 24.ix.22. H. 
ornatus, Gr.—Stoke, 29.x1.21; 14.v.22; Coventry, 12.x.22. dH. 
crassicrus, Thms.—Brandon, 27.viii.22. Promethus laticarpus, Thms. 
—Stoke, 28.v.22. Sphecophaga vesparum, Curt.—Ryton, 6.vi.22; 
Stoke, 20.vi.22. Mesoletus semicaligatus, Gr.—Binley, 2.x.22; Stoke, 
4.1x.22. M. segmentator, Hlgr.—Stoke, 25.v.23; Stretton, 18.v.23 ; 
17.vi.23; (host N. latipes). Dyspetes praeroyater, L.—Stoke, 9.1x.22; 
29.1x.23.  Tryphon signator, Gr.—Coombe, 38.vi.22.  Hayston brevi- 
petiolatiun, Th.—Coombe, 3.vi.22. Mesoleptus typhae, Fre.—Coleshill, 
20.v.23, 9. HMuryproctus notatus, Gr.—Packington, 4.vi.21.  Peri- 
lissus filicornts, Gr.—Ryton, 4.vi.22; Brandon, 11.vi.22; Stoneleigh, 
14.vii.23. Lathrolestus ungularis, Thms.—Stoke, 1.xii.22. 

Opuroninak.— Proclitis praetor, Hal.—Stoke, 3.1x.23; (host 


CURRENT NOTES. 178 


Emphytus pallipes;.  Perizon angustipennis, Hlgr.—Brandon, 24.1x.22. 
Campoplea foveolatus, Frst.—Coleshill, 26.v.28; Kenilworth, 3.vi.28, 
F. Pepper. C. costulatus, Bdg.— Stoke, 2.vi.28. Nemeritis cremastoides. 
Hler.—Stoke, 1.vi.22. N. rufipes, Bdg.——Stoke, 12.vii.22; 20.ix.22 ; 
2.vi.238. N. gracilis, Gr.—Stoke, 8.viil.22.  Phobocampa obscurella, 
Hler.—Coombe, 15.vil.22. Omorga faunus, Hlgr.—Stoke, 18.vi.22. 
O. ramidula, Brsh.—Stoke, 10.vi.21. O. muilticincta, Gr.—Stoke, 
§.vi.21; Coleshill, 29.vi.22.  Olesicampa longipes, Mull.—Bubben- 
hall, 28.vili.28; (host Pristiphora viridana). Pectenella latiungula, 
Th.—Stoke, 4.1x.22. Angitia majalis, Gr.—Stoke, 10.ix.21; 
2.1x.22. A. fenestralis, Hlgr.—Stoke, 380.vi.22; 20.1x.22; (host 
Pontania pedunculi, Htg.).  Anilasta inquinata, Hlgr.—Coombe, 
15.vil.22. Labrorychus nigricornis, Wesm.—Stoke, 22.v.23; Coombe, 
21.vil.28. <Agrypon variitarsun, Gr.—Coleshill, 26.v.28. ~Cphion 
luteus, Linn.—Coventry, l7.vilil.23, 7.ix.28, 11.1x.28.  14.1x.238; 
Bubbenhall, 9.vii.23, F. Pepper. O. distans, Th.—Coventry, 1922, F. 
Pepper. 0. scutellaris, Th.—Ryton, 6.vi.22; Coventry, 18.viii.23, 
20.viii.18.  O. ventricosus, Gr.—Bubbenhall, 23.v.22, F. Pepper. 0. 
parvulus, Kr.—Kenilworth, 8.vi.28.  Paniscus cristatus, Th.— Coventry 
27.1v.28, Dr. Newton; Kenilworth, 3.v1.28. P. melanurus, Th.— 
Frankton, 17.vi.28.  P. gracilipes, Th.—Coventry, 11.iv.238; Stoke, 
29.ix.23.—J. W. Saunt, 53, infield Road, Stoke, Coventry. 


}URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


The annual volume from Portici Boll. Lab. zool. yen. e Ayr., vol. 
xvi. (1922) contains memoirs by several well-known workers: 
T. Silvestri, Insects of the hazel; IH. Ragusa, The deyeriidae (Sesiidae) 
of Sicily; G. Grandi, studies of various races of PMombyax mort, ete. 
Prof. Silvestri deals with the Tortricidae, Gypsonoma (Semasia) 
neglectana, and its parasites (Hym) Formica cinerea, Apanteles lictorius, 
Meteorus cinctellus, Macrocentrus nitidus, Pimpla nucum, P. alternans 
(Dip.), Phytomyptera nitidiventris; Epiblema penkleriana, with (Hym.) 
Eubadizon extensor, and P. nucum; Tmetocera ocellana, with (Hym.) 
Chalcis intermedia, Microdus dimidiator, Meteorus parvulus, Habrobracon 
genuensis, P. nucum, P. alternans and Parasterola gallicola; and the 
Tineid, Recurvaria nanella, with (Hym.) Microdus rugulosus and 
Copidosoma nanellus ; there are 50 illustrations mostly with numerous 
figures: the whole worked out very thoroughly. 

The Report of the Ent. Soc. of Ontario for 1922 contains several 
Special papers on the “ Huropean Corn Borer’’ (Pyrausta nubilalis) 
which in 1921 was reported as very destructive and an increasing 
menace to the crops. The pest was reported as not so prevalent as in 
that year owing probably to the summer being less dry and the heat 
less excessive, factors which when present much increase the incidence 
of the trouble. ° Various experiments were carried on for long periods 
in ploughing in the larvae and setting ‘‘ recovery ” traps with more or 
less unsatisfactory results, as the larvae seem to be able to withstand 
the vigors of an Ontario winter with considerable success. But how 
and where they secrete themselves is as yet an unsolved problem. It 
was thought in 1921 that the Tachinid, Hworista nigripalpis was likely 
to become an efficient check, but it was practically absent in 1922. 
There is an interesting account of Provancher, the Canadian Linneus. 


174 THE WNYOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


The Grape-Leaf Hopper, the feather mite, the rose chafer, the seed- 
potatoe maggot are dealt with in special memoirs, and Messrs. Criddle 
and Curran are responsible for the yearly Entomological Record. 

The Ann. Ttep. and Proc. of the Lancashire and Cheshire 
Entomological Society are to hand and are for the years 1921-22. It 
ig a record of good local work done by a society of earnest enthusiasts. 
The monthly meetings appear to be always interesting with plenty of 
exhibits and occasional papers, and opportunities are afforded to the 
young by the offer of prizes for field work and observation. Papers 
by well-known entomologists are obtained, as well as local papers and 
papers of a literary bearing. The President’s Address in 1922 was 
‘‘ Moths and Myths,” by J. W. Griffin, “Notes from a Cheshire 
Garden,” by Rev. I’. M. B. Carr, ‘“‘ Parasitic Wasps and Bees,” by 
H. M. Hallett, and “A Preliminary List of the Aphididae of N. 
Wales,” by Messrs. Theobald and Walton, are printed in extenso, 
with a further addition to the Faunal List of Lancashire and Cheshire. 
We were reminded by the excellent portait of the Hon. Recording 
Secretary, Wm. Mansbridge, of pleasant wanderings twenty years ago 
or more when he was a denizen of the South. 


SOCIETIES. 
Tur Soura Lonpon EnromonocicaL Society. 


July 12th.—Mr. Main, the living Miius hirtus 9 (Col.) exhibited 
in July, 1922, with ova and young grubs produced in captivity, also 
_young larvae hatched from ova of the H. pennella exhibited at the last 
meeting ; they fed readily on laburnum. 

Mr. Hodgson, varied series of females of Aygriades thetis and 
Polyommatus icarus from the Cotswolds. 

Mr. Littlewood, specimens of Macrothylacia rubi, bred by forcing in 
November and December without cold influence intervening. 

Mr. Grosvenor reported only form hippocrepidis of Ayyaena 
filipendulae from a locality which had hitherto produced only the typical 
form. 

Mr. Turner, living bred imagines of Oidaematophorus lithodactylus 
from Lyme Regis, much more variegated than most continental forms; 
stems of Viburnum showing the exit cap and projecting chrysalis of 
Aegeria andraeniformis; and a very long series of Polyommatus dolus from 
Central and South France, Central Italy and Asia Minor, showing the 
racial variation, and communicated notes on the species. 

July 26th.—Mr. F. 8. Windsor, Oatlands Cottage, Horley, Surrey 
was elected a member. 

The President exhibited a gynandromorph of Polyommatus icarus 
from Martigny, Switzerland; R. side g, L. side 9. 

Mr. Jacobs, a specimen of Cemiostoma laburnella and a Homopteron 
quite like itin facies, and occurring with it on Laburnum. 

Mr. Withycombe, a young g of Chirocephalis diaphanus bred from 
the egg. 

Mr. Turner, living examples of the case-bearer, Coleophora 
troglodytella, bred from Inula dysenterica, Lyme Regis, Dorset. 

Mr. Barnett, ab. schmidtit of Runvicta phlaeas, ab. obsoleta of Aricia 
medon and an extreme blue form of female of Polyommatus icarus, all 
~ from Surrey. 


OBITUARY. 175 


Mr. Edwards, a fine very fern-like dendrite on a flint from 
Salisbury Plain. 

Mr. Step, the cast-skin of the Smooth Snake from Studland, Dorset. 

Mr. Dennis, sub-species amethystea of the broom-rape, Orobanche 
minor, grown in Chelsea Physic Garden on roots of Sea-holly, 
Hryngium maritimum. 


BITUARY. 
The Hon. Nathaniel Charles Rothschild, M.A., F.L.S., F.Z.S. 
1877-1923. 

It was with much sorrow that we read in the daily press of the 
sudden death of the Hon. N. C. Rothschild at the early age of 46. 
More than a quarter of a century age we remember that the late Mr. 
J. W. Tutt spoke of Mr. Rothschild as one of the coming young men 
in entomology, one who was not only able to help forward the study by 
his ready aid, but had the natural ability and desire to do some of the 
work himself. Time proved that our late editor’s opinion was a 
correct one, for although all branches of science attracted Mr. 
Rothschild his preference lay more particularly in entomology, and he 
chose a hitherto neglected and little understood group, where very 
specialised work was needed. 

Nathaniel Charles Rothschild was born in May, 1877: the younger 
son of the late Lord Rothschild. From a Preparatory School he passed 
to the Public School at Harrow in 1891, where he remained until 1895. 
Thence he went to Trinity College, Cimbridge, passing the Natural 
Science Tripos in 1898 and taking his M.A. degree in 1901. On leay- 
ing the University he entered the firm of Messrs. Rothschild and Sons, 
New Court, H.C. Here in spite of his ardent love for natural history, 
he must have worked assiduously, for on the death of his father in 
1915 during the war, he was called upon to take over the various and 
intricate financial matters which Lord Rothschild had been engaged in 

for the nation. The work however proved so onérous to a severely 
conscientious man, that he had a serious nervous breakdown in the 
following year, and from this he never completely recovered. The 
mental strain he endured cannot be appreciated fully by us, but his 
untimely death is undoubtedly one of the aftermaths of the war. 

From early boyhood he was particularly attracted by Entomology, 
collecting and learning the secrets of insect lifeand habits of all orders ; 
in 1895 at the age of 18 in conjunction with Bonhote he published a 
local fauna volume on the Butterflies and Moths of Harrow. But it 
was not along the well-worn paths of the study of the more attractive 
orders of insects that his real entomological work was done. With a 
schoolboy’s desire for the new he acquired, by a chance purchase, some 
microscopi¢ slides of blood-sucking parasites, This small beginning 
was followed up until he possessed a fair collection of Ectoparasites, 
and the momentous discovery of the fact, just at that period, that 
diseases were transmitted by bloodsucking insects, gave the impetus to 
the thoroughly business practical man, for he saw that the systematic 
study of Hctoparasites would turn out to be of the utmost economic 
importance to the human race. Henceforth his spare-time work was 
to further in every possible manner the investigation of the life-history 
of insect Ectoparasites. He accumulated material from all, even the 
remotest, parts of the world, not only for his own study but for that of 
other spevialists, and to numbers of scientific journals he contributed 


176 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


articles and notes to arouse general interest in what his foresight told 
him was of world importance. He lost no opportunity, for we find 
that on his trips to Egypt and to the Sudan he discovered the rat flea, 
which sult sequently was found to be the chief agent in the transmission 
of bubonic plague. That the minute differentiation of closely allied 
species may be taxonomic work of the utmost importance, is proved by 
the existence in India of several species of rat flea, very alike 
structurally and difficult to discriminate, but differing in their habits 
and distribution, and in their ability to transmit disease, and thus 
affording a sufficient reason why some districts in India are free from 
plague. In this work Mr. Rothschild had the skilled entomological 
knowledge and suggestion of his lifelong friend Dr. Karl Jordan. 

Some years ago, the collection of Kctoparasites thus accumulated 
was given to the British Museum, although remaining in Mr. 
Rothsehild’s hands for the time being. That, however, was not all, for 
in order that the upkeep and continued utility of the collection might 
be assured, a sum of £10,000 was placed at the disposal of the 
Trustees, and we understand provision has been made for the publica- 
tion of a descriptive and illustrated catalogue for the use of research 
workers in the tropics. 

The intensive study of one small group of animals did not prevent 
Mr. Rothschild from the consideration of nature from a broad point 
of view, for he saw that the growing prevalence of such intensive 
studies as his own, in other groups, would in the future doubtless tend 
to cause the extinction of many rare and local species or forms in a 
restricted fauna, such as our British Isles afford, and at all times he 
not only advocated the protection of such, but he was one of the most 
ardent originators of the Society for the Promotion of Nature 
Reserves, and in time he made himself personally almost entirely 
responsible for its existence. We are told that his will provides for 
the endowment of this Society to the extent of £5,000. 

Another of our newer organisations which owes its iets rei 
largely to the initiative of Mr. Rothschild, is the Imperial Bureau of 
Entomology, an institution supported now not only by the home 
government, but by all the self-governing dominions and colonies of 
the Empire and already the most world-useful disseminator of 
scientific economic knowledge. 

In 1915-16 the Hon. N. C. Rothschild was President of the 
Entomological Society of London—probably the youngest President 
in its history—The Fellows no doubt recognised his great scientific 
attainments, his ability and his active desire to further the aims of 
the Society. At that time it was his earnest wish that the Society 
should give up their most incommodious rooms in Chandos Street, 
and he took many steps to obtain this object even himself offering a 
house for their abode. When the Society did finally decide to change 
their quarters, it was a great pleasure for him to help them to achieye 
this, by his skilled advice and by a very handsome donation to the 
Housing Fund, which was established to purchase the freehold of the 
house at 41, Queen’s Gate, S.W. The well-being of the Society was 
ever before him and a legacy of £1,000 will be added to the funds of 
the Society. 

His opportunities were great: his achievements were great: ‘tis 
rarely that these two are commensurate. We mourn his loss to 
science and to his friends.—H.J.T. 


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Desiderata.—Foreign examples, local races, vars. and abs. from all parts of the 
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Entomologist has quantity of Exotic butterflies in paper to exchange for Foreign 
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N. American Lepidoptera in papers in exchange for ditto from any part of the world. 
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MYRMBOCOLOGICAL NOTES. 177 


Myrmecological Notes.—New Australian Formicidae. 
By W. C. CRAWLEY, B.A., F.E.S. 


Aenictiis DEUQUETI, Sp. NOV. 
Slee 277 mim: 


Entirely castaneous, the gaster and femora paler than the rest. 

Whole body including legs and antennae, with plentiful fairly long pilosity. 

Mandibles with a long apical tooth, a very small one next to it, followed by 
3 or 4 very minute denticles. Near the base is a small Jongitudinal groove. 
Frontal carinae very close together as in twrneri, For., but absolutely merged into 
one just behind the antennal insertions. Carinae on cheeks small. The scapes fail 
to reach the occiput by more than their width at the widest part. They are narrow 
at the base, and swell to more than twice their width at the apex. All joints of 
funiculus longer than broad, 3-6 only slightly so. First and second subequal, 3-6 
shorter and broader, subequal in length, 7 and 8 increasing in length and breadth, 
the apical about equal to the 3 preceding together. 

Head as broad as long, slightly broader in front, sides feebly convex, occipital - 
border concave. 

Promesonotum forms a single convexity, a little flatter at the mesonotum. 
Mesoepinotal emargination very slight. Epinotum almost flat for its first rds, 
then descends to meet the declivity, which is vertical, very short, and bordered by 
a feeble ridge. Seen from behind it is in the form of a triangle with the apex 
truncate. 

Nodes of pedicel, seen from above, of equal width, the first slightly longer than 
the second. In profile they are of equal height, the first bearing beneath a flat 
lamella, of equal width at top and bottom, with the bottom obliquely truncate, the 
acute angle directed backwards. ‘The second has a small tooth beneath in front. 

Femora and tibiae very attenuate at the base and swollen beyond the middle. 

Smooth and shining. Sides of mesonotum, mesosternum, epinotum, meta: 
sternum and nodes densely reticulate and submat; this reticulation extends partially 
on to the upper surface of epinotum and first node. 


Lismore, N.S.W. (C. Deuquet, 449 and 450). Type W.C.C. Coll. 

Near twnert, For., from Queensland, but differs in being slightly 
larger and more robust, darker in colour, and particularly in the shape - 
of the frontal carinae, and the scapes, which are shorter and thicker. 
Both nodes are longer than in turneri. ‘This species is only the third 
of the sub-family Dorylinae yet discovered in Australia. 


Strumigenys QUINQUEDENTATA, Sp. NOY. 
6 L. 2:4 mm. 


Dark castaneous ; mandibles, pedicel, antennae, legs and apical segments of 
gaster paler. 

A few long hairs on clypeus, pedicel and gaster. Rest of body covered with 
short recurved hairs, including the scape and legs. 

Mandibles nearly straight, half as long as the head, terminated by 4 teeth, the 
innermost longest, the apical slightly shorter, with 2 small teeth branching from 
it. About 4 of the length of the mandible on the inner border is a fifth tooth, as 
long as the apical, broad at base, pointed, slightly curved backwards. 

Head shaped very similarly to that of godeffroyi; at its widest part, just 
before the occiput, it is ? as wide as the head is long (without the mandibles). 
Anterior border of elypeus feebly convex, almost straight. The scape reaches be- 
yond the posterior quarter of the head. Eyes at bottom of scrobe, a little behind 
the middle of sides. Joints 2 and 3 of funiculus slightly longer than broad, 3 
longer than 2, and both together about as long as the first joint. Joint 4 less than 
4 as long as the apical. 

Fronotum rather narrow in frontand rounded. Mesonotum slightly narrower 
behind than in front. 

There is a distinct but feeble emargination at the meso-epinotal suture. 

Base of epinotum slightly longer than the declivity, bordered and flat ; 


Decemper 15r1n, 1923. 


178 THK WNYOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


declivity slightly concave. The spines are pointed, not quite so long as their 
interval. 

The lateral borders of the declivity are provided with a flat lamella, which runs 
up the spine nearly to the point, forming a sharp angle, descends to the border of 
the declivity in the centre, thence rising again as a small convex lamella covering 
the remainder of the border. ‘There are no membraneous appendices on the 
epinotum. Stalk of petiole slightly shorter than the node, which is higher than 
the postpetiole, and rounded above. Seen from above the node is elongate-oval 
with a small appendix at each posterior angle. Postpetiole oval, broader than 
long and than the petiole, and with a mass of spongy material filling the space 
between the posterior angles and the base of gaster. In profile the petiole has a 
flat appendix beneath, running along the whole segment, and the postpetiole has 
beneath a pair of semi-circular wing-like appendices. Mandibles shining, with 
plentiful minute punctures. Whole head densely reticulate-punctate and shining 
at the bottom of the punctures. The reticulation is less dense on the clypeus and 
more noticeable in the scrobes, where it is not obscured by the pilosity. 

Sides of thorax and whole of first node similarly but less distinctly sculptured. 
Dorsum of thorax with a similar ground reticulation and several irregular longi- 
tudinal striae. 

Base of epinotum similarly reticulate but with no striae. Declivity shining, 
with a superficial reticulation. Second node and gaster smooth and shining. At 
the base of the latter is a series of short longitudinal ridges. Legs reticulate. 


Manjimup, W. Australia (Clark 467). 

33 % inanest of Amblyopone australis, Kr. 

Type W.C.C. Coll. 

Shape of head intermediate between those of yodeffroyt and perplexa, 
and the head more deeply emarginate behind than in the former. 
Joint 5 of funiculus in godeffroyi is shorter and thicker. 


Acropyga INDISTINCTA, Sp. NOV. 
3 L.2°8 mm. 


Yellow, like a Lasius flavus ; teeth of mandibles dark brown. Body covered 
with a short erect pubescence. A fringe of hair on clypeus, and a few on gaster, 
none on scape or tibiae. 

Mandibles with 4 irregular teeth. Clypeus high in centre, the anterior border 
straight. 

Head almost rectangular, but slightly wider in front, a fraction broader than 
long. ‘I'he posterior angles rounded, occipital border straight. There is a slight 
depression in centre of occiput. Frontal area narrower and more rounded at the 
top than in moluccana. yes composed of about 6 facets, and placed on the 
anterior 4 of sides of head. The scape fails to reach the occiput by more than 
twice its breadth. Joints 2-8 of funiculus broader than long, the last joint about 
equals the preceding two. 

Pro- and mesonotum form an even and high convexity. 

Meso-epinotal suture very slight. 

Declivity of epinotum feebly concave, 13 as long as the base. 

Shining ; mandibles striate near the apex. Head covered with small piligerous 
punctures, a few, less pronounced, on promesonotum. 


Mundaring, W. Australia (Clark 241, 807). Distinct from the - 
other Australian species. 
Types W.C.C. Coll. 


Camponotus (Myrmophyma) walkeri, For., race bardus, For., var. 
ELONGATA, var. NOV. 


% major, L. 10 mm. 


Dark castaneous, coxae, trochanters and femora yellow, mandibles, vertex 
and occiput, and patches on dorsum of thorax and gaster, darker. 

In some specimens most of the upper surface of the body is brown. 

Head slightly longer than broad (the reverse in bardus); the scapes extend 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 179 


twice their width beyond occiput (reach it only in walkeri and in bardus). 

Declivity of epinotum less abrupt, concave. 

Ground reticulation very coarse on cheeks and clypeus, with irregular elongate 
punctures, most abundant on clypeus. 

The spines on underside of tibiae, generally 5 in number, very short and at 
regular intervals. 

8 minor. Similarly coloured, but paler. 

Head much longer, the sides straight, not convex as in walkeri, only slightly 
broader behind. Scapes louger, extending more than 3} their length beyond 
occiput. 


Armadale, W. Australia (Clark 204, 216). 
Types W.C.C. Coll. 


I) OTES ON COLLECTING, etc. 


Nores From tHe Norra or Irevanp, 1923.—The past season here 
has been about the worst in my experience, of over thirty years. The- 
winter of 1922-23 was exceptionally mild, with practically no frost or 
snow; and the early months of 1923 followed suit. Larvae of 
Melitaea aurinia were on the move at the end of February, and 
sallows in bloom in sheltered spots; the second week in March 
‘winter came’’; bitterly cold, north-east and east winds raged day 
after day, with a short period of calm at rare intervals. This weather 
continued almost without a break until the middle of June, and 
Lepidoptera with few exceptions have been all too scarce. 

The first butterfly to appear was dylais urticae, several of which 
were flying along a weedy bank on March 8rd. Huchloé cardamines 
was observed on April 28th; a male at rest, low down in the shelter of 
a sallow bush, the species was fairly common at intervals during May, 
but not in its usual abundance, although I secured, just emerged, a 
well marked example of ab. schepdaeli *, so recently described in The 
Record, Vol. XXXY., page 102; also a fine female, ab. radiata, 
Williams, and two specimens of this sex, with the costal area pale 
yellow. 

— Melitaea aurinia was far from common on the wing in its special 
haunts, but a fine series was bred from larval nests collected the 
previous autumn and wintered in the open in the garden. 

The spring brood of Pararye aeyeria race egerides, was hardly in 
evidence, in localities where it usually abounds; and LP. megera was 
not seen at all. Pieris napi was very late in appearing (May 10th), 
but a few nice dark females occurred. During June and early July, 
Hepialus fusconebulosa (nelleda) was flying in swarms everywhere at 
dusk, and several examples were secured with a series of pale white 
spots on the upperside of the hindwings. 

Daring July and August, Mpinephele jurtina being about the only 
abundant butterfly, [ spent some time overhauling this species for 
aberrations, with fairly good results; more especially in some rough 
meadows near Lough Fea; here ab. addenda, Mousley, was frequent, 
some of the males having four super-numerary spots on the forewings, 
above as well as below, and the females large and distinctly marked 


* This appears to be very similar to ab. caulostieta, Williams, a female 
aberration.—T.G. 


180 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


especially on the underside; many practically identical with var. 
hispulla; in other localities, males of this species were taken with a 
small ocellated spot on the hindwings above, near the anal angle; and 
at Lough Neagh, I captured a male with a bright fulvous band on the 
hindwings. 

On July 18th, among the hills near the little town of Pomeroy, a 
thriving colony of Polyonmmatus icarus was discovered in a sheltered 
ravine; the males remarkable for the large proportion of the ab. 
tcarinus occurring amongst those netted; the females do not show so 
much blue as Lough Neagh specimens, although several have the 
discoidals on all wings above, ringed with white or blue. Ino statices 
was flying in some numbers in a meadow below this ravine, 
accompanied by Zyyaena filipendulae, several of the latter having the 
outer pair of spots confluent. Crossing a bog on the way home, 
Coenonynipha tiphon and Plusia interroyationis were disturbed from the 
heather and captured. 

Several visits were paid to ‘Rubens Glen” for Dryas paphia 
without result, although a couple of worn specimens were seen on the 
last visit here on August 28th. About this time, Celaena haworthtt 
began to appear frequently at the bloom of Glyceria fluitans, growing 
in a small swamp near my house. 

Coenonynipha tiphon was observed again (though much worn) near 
Lough Fea on August 26th, and Crambus margaritellus was taken 
flying over the heather at dusk; on the 28th, C. selasedlus was common 
in meadows. 

A number of week-ends during the autumn months, were spent at 
Downhill on the north coast of Co. Derry; there is a comfortable 
hotel here, nestling at the foot of the cliffs which extend for some 
miles along the shore ; the wide sandy flat of Magilligan is also close 
at hand. Several rare and interesting plants are found in this neigh- 
bourhood, such as Dryas octopetala, Silene acaulis, and Sawxifraya 
oppositifolia ; along the base of the cliffs the beautiful Parnassia 
palustris is abundant. Tour species of butterflies were observed on the 
sand-hills, dryynnis aglaia, Satyrus semele, IMpinephele jurtina, and 
Polyommatus tcavrus ; the last only at all commonly; on ragweed at 
dusk Ayrotis vestiyialis, A. tritici, A. praecox and Aporophyla niyra 
(sparingly) occurrcd ; but at the base and along the cliffs A. niyra (a 
fine black form) was abundant, often two or three on a single head of 
ragweed, accompanied by Noctua glareosa (a few rosy varieties) and 1. 
dahliit, much lighter in colour than those found at Lough Neagh. 

On my last visit here on October 6th, the ragweed yielded A. niyra 
still plentiful, but worn, Ayrotis upsilon, A. saueia, several; Aporophyla 
lutulenta var. luneburgensis, not common; lolia chi, and a single 
Xylina socia. In the day-time an occasional Pieris brassicae was still 
in evidence, although the cabbages everywhere were covered with the 
larvae in various stages of growth. 

Hydroecia crinanensis was abundant in the swamp where UC. 
haworthii occurred, but very uncommon elsewhere; for instance at 
Magilligan where the reputed foodplant Iris grows in quantity on the 
edge of the sand-hills, not a single specimen was noticed. 

Aylais urticae was still about on the scabious October 15th, and 
the larvae of Phragmatobia fuliginosa were sunning themselves, here 


? 


NOTES ON COLLECTING. 181 


and there, preparatory to their winter sleep.—Tuomas Greer, 
Stewartstown, November 10th, 1923. 


A rew Nores on ContinentaL Raopatocera.—lt is perhaps rather 
late to be writing notes about the season 1922, but I find in my note- 
books, one or two items which are perhaps worth recording. From 
May 24th to 81st, 1922, I was at La Ste. Baume, near Marseilles, with 
Mr. A. C. Smith, F.E.S., and Mrs. Smith. With the exception of one 
male Jolana (Lycaena) tolas, taken near the source of the Huveaune by 
Mr. Smith, the Rhopalocera met with were quite ordinary species. 
We were, however, pleased to meet with Hesperia sidae in some 
numbers. It was very wide-spread near the margins of woods on the 
Plan d’Aups; and when we ascended the ridge which bounds the Plan 
on the south, we found that H. sidae was still with us on the top—v.e., 
at an altitude of about 8000 feet. During the day-time we were 
continually chasing and capturing what we thought to be H. sidae 
only to find often that we had secured Muclidia mi. In the late after- 
noon H. sidae like so many Hesperiids quite changed its habits and flew 
at a greatly increased pace, rushing hither and thither with no 
apparent desire to settle anywhere. It was interesting to note that 
Euclidia mi behaved in exactly the same fashion at exactly the same 
time. There would seem to be a clear case of mimicry here. It is 
not often one finds in the wilds, the body of a butterfly which had 
died a natural death; and it is therefore of interest to record that on 
May 27th, I came across the tattered remains of a large female 
Euvanessa antiopa in a clearing in the woods. The insect was lying 
upside down, the wings being depressed below the ventral level and 
forming an angle of about 90% degrees. ‘The abdomen was shrivelled 
to insignificant proportions, the edges of the wings being much frayed 
and the wing surfaces very rubbed. It looked as if, all its natural 
force being spent, it had just slipped off a bush as life evaporated. 

After leaving La Ste. Baume, we proceeded to La Grave, Hautes 
Alpes, and one or two observations made there may be worth recording. 

The great feature was the vast abundance of a species of ant, 
Formica cinerea, Mayr. It was scarcely possible in large areas to find as 
much as a few square inches which did not contain one or more 
workers; and not content with thus covering the ground, they ascend- 
ed all the trees and were to be seen descending with all sorts of insect 
prey, including Noctuid and Geometrid larvae, the latter sometimes in 
sections. No larva without a special protection, such as the nauseous 
larva of Parnassius apollo or the hairy larva of Arctia catia, would have 
had a chance against them. The more surprising was it therefore to 
find that this same species of ant, was in constant attendance on the 
larvae of Polyommatus (Hirsutina) damon on the flower-heads of sainfoin, 
Indeed, so regular was the habit, that it was only necessary to look for 
ants on the flower-heads and one or more larvae—large or small 
would surely be found. 

Another much smaller ant of a reddish brown tint was at the same 
time found in attendance on larvae of Plebetus argus, but unfortunately, 
I did not bring home examples of the ant and consequently it has not 
been identified. 

On one or two occasions larvae of Aryynnis niobe were seen. 
They were literally running in full sunshine over the carpet of fallen 


182 THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. 


pine needles. I watched one closely and saw it make a bee-line for a 
tiny plant of Viola tricolor, seize it’ greedily with its first pair of legs, 
and proceed to devour it. If all the plants were as isolated and as tiny as 
this one, it would be easy to understand why the larva of A. niobe felt 
impelled to run hither and thither. Or was he running to escape the 
omni-present ant ?—J. A. Sims (F'.E.S.), Loughton, Essex, November 
14th, 1923. 


Norrs on Lisyrnra ceitis.— When staying on the Riviera in the 
spring of 1928 I found Libythea celtis local, but fairly abundant it its 
chosen haunts. On April 18th numbers of females were flying round 
the trees (Celtis australis), and as none of them were worth taking for 
cabinet specimens I devoted a few hours to searching for eggs. Most 
of the trees were in full leaf, but here and there were odd ones that 
were very much later, in fact the buds had hardly commenced to swell 
and at first glance I thought that they were dead. These however 
were the ones most favoured by L. celtis, The females were most dar- 
ing, taking very little notice of being disturbed, dividing their time in 
depositing eggs and settling on the bare earth under the trees, flowers 
being entirely neglected. 

The eggs are laid on the slender twigs close to a bud, and although 
I found as many as three round one bud, I think that they would be 
from several parents, and I observed them very closely and never saw 
two deposited on the same bud. By careful searching of the lower 
branches I found about 120 eggs in 8 hours and in one or two cases 
the tiny larva just hatched. 

The eggs are spherical, light brown, very similar in colour to the 
twig and change very little in appearance towards hatching. ‘They 
had all hatched by April 28th, so 10 days is about the period for this 
stage. 

The small larvae at once eat little circular holes in the middle of 
the leaves, remaining in most cases on the underside. They go through 
their changes very quickly the first pupa appearing on May 10th, and 
the last on May 21st. When full fed the larvae are cylindrical, smooth, 
and without spines or protuberance of any description. The colour 
generally is dark brown broken by various green patches, often with a 
spiracular and dorsal stripe; but there was a great amount of variation, 
and some were almost of a uniform pale green. 

In the last two instars they were somewhat restless dropping from 
the food plant when touched and hanging suspended by a thread. 
The threads were stretched from leaf to leaf uniting the food plant 
into a fairly compact mass and a most untidy wriggling brood they 
looked, quite unlikeany other butterfly I have previously reared and 
reminding one very much of Phigalia pedaria or Apocheima (Nyssta) 
hispidaria when they are reared in quantity in captivity. 

The pupae were mostly suspended from the top of the cage and 
hang without any girth or band, but they curve up again in a very 
curious fashion, so that the extreme point of the front apex almost 
touches the same level as the point of attachment. 

The pupae again show the same amount of variation as the larvae, 
mottled gray being the general tone but others being a clear light 
ereen. 

The first imago appeared on May 81st, and the last on June 10th. 


CURRENT NOTES. 183 


Altogether I had out 110 fine examples well up to size, but not show- 
ing any of the variation which was so pronounced in the larval and 
pupal stages. They were perhaps a tiresome brood to rear in a bed- 
room, but they are certainly very healthy and I feel well repaid with 
such a fine series of this rather local southern species.—A. Simmons, 
42, Loughborough Road, West Bridgford, Nottingham. 


- Norges on Pyreus proro.—I spent a few weeks at La Ste Baume 
(Var.) in the summer of 1923, and acting on the advice of Mr. H. 
Powell of Hyéres, who very kindly gave me much useful information 
of the district, at once commenced to search for larvae of Pyrgus proto. 
The foodplant Phlomis herba-venti grows in patches over a large area, 
and larvae were first found on June 6th. ‘They draw the leaves of the 
foodplant together with a few threads, forming a rough kind of tent 
and live in this little retreat. At this date they were in all stages 
from a few days old to nearly full fed and as they were fairly abundant 
only the large ones were taken. They fed very little and to a great 
extent did not leave their original cover, and I began to fear all was 
not well, but yet only odd ones died. About July Ist, a few left their 
retreat and spun a slight web on the net of the cage and this gave me 
an opportunity of observing their movements. They still remained 
very quiet in spite of a temperature of 80° and on July 11th, I saw the 
first pupa. 

The first imago emerged on July 20th, and at the same time the 
species began to appear in the open. 

Odd full fed larvae were occasionlly picked up until early July, and 
on the 23rd of that month I left for England with the whole lot both 
larvae and pupae in acage without food. With our lower local tempera- 
ture they seemed to advance slower than ever, never feeding, and a few 
larvae were still visible up to the middle of September. However in 
all I had a nice series, the last imago appearing on October 28th, but 
this was a lagegard all the others being out by the end of September. 

When small the larvae are nearly black, but when full fed are a 
pinkish white with a black head. 

The pupae which in two cases out of three were formed inside the 
original leaves are rather slender, dusted with a purple bloom and have 
very prominent eyes. It will be seen therefore that five or six weeks 
lapse before the full fed larva pupates, and out in the open probably 
none would feed after mid July, as the food plant is by that time burnt 
up by the sun.—Ip. 


;URRENT NOTES AND SHORT NOTICES. 


The following Fellows have been nominated as Officers and Council 
of the Entomological Society of London for the Session 1924-1925 :— 
President, K. E. Green, F.Z.8. Treasurer, W. G. Sheldon, F.Z-.S. 
Secretaries, S. A. Neave, M.A., D.Sc., F.Z.S., H. Eltringham, M.A., 
D.Se., F.Z.S. Librarian, H. J. Turner. Other Members of Council, 
K. C. Bedwell, G. C. Champion, F.Z.S., A.L.S., J. EH. Collin, J. David-: 
son, D.Sc., F.L.8., K. Jordan, Ph.D., F. Laing, R. W. Lloyd, G. A. K. 
Marshall, C.M.G., D.Se., F.R.S., W. G. F. Nelson, Professor K. B. 
Poulton, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., W. Rait-Smith, H. Willoughby-Ellis, 
F.Z.S. 


184 THE ENLOMOLOGISL’S RECORD. 


The following members are recommended to be appointed Officers 
and Council of the South London Kntomological and Natural History 
Society for the Session 1924-25:—President, N. D. Riley, F.E.8., 
EiZ-Si) ~~ Vice=Presidents, Wi. J. Bunnett,! MsA.,° F::S.,) Bees ds; 
Grosvenor, F.E.8. Treasurer, A. EK. Tonge, F.K.8. Librarian, A. W. 
Dods. Curator, S. R. Ashby, F.E.S. Assistant Curator, T. Li. Bar- 
nett. Hon. Editor of Proceedings, H. J. Turner, F.K.S. Hon. Secre- 
taries, Stanley Edwards, F.L.8., ete. (Corresponding), H. J. Turner, 
F.E.S. Recorder of Attendances, Li. EK. Dunster. Hon. Lanternist, A. 
W. Dennis. Council, H. W. Andrews, F.E.S., K. G. Blair, B.Sce., 
F.E.8., S. A. Blenkarn, F.E.S., A. W. Buckstone, F. B. Carr, EK. A. 
Cockayne, M.D., F.E.S., A. W. Dennis, O. R. Goodman, F.E.S., E. 
Syms, F.E.S. 

Part 1 and 2 of the Annales Soc. Hunt. de France for 1923 have just 
appeared, and contain (1) The genus Otiorrhynchus of Gallow-Rhénans 
by Mr. Hustsche; (2) The Chironomides of tropical Africa, by M. 
Kieffer; (8) Remarks on some Mosquitos by M. Séguy. There are two 
plates of details and numerous figures in the text. 

The Verhand zool.-bot. Gesell. of Vienna consists of 176 pages of 
Proceedings and 124 of memoirs. ‘The entomological papers in the 
latter deal with Chalcids (Hncyrtidae) and Gall-mites (Oxypleurites). 
In the former we find interesting notes, with figuces, on the eggs of 
Hrebia eriphyle and HE. pharte, a figure of a remarkable ab. of Arctia 
caja, the Lepidopterological experiences in a journey to Swedish Lapland, 
a similar account of a holiday in Corsica, and other smaller items. 
There are many figures. 


SOCIETIES. 
Tur Soura Lonpon EnromonogicaL Socrery. 


August 9th.—Mr. Step exhibited a living Prionus coriarius (Col.) 
from Ockham. 

Mr. H. J. Turner, the life-history of Coleophora troylodytella, of which 
the larvae were found by Dr. Robertson at Lyme Regis, a short series 
of Himmelesta affinitata from the same locality, and a long bred series of 
Eupithecia dentata (campanulata), from larvae found at Ranmore. 

Mr. Blenkarn, the extremely local Dryops anglicanus (Col.) taken 
at Wicken in May, D. auriculatus from Mickleham, and Balaninus 
betulae from Hayes. 


August 23rd.—Mr. R. Adkin, a series of Xanthorhoé galiata from 
ova laid by an Eastbourne female, and pointed out a marked difference 
in tone of colour of the central band in a portion of the brood, and a 
series of Culeophora lineolea with their cases, from larvae feeding on 
Stachys lanata growing in his garden border. 

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, a unique and remarkable specimen of 
Zygaenda filipendulae, taken by him at Royston with the R. hindwing 
an almost exact duplication of the forewing in size, marking, colour 
and neuration. 

Mr. S. R. Ashby, an extremely melanic specimen of Hadena 
dentina (nana), taken by him at Oban. 

Dr. H. 8. Fremlin, a plant of Datura stramoniun. 


SOCIETIES. 185 


Mr. B. §. Williams, Coleoptera from Beds., including Cassida 
fastuosa, Huconnus denticornis, ete., and Hf. hirticollis, from Wicken. 

Mr. Enefer, several items of interest from Switzerland, Polistes 
gallica (Hym.), g and ¢ of the Solitary Ant, Mutilla europaea, 
Aromia moschata, and several large species of spiders. ant 


September 13th.—Mr. H. Candler exhibited a collection of Rbopalo- 
cera captured in Natal during 1900-1-2. He subsequently presented 
them to the Society’s Collections. 

Mr. A. I. Tonge, the much retarded parasitised larva of a 
Zygaenid found at Lewes on September 9th; the Dipteron /chinomyia 
grossa bred from a larva of Macrothylacia rubi: « most-abnormal and 
irregularly marked specimen of Cleora juhata (glabraria) - ete. 

Mr. Blenkarn, the Longicorn Coleopteron Leptura rubra from 
Norwich, new to Britain ; and the local beetle Zabrus yibbus from near 
Brighton. 

Mr. O. R. Goodman, an Hpinephele jurtina race hispulla having an 
irregular pale patch on the forewing: and an Aryynnis nivbe ab. 
orientalis of unusual size from 8. France. 

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor, a number of the Indian Kalliima inachis 
and referred to the extensive range of variation of the underside leaf 
pattern, and the invisibility when settled. 

Mr. Enefer, the large thistle-frequenting Cetonia from Zermatt, 
the Longicorn Saperda scalaris from a tree trunk at Chamonix, and 
Trichius fasciata from knapweed heads at Zermatt. 

Mr. Carr, the larvae of Stauropus fagi from birch at Oxshott, of 
Asthena blomert from Chalfont Road, and Leptomerisdmitaria from ova 
laid by a 2 taken at lynsford. 

Mr. Hy. J. Turner read a note on the melanic aberration of Hadena 
dentina, recently exhibited, stating that this form was named latenai in 
1837 and was considered very rare in this country, and pointed out that 
by priority nana, Hufn. was the species name. He also exhibited a box 
of various species of Mrycinidae from 8. America, illustrating the 
most prominent genera. 


September 27th.—Exuizition OF ORDERS OTHER THAN LePpiDOPYrERA. 

Mr. W. J. Lucas exhibited coloured drawings of the rare orchid 
Spiranthes aestivalis, of the naiad and details of Libellula quadrimacu- 
lata (Odon.), and of the rare Mecostethus grossa (Orth.), all from the New 
Forest. 

Mr. Priske, varied series of land-shells, mainly from Swanage and 
Littlehampton. 

Mr. Bunnett, ova of Petrobia lapidum (Myr.); new species of Orthop- 
tera from Jamaica; and Coleoptera, Centhorhynchidius horridus, Cocct- 
nella conylobata, ete. 

Mr. H. W. Andrews, his collection of British Z'abanidae, largely 
from Kent. 

Mr. B. 8. Williams, numerous species of Coleoptera, mainly from 
Harpenden and Beds. 

Mr. K. G. Blair, ‘‘ Some Insects of the Sandhills,” being notes on 
his holiday: mostly Hymenoptera and Coleoptera: Megachile cirenum- 
cincta, Coeltoxys elongata, Andrena albicans, Psammophila hirsuta, Pom- 


186 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


pilus plumbeus, P. spissus, ete. (Hym.), Sitona grisea, Otiorrhynchus 
atroapterus, Philonthus gibbum, Crypticus quisquilius (Col.), ete. 

Mr. 8. A. Blenkarn, some forty species of local Coleoptera taken by 
him chiefly in 1921-3. 

Mr. S. R. Ashby, the very extensive and varied series of the 
Homopteron Philaenus spumaria, collected by the late Mr. W. West. 

Mr. H. Moore, the three species of mole-cricket, Gryllotalpa vul- 
yarts, Europe, G. orientalis, Africa, and G. borealis, America, and many 
Coleoptera from Nairobi. 

Mr. Main, many details from S. France and the Eastern Pyrenees : 
Mantis religiosa, green and brown forms; Empusa sp., immature ; 
Chelidura dilatata, an earwig with very curved forceps ; an ant-lion, 
Myrmeleon; a salamander, ete. 

Mr. Stafford, aberrations of Agriades coridon from Royston. 

Mr. Tonge, Agriades f. polonus, considered a hybrid between A. 
eoridon and A. thetis, from Reigate. 


October 11th.—A special exhibition and discussion of Coenonympha 
pamphilus. 

Series were exhibited by Messrs. Tonge, Newman, Coulson, Gros- 
venor, O. R. Goodman, A. de B. Goodman, Capt. Crocker, Frohawk, 
Buckstone, Barnett, Turner for Capt. K. J. Hayward, Miss Lock for 
H. B. Wilhams, and Hy. J. Turner. Among the races and forms 
shown were light and dark forms, apical spot absent, apical spot 
doubled, additional spots on forewings, ditto on hindwings, ab. pallida, 
ab. bipupillata, Somerset race with extra spots, dark fascia on underside 
of forewing, richly ringed spots, pale blotched forms, basal suffusion on 
wings, very dark green underside hindwings, etc., mainly from Britain; 
race dyllus almost unicolorous underside hindwing, very marked dark 
marginal borders, hindwing suffused with black, 5. France with more 
rounded wings, L. Maggiore race darkly marked in distal margin and 
apieal spot. Mr. Hy. J. Turner read from his notes extracts dealing 
with the North single brooded race, the double brooded races of North 
Central Hurope, Central Europe, South Europe, and extreme South 
Hurope as described by Dr. Verity, and by a diagram showed how Dr. 
Verity explained that the five fresh emergences near Florence really 
were only two broods with a partial third. 

Mr. Step, a spider (E'peira sp.) killed with methylated spirit, to 
which had been added about 10% of a saturated solution of bichloride 
of mercury, and left in it for a week; the specimen showed little if any 
contraction or loss of colour. 

Mr. Frohawk, two examples of Hrynnis alceae taken this year in 
Surrey. 

Mr. Blenkarn, Chrysomela marginalis from Brighton, an all black 
var. of Adalia bipunctata from Coulsdon, and Apion semivittatwn from 
Deal, a rare Central and South European species (Col.). 

Mr. Newman, a 2nd brood living specimen of Boarmia genmaria 
(rhomboidaria). 

Mr. Step, for Mr. Parker, specimens of the ‘“‘ Resurrection Plant,’ 
Selaginella sp., from Mexico. 

Mr. Enefer, the Bird’s Nest Fungus, Cyathus striatus. 

Mr. Frohawk reported that Anosia plexippus had occurred in Sussex 
this autumn. 


SOCIETIES. 187 


Tue EnromonoeicaL Society or Lonpon. 


October 8rd, 1923.—Guirts to THe Sociwry.—The Treasurer called 
attention to the ten new portraits added to the Society’s collection and 
now hung on the walls of the Meeting Room, including one of the late 
Secretary, Mr. H. Rowland-Brown. Miss Rowland-Brown, who was 
present as a visitor, addressed the meeting and expressed her thanks 
for the honour conferred on her late brother. 

Russian Entomonoeican Socrsty.—The Secretary read a letter from 
the Russian Iintomological Society thanking the Society for the 
financial help sent to Russian entomologists in distressed circum- 
stances. 

[ixmipitions.—Mr. A. KE. Tonge exhibited Ayriades thetis ab. 
polonus, Zell., and expressed the opinion that 1t is a hybrid between 
coridon and thetis. 

Mr. Donisthorpe exhibited some rare British beetles, including 
Arena octavit, Fauy., and Cryptophayus schinidti, Strm. 

Mr. G. T. Bethune-Baker, on behalf of Dr. Jefferis Turner, exhi- 
bited a remarkable Australian Oecophorid, Neossiosynoeca scatophaga, 
living in parrots’ nests. 

The Rev. F. D. Morice exiibited an example of the sawfly, Pachy- 
protasts rapae, Li., with the tarsi, etc., of one leg duplicated. 

Dr. K. Jordan exhibited some remarkable Lepidopterous cocoons 
from South America. 

Mr. 'T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited a teratological specimen of 
Zyyaena filipendulae, the R. hindwing being a complete reproduction 
of the R. forewing. 

Mr. H. M. Edelsten exhibited a series of varieties of Arctia villica. 

Professor K. B. Poulton, I'.R.S., exhibited a remarkable Lepi- 
dopterous leaf-miner from South Nigeria. 

‘he Rev. G. Wheeler exhibited examples of Ayriades f. polonus, 
Zell., and also, on behalf of Mr. Prideaux, both sexes of the second 
brood of A. hispana, H.-S., reared from eggs sent from Florence. 

Parers.—l. On Scent Organs in the Genus Hydroptila (Trichoptera), 
by Mr. Martin E. Mosely. 

2. Coleoptera from the Seychelles, Lampyridae, Helodidea, Gantha- 
raidae, Melyridae and supplement to Clertdae, by Mr. G. C. Champion. 

3. The Dragonflies (Order Odonata). of Fiji, with special reference 
to a collection made by Mr. H. W. Simmonds, F.E.S., in the Island of 
Viti-Levu, by Dr. R. J. Tillyard. 


October 17th.—Osrruary.—The Chairman announced the death of 
the Hon. N. C. Rothschild, a former President of the Society, and a 
vote of condolence with his relatives was passed. A vote of condolence 
with Mr. G. 'T. Bethune-Baker on the death of Mrs. Bethune-Baker was 
also passed. 

Wnigction oF I'ELLows.—The following were elected Fellows of the 
Society :—Mr. S. N. Chatterjee, Forest Research Inst., Debra Dun, 
U.P., India; Mr. J. H. Hutchinson, M.A., Challoner House, Cocker- 
mouth; Mr. G. L. R. Hancock, Trinity College, Cambridge. 

ixuipitions.—Mr. P. A. Buxton made some remarks, illustrated by 
diagrams, on Heat, Drought, and some Desert Insects. 

Mr. N. H. Joy exhibited a number of insects found in bats’ dung, 


188 THE KNLOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 


and also some rare beetles taken at Windsor associated with the ant 
Acanthomyops brunneus. 

Mr. L. W. Newman exhibited a supposed hybrid between Polyom- 
_matus thetis and P. icarus, and other Lycaenids. 

Mr. T. H. L. Grosvenor exhibited a number of abnormal specimens 
of Zyyaena spp. 

Mr. A. E. Tonge exhibited a female variety of Cleora glabraria from 
the New Forest. 

Rev. G. Wheeler exhibited a remarkable form of Parnassius apollo. 

Mr. P. Harwood exhibited living examples of Pytho depressus (Col.). 

Mr. A. Dicksee exhibited rare butterflies from Formosa and §. 
Ainerica. 

Professor 1. B. Poulton, F.R.S., exhibited a female of Hipolinmas 
wahibergi bred from a captured female of the same form, at Durban. 
Also a remarkable variety of the dry-season form of Precis octavia form 
sesamus, from Nairobi, and photographs of an Ascalaphid larva from 
the same place. 

Dr. G. D. Haile Carpenter exhibited, and made some remarks upon, 
a number of butterflies from the Semliki Valley, Western Uganda. 

Dr. F. A. Dixey, F.R.S., discussed the disappearance of cryptic 
patterns in butterflies during flight, and exhibited some examples of 
Picrinae to illustrate bis remarks. 

Papers.—1. On the early stages of Ohrysiridia riphens, by Dr. H. 
Klringbam. 

2. On the tympanic organ in Chrysiridia ripheus, by Dy. H. 
Eltringham. 

3. On the Genitalia in Sabatinca and allied genera (Lepidoptera), 
with some observations on the same structures in the Mecoptera, by 
Mr. Phillpott. 

4. On the African species of the Dynastid genus Fleteronychus 
(Col.), by Mr. R. W. Jack. 


November 7th.—Euxction or Fettows.—The following were elected 
Fellows of the Society:—Mr. G. Britten, Hiwaka, Nelson, New 
Zealand; Mr. J. HE. Campbelli-Taylor, Havisthorne, Southover, Lewes, 
Sussex; Mr. C. E. Clarke, c/o G. Houes, Hsq., 452, George Street, 
Dunedin, New Zealand; Mr. D. A. Dewar, M.B., C.M., Altyre House, 
Stanley, §.O., Co. Durham; Mr. A. C. Halliwell, St. Thomas’s 
Hospital, Westminster; Mr. F. A. Mitchell-Hedges, F.Z.S., The 
Bridge House, Sandbanks, Parkstone, Dorset; Mr. Gordon Newland, 
19, Bath Road, Bedford Park, W.4; Miss Janet W. Roff, M.Sc., the 
University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Mr. Sisir K. Sen, B.Se., 
Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, India; Mr. B. Temperley, 
Literary and Philosophical Society, Neweastle-on-Tyne; Mr. A. Twidle, 
N.s.A., The Rowans, Godstone Green, Surrey. 

Lixarpitions.—Mr. H. Donisthorpe exhibited larvae, pupil cells, 
and adults of Platyrrhinus resinosus, Scop., and made some remarks on 
its life-history. 

Mr. P. A. Buxton described some observations on the factors con- 
trolling harvesting in an ant, Aphenoyaster barbara, Li, 

Mr. C. Talbot, on behalf of Mr. J. J. Joicey, exhibited a new 
Papilio from the Philippines, allied to P. authus, L. 

The President exhibited an unusual aberration of Coenonympha 
pamphilus from the Delamere lorest. 


REVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 189 


Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., communicated some further bio- 
nomic notes on Lepidoptera and other insects from the Federated Malay 
States, by Capt. H. M. Pendlebury. 

He also exhibited and made remarks upon the remarkable snake- 
like appearance of an African Sphingid larva in the terrifying attitude, 
forwarded by Dr. V. G. L. Van Someren. 

Dr. H. Eltringham, who illustrated his remarks with lantern slides, 
gave some account of his paper on the “ Harly stages of Chrysiridia 
ripheus and the tympanic organ in that moth.” 


November 21st.—The Secretary announced the Officers and Council 
for 1924, nominated by the Council. 

Kection oF Frtiows.—-The following were elected Fellows of the 
Society :—Mr. M. W. P. L. Cameron, Imperial College of Science and 
Technology, South Kensington, S.W.; Mr. M. A. B. Leon, Imperial 
College of Science and Technology, South Kensington, 8.W.7; Mr. G. 
H. Marillier, 87, St. John’s Wood Park, Hampstead, N.W. 3; Mr. A. 
Valentine, Grand Hotel, Herne Bay, Kent; Lt.-Col. Richard M. West, 
M.D., D.Sc., C.B.E., Wootton Bridge, Isle of Wight. 

Girts to tak Socimry.—The Treasurer announced that a legacy of 
£1,000 had been left to the Society by the late Hon. N. C. Rothschild. 

Eixureitions.—Mr. H. C. Holford exhibited some examples of 
British Lepidoptera, including a remarkable one of T’riphaena pronuba, 
with practically the whole of the hindwings of a deep black-brown. 

Dr. K. Jordan exhibited an example of Venopsylla cheopis with a 
double spermatheca (Siphon.). 

Professor Ii. B. Poulton, F.R.S., quoted some observations by Mr. 
A. G. Williams, on the absorption of human perspiration by a Lycae- 
nid butterfly in the Philippines. He also remarked upon the leaf-like 
appearance of a Neotropical Tettigoniid and a Thyridid moth from 
Costa Rica. He also exhibited and made remarks upon some remark- 
able cocoons of a spider from the Island of Reunion, and a nest of an 
East African gregarious spider crowded with the remains of a male 
Pierine butterfly. 

Mr. J. J. Lister, who illustrated his remarks with lantern slides, 
exhibited a number of aberrations of European butterflies, chiefly 
Lycaenidae, and made suggestions as to the classification of the kind of 
aberration he showed. 


FW EVIEWS AND NOTICES OF BOOKS. 


Burrerrty Lore.—By H. Eltringham, M.A. (Cantab.), M.A., D.Se. 
(Oxon.), F.E.S., F.Z.S.—Oxford, Clarendon Press, 180 pp., price 4/6 
net. 

“The present work . . . . is an attempt to place in the 
hands of the general reader a simple, yet sufficient, account of the more 
interesting features in the structure and life-histories of the insects of 
which it treats.” 

We should like to see this work in the hands of every school boy— 
say from the fourth Form upwards. Moreover, the intelligent part of 
the general public should certainly acquire copies, as after treating of 
the egg, caterpillar, and chrysalis stages of a butterfly’s life, there is an 
excellent chapter on insect ‘Senses,’ another on “Scents,” and yet 


190 THE BNLOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 


another on ‘‘ Concealment, Mimicry, and Polymorphism,” all of them 
being good science, clearly put, and easily understandable. 

The present generation can count itself fortunate that Dr. Hltring- 
ham has found the time to give it some of the fruits of his studies in 
such an accurate and delightful form. ‘This, in spite of the fact that 
he restricts himself to making his treatise ‘‘ popular,” and in doing so 
is only able to lift ‘a small corner of the veil” of a very fascinating 
study. 

Most of the ground covered by this volume has been traversed many 
times before, but never quite in the same way. ‘The selected illustra- 
tions are admirably adapted for their purpose and beautifully repro- 
duced. ‘The information conveyed therein gives the answers to such 
queries as “ What is the difference between a butterfly and a moth ?” 
*« How does a moth find its mate in the dark?” ‘ What is the mean- 
ing of the patterns and colours of the caterpillars and their butter- 
flies?’ ‘‘Have they senses similar to ourown?” . pee UNG 
more. We hope this little work will have a wide circulation, and that 
there will be a call for many editions. 

Congratulations are dus to the writer for the excellence of his 
work, and to the great British Public, in that it now has the means of 
acquainting itself with many of Nature’s secrets, and if such studies be 
continued, life will be enriched beyond conception.—(H.H.P.) 


CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXXV. 


By H. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 


PAGE PAGE 
Aberrations, Notable, of :—H. vari- Collecting at Royston ee ellos 
egata, 11, 46; P. horishanus, 17; Coleoptera, Non-myrmecophious, in 
P. megera, 23; at Horn Sale, 32 ; Ant’s nests as Pa 5 
P. brassicae, 37; P. napi, 37; Colony of JM. graminicola, OSs, 
EH. cardamines, 37, 102, 128; EH. westwoodi .. os ae 2 
jurtina, 37, 102; C. pamphilus, Corrections .. ee 40, 48) (Oven 
Bre dA. hyperuntus, 37; R. Current Notes 14, 37, 54, 68, 101, 
phlaeas, 37, 56; P. tcurus, 37; 127, 141, 158, 173 
M. galathea, 553. C. fraxint, 55; Description of, dA. brunneus, 21; 
P. thaiwanus, 56; Ad. medon, 56 ; P. hiera, 35; C. 11-punctata, ab. 
4. thetis, 56; H. jaucobaeue, 56 ; lemant, 67; Il. flavofasciata 
d. aglata, 56, 160; MW. didyma, forms, 79; seven new varieties of 
56; S. briseis, 68; P. machaon, A. grossulariata, 14 ; new species 
70, 127; P. c-album, 71; Van- of Ant as b 29, 177 
essids, etc., 87; dA. plagiata, ae Diegne, etc., 1922, D, H. Pearson 44 
d. crataegi, 87; dA. urlicae, 102 Dipiexn in Amita! nests ae 7 
D. paphia, 102; C. rubi, 102: TWarly emergence of P. rapae =o ON 
A. nigrofusctaria, 128; M. Economic Entomology 16, 102, 
aurinia, 128; M. cinwia, 128; 136, 173, 175 
M. tiliae .. 33 .. 160 | Ectoparasites By 5a GS 
Abnormal season of 1923 hs .. 102 | Egg-laying of P. hiera ve 34 
Abundance of, Psychides, 56; P. ‘Encyclopédie Methodique, ” Auth- 
atalanta, 157; ants at La Grave 181 orship of vol. ix. of the .. ; 15 
Aecanthomyops brunneus, Latr., a Entomological Club as 37, 127 
species of Formicide new to Entomology, The Growing ae 
Britain, H. Donisthorpe oo A ance of, H. 8. Fremlin .. 136 
Annual Exhibition, 8S. London Soe. 54 | Gall-making Lepidoptera .. FLD 
Atavistic variation in V. io, H. B. Genital structure in Psychides .. 117 
Williams .. A: ae .. 114 | Geographical Variation in 4H. 
Battles of Ants es 3 semele, R. Verity .. 153 
Breeding of, P. hiera, 35; ip) ee oto 183 Good Localities—LeRozier(Lozére), 
“Bug House,’’ The : 15 L. Lhomme ¢ 4 .. 163 
Cases of Coleophorids ae .. 105 | Grouping of the Psychides 3-30 


Caterpillars nibbling wings .. 85 


Gynandromorphs, G@. rhammi, 32; 
D. paphia, 33, 55,56; A. coridon, 
34; C. argiolus, 34; P. icarus 

56, 

Habits of JJ. graminicola, 1; dA. 
brunneus, 22; Ants, 38; Gerris 
remigis, 88; J. stellatarum, 157; 
H. sidae and EH. mi 

Holiday at Nyons, Drome and La 
Sainte Baume, Var., Lieut. KH. B. 
Ashby ae 

Hybrids of Epirrita (Uporabia) 

Hymenoptera in Ants’ nest or 

Italian races of lu. aethiops, E. 
pirene (stygne), and WL. flavo- 
fasciata, Dr. Roger Verity 

Larvae of P. hiera .. 

Late appearance of Lepidopterous 
larvae in 1922 ; 56 

Leaf-mining Coleophorids 

Life History of P. hiera, A. Simmons 

Lepidopterology .. 

Life-history of L. celtis, 182 p 
proto 

Lido in May, “The Rev. G. Wheeler 

Linnean Gold Medal, The . 

List of Macro-lepidoptera of Le 
Rozier : 

List of Officers and Counsel ‘of, The 
Entomological Society, 15, 183 ; 
The S. London Entomological 
Society . 56 16, 

List of Orthoptera and Neuroptera 
collected in the Hastern Pyrenees, 
with ecological notes, H. Scott 

122, 


P. 


Localities, References for .. 
Maleless Psychides .. 
Markings in d. urticae and V’. io. 
Measurements of Psychides 
Myrmecophiles, List of, found in 
one nest of Ad. fuliginosus, 332 sia) 
nest of 4. bruneus : 
Myrmecophilous Notes, for 1922, 
H. WDonisthorpe, 1; W. C. 
Crawley .. 5 29, 
New Australian Ants, W.C. Crawley 
New species and new aberrations, 
i, Ok, 23 O76, Cre al 
efformata), 102, 127, 140, 155, 
New Varieties of A. grossulariata, 
Rev. G. H. Raynor 140, 
Nomenclature, 17; of Woe onay 
EH. ausonia (belia) 
Notes on Collecting, 13, 36, 66, 84, 
156, 171, 
Notes, on Swiss Butterflies, A. J. 
Fison, 12; on the Psychides, 
Rev. C. R. N. Burrows, 41, 57, 
79, 116, 129, 139 ; Entomological, 
from Putney for 1922, H. Donis- 
thorpe, 64; on the Lepidoptera of 
the Constantinople District (Asia) 
and Brussa, Major P. P. Graves, 
95; on Paraneuroptera for 1922, 


INDEX. 


PAGE 


184 


146 


| Pupatian of Vanessids 
| Races of P. 


191 


PAGE 


F. J. Killington, 119; A few, on 
Continental Rbhopalocera, J. A. 
Simes, 181; from the North of 
Ireland, T. Greer, 179; on 
Libytheaceltis, A. Simmons, 182; 


on Pyrgus proto, A. Simmons .. 1 


Obituaries :— Rev. Canon Fowler, 
127; W. H. Whiffen, 127; Hon. 
N. C. Rothschild. 


| Observations, on the Britich Want 


essids, Preliminary, H.  B. 
Williams, 89, 113; on the 
Family Coleopborides.—The 
Case, A. Sich 
Old Haunts revisited. —_ Wicker ning 
the Deal Sandhills, Russell James 
149, 
Protective resemblance 
Pupa, Description of, of P. hiera 
G. T. Bethune- Baker 


megera, 23; A. caja, 
54; P. atalanta, 69; A. urticae, 
69; KH. flavofasctata, 77, 134; 
FE. aethiops, 184; EH. pirene 
(stygne), 134; H. semele. 

Rare species, 18 simplana, ‘18; B. 
plelbiana, 18; H. phlaeas, ‘18; 
Psyebides, 419: books, 55; N. 
tritophus, 55; S. American Lepi- 
doptera, 56; C. lehri, 143; L. 
exigua, 157; D. pilifrons, 157; 
L. algirica 

Records, Warwickshire, of Tehneu: 
monidae, J. W. Saunt, 13, 53, 
66, 84, 171; of Anopheles 

References for, Bosnia and Herse- 
govina 16; 4. brunneus, 21; P. 
apollo : ta ae Es 

Reviews, 16, 19, 38, 68, 88, 102, 

127, 141, 158; 173; 184, 

Resemblance of habit in JJ. sidue 
and EH. mi. : 5 

Review of, The us Proc. s. Lon. 
Ent andN.H.S.,’’ 1921-22, 19; 
‘‘Tie Monde Social des Fourmis 
du Globe,’? Dr. A. Forel, 38; 
‘“«Hintomology with special refer- 
ence to its Ecological Aspects,”’ 
J. W. Folsom, 72; ‘‘ Kesponses 
of the large water-strider, Gerris 
remigis, to contact and Light,’ 
C. F.C. Riley, 88; ‘A Biology 
of the British Hemiptera- 
Homoptera,’”’ HE. A. Butler, 103 ; 
‘+ Lepidopterorum Catalogus : 
Parnassiidae,’? F. Bryk, 144; 
‘* Butterfly Lore,’ by H. 
Eltringham 6 

Rearing Psychides .. : 

Rush-feeding Colephorids . a ‘ 

Russian Entomologists, Distress of 

65, ee 

Sale, The Horn 

Scarcity of insects in N. Ireland in 
1923 


. 153 


. 183 


192 


PAGE 
Six weeks among the Butterflies of 
E. Switzerland, B. C. S. Warren 
Societies, Reports of. —The Lanea- 
shire and Cheshire Entomological 
Society, 71; The Entomological 
Society of London 17, 70, 85, 
143, 160, 187; The 8. London 
Entomological Society, 38, 54, 
69, 86, 128, 160, 174, 184 
Species? What is a, the late Dr. 
T. A. Chapman as 
Table of variation of, P. megera .. 


73 


62 
28 


THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


PAGE 
Tortrices, N. American . 159 
Treacle substitute . 161 


Variation, Geographical and Sea- 
sonal,in P. megera, Dy. Verity, 23; 
in H: variegata, G. B. C. Leman 
11, 46; Progressive, in A. urticae 


H. B. Williams, 113; in 4H. 
semele, 152, 179; in EH. ausonia, 
169; #. jurtina 179; C. pam- 
philus a ae 186 
‘¢ Verrall Supper ”’ 37 
Venation in Psychides 116 
‘« Will-o’-the-Wisp ”’ 19 
PAGE 


Locauirres :—Albula Pass, 96; Brussa, 95; Brianeon, 127 ; Constantinople 


District (Asia), 95; Chippenham Fen, 
Florac, 167; 


Deal, 161; Engadine, 127; 


151; Chattenden, 163; Digne, 44; 
Italy, 23, 135, 153, 169, 


Ireland N., 179 ; Lautaret, 45; La Sainte Baume, 50, 67 ; Seine et Oise, 53 ; 


Lido, Venice, 
97; Pyrenees, 
(Lozé re), 


145; Nyons, 48; 
122, 146; 


Ofen Pass, 99; Putney, 64; 
Pontresina, 127; Rosegg Thal, 73; Le Rozier 
163 ; Switzerland: NDS Yi, BOS Sumatra, 29; St. Moritz, 127; 
South am pton. 119; Tyrone, 36; Tschierva, ek Warwiekshive 13, 53, 


Preda, 


6677845 7; Wicken, 149; Zernetz . 100 
ELS SO CONTR EROR OSs 
PAGE PAGE 
Ashby, Lt. E. B., F.E.S.. 84, 163 | Marriner, T. F., F.E.S. 67 
Bethune-Baker, G. T., F.E.S., | Mitford, R. S., vig 7. 158 
1D ZieSson Je sida cc. at SOM eaAge. ie K. a E. S. rs 72, 189 
Burroughs, Rev. C. R. N., F.E.S., Pearson, D. Te. INGID) S55 ai) 44 
19) 4197; 79, hihigs 129, 157, S\PRowni tities Grell PLS. FES. 157 
Butler, E. A., F.H.S. : 88 | Raynor, Rey. G. H., M.A.. 140 
Castle- ‘Russell, S. G., FES. BIRO 2 i MPEVUISS El eA s acta: 36 
Crawley, W. C., B.A. HAM Seeegn lind imscobts Hugh., M.A., D. Se., ‘F. K. S. 
Donisthorpe, H., F-Z.S., F.H.S. 1, 122, 146 
VS, Zi, 88, LOL; £27 Saunt, J. W. 13, 53, 66, 84. 171 
Fison, A. J. ; ; oo I) Sholay Ahareyel Tots '. 105, 157 
Fison, Miss ity Wig So Pe ey Siena dig Nog LEIS ae ELSIE 
Greer, T. is ae 36, 179 | Simmonds, A., : 34, 182, 183 
Graves, Maj. P. P., F.E.S .. 95 | Turner, H. J., 9, 15, 37, 54, 68, 
Gurney, G. H., F.E.S. 68 101, 127, 141, 144, 157, 158, 173, 
Hamm, A. H., F.E.S. ae Olas | 175, 183 
James, Russell ,F.H.S. .. 149, 161 | Verity, Roger, M.D., 23, 134, 153, 169 
Killington, F. J. .. ae .. 119 | Warren, B. C.S., F.E.S., 13, 96 
Leman, G. B. C., F.E.S. .. 11, 46 | Williams, H. B., LL.B., F.H.S. 
Lhomme, Iie oe so 1s} 89, 133 
Lock, Miss ie. E.Z. S. 67 | Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.H.S... 145 


LIST OF ILLUSTRAVIONS, dc. (Notice to Binder). 
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Pu. I. Krebia flavofasciata ; erie 
Pu. Il. Final Segment of Male Psychides eo ee) 
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The Entomologist’s Record & Journal of Variation. 


VOL. XXXY. 


Se bask: EN DEX" 


By Hy. J. TURNER, F.E.S. 


(1923.) 


Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other orders arranged by Species. 
Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new 
to Science with two asterisks. 


ACARINA. PAGE 
pacn | Chlorophorus trifasciatus .. 51 
bostocki, Trachyuropoda 93 | Chrysomela marginalis 186 
cuneifer, Laelaps 4 | Clambus (Crambus in error) punc- 
holothyroides, Sphaerolaelaps 40 ain : ie oe i 5 
humulifera, Uropolyaspis .. 40 aviger duvali 23 
Hydracarina. : aa es 20 Cleridae 187 
Neoberlasia . Ade |) Gly taney 40 
Ouhatidae 60 quadripunctata Wf 
ovalis, Uropoda, Uropolyaspis 40 Clytus floralis ; 51 
Oxypleurites.. -. 184 Mecano we ; We 
philoctena, Uropoda, Urodiscella. . 40 FT an 64, 65 
9 punctata co aHell 
ARANEINA. 11 punetata 67 
cambridgei, Dysdera 93 | **ab. lemani fi se Od 
diversus, Tetrilus 4 | Coccinellidae ALLO ROMs HO 
Epeira : 18g | Coninomus constrictus oe eo 
festivus, Phrurolithus 93 | Corticaria denticulata 5) 
Paecilotheria ; 55 eppelsheimi . 5 
Criocephalus rusticus . ol 
Crypticus quisquilius . 186 
COLEOPTERA. Cryptocephalus nitidulus .. . 160 
Adalia bipunctata 186 parvulus o . 160 
Aleochara succicola 5 sexmaculatus. 5 Gil 
Amphotis marginata 4 | Cryptophagus schmidti . 187 
Anchomenus 4-punctatus .. 86 | Dendrophilus pygmaeus 4, 5 
Apion semivittatus .- 186 | Dinoderus minutus... .. 158 
Arena octavii 187 pilifrons = ocellaris -. 157, 158 
Aromia moschata 188 Salmons aaa .» 158 
Atemeles 39 | Dinuda : »» 40 
emarginatus 39 | Dryops Rngliganus a8 : .. 184 
Atheta nigricornis .. 5 auriculatus a 30 .. 184 
nitidula : 23 | Dytiscidae .. 142 
Atomaria linearis 64 | Emus hirtus.. : 50 .. 174 
Attelabus nitens 38 | Ergates faber ie 6 ao 
Balaninus betulae .. 184 | Euconnus denticornis .. 185 
Batrisodes adnexus .. 23 hirticollis .. 5c si -» 185 
delaportei .. 23 | Euplectus karsteni .. so OD 
venustus : 23 | Euryusa laticollis .. 23 
Batrisus formicarius. 23 sinuata  .. eo 23} 
Bruchus pisi.. ae ois 128 | Gantharaidae els 
Buprestidae . 18 | Geotrupes spiniger .. 65 
Calathus flavipes 2 .. 64 sylvaticus .-. é 64 
Carabidae 86, 142, 143 | Halysia 22- punctata sromanlel: 
Cassida EELOE on .. 185 | Harpactes hombergi 4 
Cetonia 185 | Helodidea eS, 
.  aurata ; ; _ 51 | Heteronychus .. 188 
Ceuthorrhyncidius horridus 185 : 


var. *abbreviata .. 
», *alacris 
», angulosa 
>» arcuata 
», bearii.. 
Pe **bilimbata as 
» **colligata 
» “confluens 
s, constellata 
5, coronata 
», cCorsica : 
,, donisthorpei.. 
», doubledayi 
mt tellisi 
1) = ehaLwoodi 
» **hepatizon.. 
», *italica 
5g HOU A 
», limbata 
» neglecta 
», Obversepunctata 
», **reichi 
», similis 
>», **subarcuata 
,, turkmenica .. 
» velox. 

11 punctata Bo 
Hister merdarius 
Homoeusa acuminata 
Ilyobates glabriventris 
Lagynodes niger 

v. aterior .. 
Lampra festiva 
Lampyridae .. 
Lebia chlor ocephala 
Leistus montanus 
Leptura fulva 
hastata 
rubra 
Lixus algirus 
Lomechusa .. 
Luecanus cervus 
Lycoperdina .. 
Melasidae 
Melobasis 
Melyridae . 
Microglossa gentilis. . 
pulla 
Mylabris quadripunctata 
12 punctata 
variabilis .. 60 
Myrmedonia cognata 
funesta 
laticollis 
limbata 
lugens 6 
Notothecta confusa.. 60 
Othius myrmecophilus 30 
Otiorrhynchus a 
atroapterus : 
Oxytelus sculpturatus 
Oxypoda haemorrhoea 
vittata 


‘SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
Hippodamia variegata (mutabilis) 


11, 12, 46, 47, 


in, 


46, 


46, 
AG) 


ii, 
46, 


48 
11 
48 
11 
11 
48 
47 
46 
iL 
11 
11 
46 
II 
48 
48 
48 
48 
aL 
11 
47 
11 
48 
4§ 
11 


_ Paussidae 

Paussus kannegieteri 
Philonthus gibbus .. 
Phyllobius argentatus 
Pleuropterus dohrni 


| Prionoplus reticularis 
| Prionus coriarius 


| Ptenidium formicetorum .. 


laevigatum 
Ptinus tectus 


| Pyropborus .. 
| Pytho depressus 


(Juedius brevis 
mesomelinus 


ventralis .. At) 


| Rhagonycha translucida 


unicolor 
Rhizotrogus solstitialis 
Saperda scalaris 
Searabaeus laticollis 
Scolytus pruni 
Sitona grisea : 
Sphodrus leucophthalmus . : 
Staphylinidae oc 30 
Staphylinus pedator 
Strangalia armata .. 
Tenebrio molitor 
Thorictus 
Trichius fasciatus 
Trichodes alvearius. . 
Xantholinus linearis 
Zabrus gibbus 


DIPTERA. 


| aequalis, Aphiochaeta 


ciliata 5 
bifureatus, Anopheles 
Bombyliidae (ius) 
bovinus. Tabanus 


| eurtiventris, Limosina 
| diadema, Selidopogon 
| fasciata, Fallenia 


fenestrata, Anthrax.. 
grossa, Echinomyia 
hastatus, Miastor 
inanis, Volucella 
lasiae, Phyllomyza .. 
latifrons, Mierodon .. 
marginatus, per eeser 


| Mierodon 

| mutabilis, Microdon 

| nigripalpis, Exorista 

| nigricoxa, Sphaerophoria .. 
| nitidiventris, See 
| ovalis, Mycoeecis 


plumbeus, Anopheles a 
rhenanus, Microdon 


| sabaudus, Stenopogon 


Tabanidae .. ae 
transversalis, Scatopse 
Trypaneidae .. 5G 90 


zonaria, Volucella fe 


103, 


49, 


ec 


SPECIAL 


HYMENOPTERA. 


acervorum, Leptothorax 
Agaonini 
agrorum, Bombus 
albicans, Andrena 
alternans, Pimpla 
Apidae F 
aterrima, Phymatocera 
Attini.. : 
australis, Amblyopone 
barbara, Aphenogaster 
bardus (walkeri race), 
notus 
Bombus ; 
brunneus, Acanthomyops, Doms: 
thorpea Pi, Op Bey ile 
Chalcididae .. : a ie 
Chrysididae .. . 
cinctellus, Meteorus 
cinerea, Formica 
circumcincta, Megachile 
collosa, Ceratina 
concolor, Aspilota 
cribrinodes, Sapa ays 
Cryptinae 
**deuqueti, Acnictus 
dimidiator, Microdus 
dispar, Anthophora. 6 
Dolichoderinae 
Dorylinae 
dubia = gallica 
elongata, Coelioxys.. bin 56 
**elongata, (walkeri race), Campo- 
notus 


Campo- 
178, 


Encyrtidae : 30 
erythromera, Spalangia 4, 
erythropus (rufoglaucus race), Cam- 
ponotus B10 O¢ 
europaea, Mutilla 
extensor, Eubadizon 
feai (rufoglaucus 
notus 
flavus, Acanthomyops 
flavus, Lasius 50 
Formicidae (inae) 


ab,), Campo- 


1, 3; 21, 31, 
158, 

fugax, Solenopsis Xs 

fuliginosa, Ceraphon 

fuliginosa, Tropidopria 

fuliginosi, Loxotropa 

fuliginosus, Acanthomyops 3, 5, 7, 

22 


fusca, Formica els 3 tly teh; 
gallica (dubia), Anthophora 
gallica, Polistes 

gallicola, Parasierola : 
genuensis, Habrobracon .. 
germanica, Vesp% 

gigas, Sirex .. : 
glabricollis, Athalia 

glebaria (fusca var.) ,Formica 
godeffroyi, Strumegenys 
graminicola, Myrmecina 
hahni, Pseudogonalos 6 as 
hherculeanus, Camponotus .. 36 


51, 


177, 


INDEX. 


' hirsuta, Psammophila 


| humilis, Iridomyrmex 


| **indistincta, Acropyga 


hirta, Scolia.. 
Pesce: 
84, 


Ichneumonidae (inea) 


' instigator, Pimpla .. 


intermedia, Chalcis 

**jacobson1, Prenolepis 

javana (rustellatavar.), Polyrhachis 
javanica (thrinaxvar.), ONES 


| **lamborni, Cerapachys 
| lictorius, Apanteles. . 
ligusticus, Bombus . 

| mellifica, Apis 


| mixtus, Acanthomyops (D.) 


moeschi, Polyrhachis 31, 


moluccana, Acropyga 
| Myrmecina (inae, ica, idae) 4 6, 7, 
| naoroji, Prenolepis .. 00 


nanellus, Copidosoma 
nervosa, Aspilota 

niger, Acanthomyops 
nitidulus, Formicoxenus 
nitidus, Macrocentrus 


6, 7, 9, 21, 


| nucum, Pimpla 


era raaaaletne: Cryptochilus 
Ophioninae .. =i 
parvulus, Meteorus. fe 
pectoralis, Glyptomorpha aS 
pennsylvanicus (herculeanus 
subsp.), Camponotus 
perplexa, Strumigenys 
persuasoria, Rhyssa 
picea, Formica 
Pimplinae 
plumbeus, Pompilus 
pratorum, Bombus . 
Prosopidinae 
Pseudomyrminae .. 
Pteromalus .. 


84, 


| quadrifasciata, Anthophora 
| quadripunctata, Discolia .. 


quadripunctata, Mylabris .. 
quadristrigatus, Halictus .. : 
**quinquedentata, Strumigenys . 
rapae, Pachyprotasis 
rastellata, Polyrhachis 


| resinosus, Platyrrhinus . 
| reticulatus, Camponotus j 

rufa, Formica PO RROMMIE 
| rufoglaucus, Camponotus .. oo 
| ruginodis, Myrmica 


| rugulosus, Microdus 


| **rugusior (reticulatus var.), Camp- 


onotus : 
sabulosa, Ammophila 
scabrinodis, Myrmica ae 
schencki, Myrmica .. ie 23, 
sericellus eeu es race), Camp- 
onotus 3 29 
sexcinctus, Halictus 
sinuata, Bembex 
spissus, Pompilus 
Stenamma .. 


iv. SPECIAL INDEX. 


Sycophagini.. 06 
thrinax, Polyrhachis a 
triangulum, Philanthus 51, 
Tryphoninae 66, 
tumida = brunnea 21, 
turneri, Aenictus 
umbratus, Acanthomyops 3, 6, 22, 
unguiculus, Humenes : 
vulgaris, Vespa oleh 64, 
walkeri, Camponotus 178, 
westwoodi, Stenamma a 
LEPIDOPTERA. 
**aberdonieusis (grossulariata ab.), 
Abraxas 140, 
abjecta, Mamestra .. sib 
Acanthopsyche 131, 
aceriana, Gypsonoma Bd 30 
actaea, Satyrus .-45, 50, 
acteon, Thymelicus.. ..00, 51, 


addenda (jurtina ab.), Ephinephele 
adippe = cydippe 
admetus, Polyommatus (ie toa 
45, 
advenella, Rhodophaea 
aegeria, Pararge 
Aegeriidae (Sesiidae) 
aegon (argus), Plebeius 55, , 96, 
aello, Oeneis.. 
aeratella, Angasma.. 


“96, os 


aethiops, Erebia 13, 134, 
affinis, Calymnia Ot 
affinis, Fumea F 81, 
affinitata, Emmelesia Pte 


agathina, Agrotis” .. 
aglaia, Argynnis 33, 55, 56, “95, 96, 
143, 160, 162, 
Aglais ‘ 
agrammella, Coleophora 
albicosta, Coleophora 
albidella, Dissoctena 30 b 
albitarsella, Coleophora 110,-111, 
albomaculata (aglaia ab.), Argynnis 
albovenosa, Arsilonche 150, 
albula (lis), Nola 163, 
alceae, Erynnis, Carcharodus 145, 
alciphron, Loweia 49, 59, 96, 
alcon, Lycaena a 
aleyone (fagi), Satyrus, Nytha 51, 


154, 
alcyone = fagi 51, 154, 
alecto, Erebia NG}, 
alexanor, Papilio 44, 
algira, Grammodes, . 


algirica (semele race), Hipparchia 


? 


Antho- 
170, 


alhambra (ausonia race), 
charis a6 oo 
alpinalis, Pyrausta .. 
alpinellus, Platytes 
alsines, Caradrina .. 
altheae, Hrinnys 06 on 
alticola (megera race), Pararge .. 


alticolella, Coleophora ° .. Rene 


PAGE 
alveus, Hesperia 96 
amanda, Polyommatus oo OY 
amathusia, Brenthis .74, 96, 168 
Amicta : 50 129, 131, 133 
amphichloros (rubi race), Callophrys 102 
amydon, Agrias . 56 
anatipennella, Coleophora... 112, 113 
andraeniformis, Aegeria, Sasia 174 
andromedae, Hesperia is «Sei 
anicanella, Proutia.. 42, 80 
angustella, Ptilocephala 58 
Anoecesis 9 
**antemarginata (grossulariataab. ), 
Abraxas so EKO NNbsi0/ 
antigone (io ab.), Vanessa. . 114 
antiopa, Euvanessa 33, 51, 55, 89, 
90, 115, 181° 
**apenninigena (semele race), Hip- 
parchia = Aa .. 156 
apicaria, Epione .. 150 
apollo, Parnassius 54, 55, 144, 165, 
167, 168, 181, 188 
Apterona .. 131, 132, 133, 134 
**apuana (aethiops race), Hrebia.. 135 
arcania, Coenonympha 12, 38, 49, 96 
archippus (plexippus), Anosia 72, 
87, 93, 186 
Arctus : 133 
arete (hyperantus ab. ‘), Aphantopus 12 
arethusa, Hipparchia ete 168 
arge=japyeia ; 51, 68 
argentana, Cnephasia .. 168 
argentula, Coleophora 106 
argentula, Lithocodia, Bankia 151 
argiades, Everes . of se Be 
argiolus, Lycaenopsis, Celastrina 
34, 51 
argus (aegon), Plebeius 55, 56, 96, 
; 99, 181 
argyrcgnomon (argus) Plebeius 96, 
99, 181 
argyropeza, Nepticula F 11 
arion, Lycaena 49, 53, 74, “16, 71, 
96, 99, 168 
aristaeus (semele race), Hipparchia 
154, 155, 156 
artemis = aurinia 33 
artemisicolella, Coleophora 106, 107 
artemisiella, Coleophora elon, 
arundinis (eee Phragma- 
taecia O06 .. 150 
ashworthii, Aprotis. . 56 G2 
asiliformis, Aegeria, Sesia.. 51, 52 
asteria, Melitaea 96, 98, 99, 100 
astragali (transalpina Kae Ay, 
gaena 6 ae 51 
astrarche=medon .. 45 
atalanta, Pyrameis 64, 69, ‘87, 89, 
90, 114, 145, 157 
athalia, Melitaea .. 33, 44, 51, 95 
athamanthae Cobia ves ae ZLy- 
gaena .49, 53, 168 
atossa, Argynnis 71 
atra, Acanthopsyche 182 
atrata, Odezia 168 


SPECIAL 


atrebatensis (urticae ab.), Aglais .. 

atricapitana, Conchylis 

aurantiaca, Alaena .. 

aurata, Pyrausta 

aurifluella, Psecadia 

aurinia, Melitaea 33, 56, 74, 76, 7, 

96, 97, 128, 

ausonia (crameri race), Anthocharis 

49, 71, 169, 170, 


australis (megera race), Pararge 
26, 28, 
austrinana, Conchylis B6 36 


autumnaria, Epirrita, Oporabia .. 
Auximobasis. . : : 
Bacotia 

badiipennella, “Coleophora. . 
baliodactyla (ater desk) Alucita 
Bankesia 0 - 6 
barbella, Topeutis .. 
baton, Scolitantides 
behri, Colias.. 

belemia, Kuchloé 

belia = ausonia =crameri 
belisaria (io ab.), Vanessa 


130, 


- ald & 
69, 


94, 95, 
114, 
bella, Hromene 
bellargus =thetis .. 
bellieri (urticae ake), Aglais 
berberata, Anticlea . ae 
beryllina, Pereute .. an 
betularia, Amphidasis 
betulina=eppingella, Proutia 
bibulus, Lachnocnema 
bicolorella, Coleophora 
bicolorella, Ptilocephala oP 
bicoloria, Miana é pee allo 
Bijugis 82, 83, 84, 130, 131, 
bilineata, Camptogramma.. a6 
bipunctaria, Eubolia, Ortholitha .. 
bipupillata (pamphilus ab, ) Coeno- 
nympha .. ‘ Bb 
blomeri, Asthena 
boeticus, Lampides.. 
bolina, Hypolimnas 
bombycella, Bijugis.. 


34, 


18, 


Bordota 
bowerella, Fumea .. 81, 
branderiana, Olethreutes, Ortho. 


taenia 00 
brassicae, Pieris 32, 37, 76, Us 92, 
102, 128, 145, 
brevicularia, Tephroclystia 
brigitta (jartina ab.), Epinephele. . 
briseis, Hipparchia, Satyrus 44, 45, 
50, 51, 68, 96, 
brittingeri (apollo ab.), Parnassius 
Bruandia .. 61, 82, 83, 84, 131, 
bruandi, Arctus ae ae 
brucinella, Teleia nee Ae 
brunnea (subalpina) (dorilis ab.), 
Loweia .. 06 ats 50 
brunneana, (hastiana ab.), Peronea 
bryoniae (napi race), Pieris 74, 76, 
Bucculatrix . se 


bucephala, Pygaera.. 36, 


INDEX. Vv. 
PAGE 
buoliana, Evetria ao so lO) 
cacaliae, Hesperia sole in Os 
caeca (hyperantus ab.), Aphantopus 
2, 55 
caeca (lappona ab.), Hrebia a Te 
caeca (satyrion) (arcania ab.), 
Coenonympha a rae aL 
| caecilia (manto race), Hrebia 30°) Ile} 
| caespititiella, Coleophora .. 105, 111 
| caeruleopunctata (pheretes ab.), 
| Plebeius, Albulina : -. 55 
cafilischi (palaeno ab.), Colias 97 
caja, Arctia .. 54, 69, 181, 184 
c-album, Polygonia 33, 51, 71, 89, 
90, 95, 145 
caledonia (megera race), Pararge.. 28 
callidice, Pontia Ces Vos We OG, OF 
calunetaria, Acidalia a .. 168 
camelina, Lophopteryx 56 286 
camilla (rivularis), Limenitis 50, 96 
| campanulata—dentata .. .. 184 
Caneophora .. BL, IB). We 
cannae, Nonagria sc 50) alice} 
capsincola, Dianthoecia 152 
| cardamines, Huchloé 32, 37, 55, 92, 
102, 128, 159, 179 
cardui, Pyrameis 55, 86, 89, 90, 96, 

97, 145 
carniolica, Zygaena, ws Ae 
caroffana (paphia ab.), Argynnis 102 

| carpini, Saturnia 36 so Lésil 
Carpocapsidae ue alos 
carpophaga, Dianthoecia .. 87, 152 
carthami, Hesperia .. oie ol, 168 
| cassiope (epiphron race), Hrebia 12, 168 
| easta, Fumea 42, 58, 59, 82, 130, 131 
castaneae =arundinis 150 
**castaneopicta (megera ab.), Par- 
arge 5 56) Be 
castiliana = plumifera 132 
| Castniidae i 18 
_ Catochrysops . 68, 142 
| caucasica (hecate race), Brenthis. . 95 
cauliginella, Lita : eae lO 
_ caulosticta (cardamines ab.), Eu- 
| chloé AD So 60 oo Aly 
Cecidophaga .. 56 are eee 
_ celtis, Libythea 50 a 182 
| cembrella, Solenobia OC 2» 42 
centonalis, Nola ao Aol 
centrovittana (hastiana ab. \)) 2Be= 
ronea Sa fil 
cerri (ilicis race), Strymon, Nord- 
mannia : 60 .. 44 
| certata, Kucosmia .. elt Shella, 
ceto, Hrebia . ie 13, 99 
cherregella, Phloeocecis so Al) 
chi, Polia . 56, 180 
chloridice, Pontia . pe go) os) 
chlorodippe (cydippe ab.), Argynnis 54 
christyi, Epirrita, Oporabia . 86 
chrysippus, Danais . 71 
chrysotheme (croceus ab.), ‘Colias. . 32 
cilialis, Nascia : Go .. 150 
cinxia, Melitaea on SOs Dy Ove IDK} 


vi. SPECIAL 
PAGE 
circe, Satyrus sis a 49, 51 | 
citrinalis, Hypercallia ; .. 168 | 
Clania=Kumeta .. 2 132) S30) 
clathrata, Strenia .. 152 | 
clatbrella, Solenobia 42, 43 | 
clavana, Conchylis .. 90 no LO | 
cleanthe (japygia race), Melanargia 49 | 
eleodoxa (cydippe ab.), Argynnis.. 54 | 
cleopatra, Gonepteryx 49. ol TGS 
clodius, Parnassius. . eyo | 
clorana, Earias Ap go 18) | 
clytie (ilia ab.), Apatura .. 54, 55 | 
Coenonympha 33 co ahs 
Coleophora (ides) ..9, 105, 106 
Colias.. : : og (| 
combustana (hastiana ab.), ‘Peronea 71 | 
combustella, Alophia 168 
comes, Tripbaena 162 
comitella, Bruandia 82 | 
comma, Adopaea 34 | 
complana, Lithosia.. 51 | 
concinna, Schizura.. 16 | 
conicolana, Grapholitha 10 | 
conigera, Leucania .. 162 | 
consonaria, ‘Tephrosia 55 | 
conspurcatella, Bankesia .. 43 | 
constans (manto race), Krebia 54 
constantinii = etruriae 136 
conversa, Catocala .. : 51 
convolvuli, Sphinx, Agrias 55 
cordula, Satyrus .45, 49, 168 | 
coridon, Polyommatus, ‘Agriades | 
34, 51, 52, 55, 56, 99, 186, 187, 188 | 
corsicalis, Metasia . 168 | 
corsicana, Conchylis 10 
corylata, Cidaria 36 | 
coryli, Demas 36 | 
coussonella, Lita bes so IO" 
crameri (belia, ausonia), Antho- 
charis AUTO Lue | 
crassa, Agrotis oe a6 UGS | 
crassiorella, Masonia ..08, 82, 116 | 
crataegi, Aporia 22005 96, 145) || 
**crattiae (aethiops ab.), Hrebia .. 135 
crepuscularia, Tephrosia 36 | 
eribralis, Herminia.. 1s | 
crinanensis, Hydroecia 180 | 
eristana, Peronea D9 | 
croceana, Tortrix O09 LOS) | 
croceus (edusa), Colias 32, 51, 56, 
86, 144, 145 
cucubali, Dianthoecia 152 
cuculla, Lophopteryx 168 | 
cultraria (unguicula), Drepana 36 
cyanosticta (io ab.), Vanessa 115 
eydippe (adippe), Argynnis 33, 51, 

; 54, 56, 95 
cyllarus, Glaucopsyche  .. 55 
cynthia, Melitaea 45, 74, 76, 77, 97 
cytherea, Cerigo 151, 152, 162 
dahlii, Noctua é ae oo) dls) 
damon, Polyommatus (Hirsutina) 

44, 99, 101, 181 
daphne, Brenthis Re 95, 168 
daplidice, Pontia ~ 32, 49, 77, 145 


INDEX. 


dardanus, Papilio 
darwiniana (arcania race), Coeno- 


nympha 12, 
dealbata, Scoria 
deauratella, Coleophora 
decorella, Mompha.. 
deione, Melitaea aa Se 
delius, Parnassius .. .. 76, 96, 


dentalis, Odontia 5 os 
dentata (campanulata), Eupithecia 
dentina = nana oa | ley 
depulverata (megera race), Pararge 


25, 27, om 29 
depuncta, Noctua He o Oi 
derceto, Copiopteryx 56 
derufata, (aethiops race), Erebia - 135. 
desmodactyla, Orneodes 10 
dia, Brenthis 49, 51, 95 
Dianthoecia .. 66 AZ 
dictaeoides, Pheosia, ‘Notodonta .. 36 
dictynna, } Melitaea 35 . 14 
didyma, Melitaea 49, 51, 56, 96: 
diffinis, Calymnia 152 
diniana, Beene .. 168: 
Diplodoma 130, 133 
dipsacea, Heliothis . é 152, 153 
dispar, Cbrysophanus ..34, 87, 127 
dispila (cardamines ab.), Huchloé 37 
Dissoctena Be 5 UaKO}5\ dleis} 
diversana (hastiana ab.), Peronea 71 
dodecadactyla, Orneodes a) Id 
dolus, Polyommatus, aes 50, 

2,165, 168, 174 
dominula, Calin eRe ‘ 65 G2 
donzelii, Plebeius, Aricia .. 100, 101 
dorilis, Heodes, Loweia : .. 49 
dorus, Coenonympha 45, 49, 51, 168 
douglasi, Bankesia .. 81 
dromedarius, Notodonta 36 
dromus (tyndarus ab.), Hrebia 13 
dryas, Enodia, Satyrus 168 
duponcheli, Leptosia 45, 
echiochilonella, Proactica po» lg) 
edusa = croceus ik 86, 144 
edwardsella, Masonia 58, 62, 8U, 82 
efformata, Anaitis .. Tks BY 
egea, Polygonia a 49) 
egerides (aegeria race), Pararge WS; 
egyptiaca (ausonia race), Antho- 

charis c Cs 
Elachistidae 36 oe 5a 
eleus (phlaeas Ge Rumicia, 

Heodes 51 
elinguaria, Crocallis -. dD 
elpenor, Pergesa, Kumorpha 55, 162 
elutalis, Pionea 2 68 
emarginata, Acidalia .. 152 
emilyssa (megera race), Pararge .. 27 
eos (ilia ab.), Apatura 55 
ephemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx.. 116 
ephialtes, Zypaena 45, 49, 53, 167, 168 
Epichnopteryx 61, 83, 130, 131, 133 
Hpinephele .. 123 
epiphron, Hrebia 12, 54, 77, 78, 98, 168 
eppingella, Proutia . c 58, 80 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
Krebia 77 
erimitella, Phyllobrostis Saute 
eriphyle, Erebia a0 13, 184 
eris (niobe ab.), Argynnis .. 168 
eros, Polyommatus 45, 96, 97, 99, 100 
Erycinidae = Riodiniidae 159, 185 
escheri, Polyommatus . 49, 51, 168 
esperi=crameri ¥ Bo AO atcak 
ethiopica (phlaeas race), Rumicia, 
Heodes go) Al 
etrusca (neoridas race), Erebia .. 135 
etruriae (stygne race), Krebia . 136 
Hucosminae .. é oo. LEE) 
Kugonia . 115 
Euploea 160 
eumedon, Polyommatus, Aricia 74, 
99 
Kumeta c 00 131, 132, 133 
euphorbiae, Hyles, Deilephila .. 167 
euphrosyne, Brenthis 33, 55, 74, 76, 
96, 128, 159 
euryale, Hrebia 12, 96, 98, 154 
euryale = philomela.. He .. 154 
eurybia (hippothoé race), Heodes, 
Chrysophanus o6 dao 
eurytus, Pseudacraea as .. 160 
euterpinus, Papilio.. sa oe} 
evias, Hrebia.. ak 13, 76 
exigua, Laphygma .. 60 ao LY 
exocellatus, (machaon ab.), Papilio 127 
exquisita (grossulariata ab.), 
Abraxas : 141 
extensana, Conehylis 10 
exulans, Zygaena 45 
fagi, Stauropus es a .. 185 
fagi (aleyone), Satyrus, Nytha 51, 
154, 168 
faleataria, Drepana.. 36 
farfarella, Platyptilia eles 
fatuaeformis  (statilinus race), 
Satyrus 56 sa OG 
fausta, Zygaena .-45, 51, 53 
favicolor, Leucania.. . ao dail 
feisthamelii (podalivius: race), 
Papilio .. 54 
ferchaultella, Luffias 57, 538 
festiva, Noctua .- 151 
festivana, Pelatea 10, 168 
ficulella, Ephestia, .. a .. 160 
fidia, Satyrus . 44,49, 122 
filacearia, Acidalia .. 167, 168 
filicata, Acidalia 168 
filigrammaria, Epirrita, Oporabia 86 
filipendulae, Zygaena 49, 53, 56, 87, 
162, 174, 180, 134, 187 
filipluma (megera race), Pararge 
— 23) 24027) 28 
fischeri (io ab.), Vanessa 90, 115 
flammea, Meliana He sella 
flava (linea), Adopaea .. 96, 152 
flavidior (ausonia ab.), Anthocharis 171 
flaviventris, Aegeria, Sesia.. > © 
flavotasciata, Hrebia 12, 74, 75, 11, 
78, 79, 134, 136 
florana (austrinana ab.), Conchylis 10 


PAGE 
forficellus, Chilo 150 
| formosana, Eulia 168 
fraxini, Catocala 5% 5D 
frischella, Coleophora D0 106 
fuliginosa, Phragmatobia .. .. 180 
fulvapiGata (grossulariata ab.), 
Abraxas .. 140 
fulvomarginata (urticae a \ Aglais 114 
Fumea 58, 60, 61, 81, 83, 84, 
129, 130, Gat 132, 133 
fumosella, Solenobia 42 
furcatellus, Crambus 168 
fuscedinella, Coleophora 108, 110, 112 
fuscocuprella, Coleophora . .. 110 
fusconebulosa (velleda), Hepialus.. 74g) 
galathea, Melanargia 13, 44, 49, 51 
55, 87, 162, 163 
galaxaera(galatheaab.), Melanargia 13 
galiata, Xanthorhoé.. ax .. 184 
gallincolella, Lita so) 
gamma, Plusia 146, 157 
Gelechiidae .. So an 
geminipuncta, Nonagria .. 162 
gemmaria (rhomboidaria), Boarmia 186 
gemmella, Stenolechia . . 10 
genuensis (ausonia race), Antho- 
charis oe 5 aly atal 
germanica, Fumea .. ..62, 81, 83 
gilvaria, Aspilates Aq UGH 
glabraria =jubata 185, 188 
glacialis, (alecto race), Hrebia 13, 
45, 16, 77, 96, 97, 99, 100 
glareosx, Noctua .. 180 
glauce (belemia race), Euchloé 17 
glaucata, Cilix 51 
glaucicolella, Coleophora . 106 
glaucinalis, Herculia, Pyralis 168 
| glaucinaria, Gnophos 168 
globulariae, Ino, Adscita 51 
gnomana, Dichelia .. 168 
goante, Erebia : ao OY) 
goedartella, Argyresthia 10, 168 
gordius (alciphron race), Heodes, 
Loweia .. .49, 55, 168 
george, Hrebia 13, 74, 76, 71, 96, 98, 100 
gorgone, Hrebia o6 54 
Gracilariides (aria) . ee 105, 108 
graeca (ausonia race), Anthocharis 
| 167, 171 
graecella, Bijugis og (eB 
graminis, Charaeas.. é an OH 
grammodactyla, Orneodes.. 5 LO) 
grandescens (megera race), Pararge 
» 29 
graphata, Hupithecia 168 
griseata, Lithostege. . 152 
eriseola, Lithosia .. 150 
erossulariata, Abraxas 56, 140, 141, 

156, 157 
eryphipennella, Coleophora po dulil 
gypsella, Lita sO 
gypsophilae, Lita .. oo co 2) 
halimilignella, Proactica gar) a) 
hastiana, Peronea .. aes 71 
haworthii, Celaena.. ate 180. 


viii. SPECIAL INDEX. 


hecate, Brenthis .. S60) (spl, 
helice (croceus ab.), Colias. . : 
hellmanni, Tapinostola 
hemerobiella, Coleophora .. 
hepatica, Hadena .. 20 50 
herminata, Diplodoma ots (ly 
hermione (fagi), Satyrus, Nytha 49, 
herrichi (palaeno ab.), Colias 76, 
Heterogynis . oc a0 
hexadactyla, Orneodes 
**hibera (semele race), Hipparchia, 
Satyrus 
hibernica (cardamines race), Eu- 
chloé a0 56 Sid at 
hibernicella, Masonia soe, till, 
hiera, Pararge So. BEL, B55 BB, 
hilaris, Zygaena’.. 45, 165, 167, 
hippocrepidis, Zygaena .. 69, 
hippothoé, Chrysophanus, Heodes 
76, 
hispana (aragonensis), Eomgite 
matus, Agriades .. 
hispidaria, Apocheima, Nyssa ae 
hispulla (jurtina race), Epinephele 


25, 49, 146, 180 
horishanus, Papilio.. A 17, 
huntera, Pyrameis .. o6 ns 
hyale, Colias.. abe aid 32, 
Hyalina ae oo; > dle. 
hylarana, Conchylis a 
hylas, Polyommatus a oF 


hyperantus, Aphantopus 12, 37, 55, 
hypermnestra (polyxena) Zerynthia, 
Thais 66 we oe 00 
Hypocecis 
Hyponomeutidae 
janthina, Triphaena pei Jal 
ibipennella, Coleophora .. 108, 
icarinus (icarus ab.), Polyommatus 
icarus, Polyommatus 34, 37, 45, 55, 
56, 87, 99, 145, 159, 174, 180, 
ichnusoides (urticae ab.), Aglais 97, 
ida, Epinephele  .. Me Syl, 
ilia, Apatura.. é ee Oae 
ilicis, Strymon, Nordmannia 44, 
49, 
ilignella, Megasis me 
imitaria, Leptomeris 
immutata, Acidalia.. 
impura, Leucania 
inachis, Kallima 
incana, Semasia 
incanana, Gypsonoma : 
inconspicuella, Solenobia 42, 43, 59, 
*infracanens (megera race), Pararge 
**infrapallens (megera race,) Par- 


arge Ae He fe ills 
**infratersa (megera race), Pararge 
27, 


insubrica (arcania race), Coeno- 
nympha .. 0 OG 
interjecta, Triphaena oc 
intermedia (aegeria race), Pararge 
interrogationis, Grapta a6 
interrogationis, Plusia Si OB}, 


PAGE 

io, Vanessa 33, 55, 56, 87, 89, 90, 
93, 94, 95, 113, 114, 115 
ioformis (urticae ab.), Aglais 114, 115 


iolas, Iolana.. Me a 50 JUSIE 
iole (iris race), Apatura .. .. 65 
iole, Nathalis a8 ee sy, A) 


ioprotoformis (urticae ab.), Aglais 114 
iphis, Coenonympha 12, 38, 167, 168 


iris, Apatura.. ae S56, GH, — SU 
irrezularis, Dianthoecia as .. 152 
isis (pales race), Brenthis .. .. TA 
jacobaeae, Hypocrita ne oo 613 
janira=jurtina 50 5 .. 144 
japygia, Melanargia 49 
jubaris (semele race), Hipparehia, 
Satyrus” .. : 155 
jubata (glabraria), Cleora .. .. 185 
juncicolella, Coleophora .. 110 


jurtina (janira), Epinephele 25, 33, 
37, 49, 55, 56, 96, 102, 144, 145, 
146, 159, 179, 180, 185 
Kailasius.. ae .. 144 
kirbyi (ausonia race), Anthocharis 171 
krugeri (ausonia race), Anthocharis 171 


laburnella, Cemiostoma .. 174 
lacertinaria, Drepana Be Sov MOL) 
lacteana, Epiblema, Paedisca 54 ~ 1 
lacticolor (grossulariata av.), 
Atbraxas) .2 gis, ALO) Tee 
lancealis, Perinephile ae ao doe 
lapidella, Luffia  .. boy. BY.) BY) 
lappona, Hrebia 13 (4s On On Oo 
laricella, Coleophora a 66 LOY 
lavipennella, Coleophora .. ae LOG 
latenai (nana ab.), Hadena .. 185 
lathonia, Issoria .. ae 33, 95 
lavatherae, Erynnis, Carcharodus 168 
lefebvrei (melas race), Hrebia .. 54 
leonardi (delius ab.), Parnassius .. 98 
leporina, Acronicta .. 56 36, 168 
Leptopteryx .. 60 .. 133 
leschenaulti, Oreopsyche Bia .. 132 
leucanthana, Conchylis. .. ao). = dl) 
leucomelas (galathea Peas Melan- 
argia Gio : . 44 
leucostigma, Apamea 151 


leucotaenia (aethiops ab.), ‘Erebia 13 
leucothoé (jurtina ab.), Epinephele 102 


levana, Vanessa... So 3a). tet) 
libatrix, Gonoptera .. “se we lG2 
lichenaria, Cleora .. 5L 
lichenella, Solenobia 42, 57 
ligea, Erebia.. a3 : ig 154 
limbata, Apopestes .. 310 .. 168 
limoniella, Goniodoma .. .. 105 
limosipennella, Coleophora gio dl 
linea=flava .. 5.0 O08 .. 152 
linearia, Ephyra  .. 50 65 Oho) 
lineola, ‘Adopaea 0 152 
lineolea, Coleophora 108, 110, 113, 184 
literosa, Miana ae a 152, 162 
lithargyria, Leucania oa .. 162 
Lithocolletides (letis), ae) OOM? 
lithodactylus, Oidematophorus .. 174 
lithoxylea, Xylophasia .. .. 162 


ix. 

PAGE 
lixella, Coleophora .. 90 co LOY | 
l-nigrum, Arctornis.. O00 .. 168 
lonicerae, Zygaena .. ..49, 69, 146 


lozereae (apollo race), Parnassius 
165, 167, 


168 


luciani (hybrid), ES ap Eumorpha 55 
lucida, Acontia : a 49, 146 
lucina, Hamearis .. 102 
luctuosa, Acontia .. 146 
juctuosana, E/piblema, Paedisca .. 10 
Luftidae (ia) ve eS BTR S3 
lunebergensis(lutulenta ab.), Aporo- 
phyla 180 
lunulata (grossulariata ab.), Ab- 
raxas elo 
lupinus, Epinephele 51, 96 
lutarella, Lithosia 61 
jutea, Amicta : od .. 132 
**luteafilipluma (megera ace), 
Pararge 60 2S} 
**luteavividior (megera race), Par- 
arge so) 24s! 
“*Iuteavividissima (megera race), 
Pararge : ate bo a Oh 
lutipennella, Coleophora so aul 
lutulenta, Aporophyla i 180 
Lycaenidae (a ) 56, 102, 108, 142, 189 
lycaon, Epinephele.. ‘ 12, 51 
lyllus (pamphilus race), Coeno- 
nympha 12, 51, 52, 186 
lyssa (megera race), Pararge 24, 25, 
26, 27, 28, 29 
machaon, Papilio 20, 32, 49, 51, 53, 

70, 74, 76, 96, 127, 149 
macularia, Venilia . Ae Sel28 
maddisoni (depuncta ab.), Noctua 87 
maera, Pararge Soo 205 96 
maggiella, Luffia .. # 56) Bis) 
major’ (hermione ab.), Satyrus, 

Nytha o6 ac .. 154 
malvae, Hesperia So) 8 
malvoides, Hesperia ee Uh OS 
manni, Pieris 49, 51, 54, 96, 168 
mannii, Solenobia: .. Aye 42, 43 
manto, Erebia eels 545298 
marchandiae (ausonia race), Antho- 

charis ay oo A), isi 
margaritana, Kuxanthis .. 168 
maregaritellus, Crambus sO) 
maritima, Senta .. 150 
maritima, (ausonia race), "Antho- 

charis : - 170, 171 
marjorella, Psychidea Bc 83 
Masonia 60, 61, 82, 84, 131, 133 
maturna, Melitaea .. .74, 76, 98 
matutia (ausonia race), Anthocharis 

; 170, 171 

maura, Mania 50. Alfa 

maurella, Lypusa ... an .. 130 
maxima (ausonia ae Antho- 

charis 60 Jb¢fl 

medea=aethiops .. 134 
medesicaste (rumina race), “Zeryn- 

thia, Thais 55 Ala 
mediolugens (megera ab.), Pararge 


28 | 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 


mediterranea=plumifera .. 
medon (astrarche), Plebeius, Aricia 


. 132 


45, 56, 96, 99, 174 
medusa, Erebia a mea iaed kes) 
medusa (ephialtes race), Zygaena 168 
megaerina (megera race), Pararge 29 
megera, Pararge 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 

29, 145, 155, 179 
mehadiensis (athalia race), Melitaea 95 
melampus, Hrebia . OO OS 
melanapicata (grossulariata ab.), 
Abraxas OC eellod, 
melanoptera (striata ‘ab. ), Coscinia 167 
Melasina es walos 
meleager, Polyommatus 44, 168 
meliboeus (alciphron ab.), Heodes, 
Loweia re a5 So ws 
Melitaea .. 166 
Melobasis ie .. 142 
mendica, Diacrisia .. 20, 55 
menthastri, Spilosoma = lubrice- 
peda 38 
merope (aurinia race), Melitaea 74, 
15 U5 o5 OU 
mersina (semele race), Hipparchia, 
Satyrus . 155 
meticulosa, Phlogophora 64 
metznieriana, Semasia 10 
mi, Euclidia.. : 181 
micana, Olethreutes 168 
microdactylus (parvidactylus), 
Oxyptilus, Pterophorus .. a0. Al(0) 
milberti, Vanessa, Aglais .. 89, 114 
millierei, Lithocampa .. 168 
minimus, Cupido 74, 159 
mistura (mendica race), Diacrisia 55 
mitfordellu, Masonia 42,58, 81, 82 
mnestra, EKrebia 13, 76, 98, 100 
moenas, Argema ae -. 69 
monacha, Psilura 38 55 
moncaunella, Pyropsyche .. 132 
moniliata, Acidalia.. : 168 
monilifera, Narycia 57, 58, 59, 60, 61 
monoglypha, Xylophasia 56, 151, 162 
mori, Bombyx j 173 
morpheus, Heteropterus 95 
mulinella, Gelechia.. es YO) 
murina, Paidia 168, 185 
nana (dentina), Hadena 184, 185 
nanella, Recurvaria. . 173 
napi, Pieris 32, 37, 74, 76, 11, 96, 
145, 179 
Narycia Me oe a3 130, 133 
navarina (athalia race), Melitaca 33 
nelamus (epiphron race), Hrebial2, 77 
neglectana, Gypsonoma, Semasia 173 
nemoralis, Platyptilia op dl) 
neoridas, Krebia 45, 135 
Nepticulidae .. ae Sie) 
nerine, Erebia 13, 99, 100, 101 
nickerlii, Solenobia.. 43, 59 
nictitans, Hydroecia 162 
nigra, Aporophyla .. .. 180 
nigricans, Agrotis 151, 152 
nigricella, Coleophora oo lili 


Xx. SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE | 
**nigroapicata (grossulariata ab.), 
Abraxas .. He 140, 156, 157 
nigrocretacea (grossulariata ab.), 
Abraxas .. Oe .. 141 
nigrocretacea, - varleyata (grossu- 
lariata ab.), Abraxas .. a LOE 
nigrofasciaria, Anticlea .. 128 | 
**nigrolineata Geant ab.), 
Abraxas .. 140 
nigronotata (brassicae ab.), Pieris 128 
nigrosparsata rereepiayiale ab.), 
Abraxas .. 157 
niobe, Argynnis . 45, 168, 181, 185 | 
nitidella, Masonia .. : 81 | 
niveidactyla — baliodactyla. 
nocturnella, Psychidea .. wat 83) || 
nodicolella, Mompha re oo. iy 
normalis, Auximobasis aa ilk al 
nubilalis, Pyrausta .. -. 142, 173 
nudella, Psychidea .. x2 83, 84 | 
nupta, Catocala oe es sa 5) 
nymphagoga, Catocala .. wool 
obelisca, Agrotis .. Ac 30) 168; | 
oberthiiri (ausonia race), Antho- | 
charis 3 : lala 
oberthiiri (orbitulus race), Plebeius, 
Latiorina .. ies Z oo. Oe | 
obscura, Agrotis  .. Pre eee loel: 
obscura (arion ab.), Lycaena 74, 77 | 
obsoleta, Leucania .. ifs -. 150 |} 
obsoleta (medon ab.), Plebeius, 
Aricia ale > o6 .- 174 | 
occidentalis Cee race), Antho- | 
charis we 5 een) HO ea 
occitanica, Zygaena 51, 165, 167, 168 | 
ocellana, Tmetocera : 173, | 
**ocellatior (megera race), Pararge | 
24, 29 
ocellatus, Smerinthus Ob we 03) 
ochrata, Sterrha, Acidalia.. so all | 
ochroleuca, Eremobia a pelG2 
octavia, Precis a0 a0 .. 188 
Oecocecis .. De 5c ee! | 
Oecophoridae 56 -. 105, 158 | 
oeme, Hrebia fe 4 ieee edlsss 
olivacea (chi ab.), Polia .. 2 0) | 
olivierella, Amblypalpis .. 9, 10 | 
omnivorus, Oeceticus if so.) ete | 
onopordi, Hesperia .. ae go ate} 
opacella, Acanthopsyche .. 5 alate) 
optilete, Polyommatus, Vacciniina | 
45, 97, 99, 100 | 
orbitulus, Plebeius, Latiorina 45, | 
54, 17 | 
Oreopsyche 20 : ne .. 133 
orientalis (maera race), Pararge .. 96 | 
orientalis (niobe ab.), Argynnis .. 185 | 
ornatipennella, Coleophora 107, 109 
Orneodidae .. oo eo eo at) 
Ornithoptera 6c ats sens 
orthogonia, Porosagrotis .. .. 102 
ostrinaria, Acidalia.. an 22 68 
ottomana (aglaia ab.), Argynnis .. 95 
oxybiata, Larentia .. 30 .. 168 


Pachythelia .. ae PSI ASI 133 


PAGE 


**paeninsulitalica (megera race), 
Pararge .. ne ae On eeile 
palaeno, Colias ae .. 16, 97, 
paleana, pon, No 
pales, Brenthis , 74, 76, “77, 96, 
pallens, ae ea 151, 
pallida, Scoparia .. or 
pallida, Solenobia ab oA 
pallida (pamphilus ab.), Coeno- 
nympha aie 
**nallidalgirica (semele race), Hip- 
parchia .. Oo a6 
palliatella, Coleophora .. 108, 
i‘ “paligedcpulverste Amngeera race), 
Pararge : 26 
pallifrons, Lithosia.. 
palodactyla, Orneodes 
paludis, Hydroecia .. 
pamphilus, Coenonympha 12, 37, 
51, 52, 55, 86, 145, 146, 159, 186, 
pandora, Dryas 4c olego. 
paphia, Dryas 32, 51, 55, 56, 87, 
95, 102, 
Papilio au ‘ o NTs 
paramegaera = tigelius ac 
paripennella, Coleophora .. 


Parnassius (idae) .. .. 144, 
parthenie, Melitaea.. . 44, 51, 
parvisi (aethiops ab.), Erebia 
pasiphaé, Epinephele Be 49, 
pastinum, Toxocampa racist tenes 
pectinella, Bijugis j 


pedaria, Phigalia 
pennella, Heterogynis 20, “28, 160, 
168, 
Penestiglossa 
penkleriana Epiblema, Grapholitha 
perittodactyla, (palodacty)s ab.) 
Orneodes .. O° 
permixtaria, Larentia a6 
peucedani (ephialtes race), Zygaena 
Phalacropteryx Be on 
Phalonia af no 30 
pharte, Hrebia oa oleh, CYR, OS 
phartina (pharte ab.), Erebia 
pheretes, Plebeius, Albulina 45, 55, 
14, 97, 
phicomone, Colias .. a rials 
philomela (euryale), Hrebia 
phlaeas, Heodes, Rumicia 18, 20, 
34, 37, 51, 56, 86, 
phoebe, Melitaea .. Stn 99, 
phragmitellus, Chilo 36 
phragmitidis, Calamia 
pilosellae, Oxyptilus 
pinellus, Crambus .. 
pineti (cembrella race), Solenobia 
42, 
pini, Dendrolimus .. .. 
piniarius, Bupalus .. ys ac 
pirata (briseis ab.), Hipparchia, 
Satyrus .. A 50, 
pirene (stygne), Erebia ~> 134, 
pitho (pronoé race), Erebia 
plagiata, Anaitis .. eo ls a, 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
plebeiana, Kucosma 
plexippus =archippus 72, 186 | 


plumbescens (coridon ab.), Polyom- 


matus, Agriades .. 56 
plumella, Psychides 83 
plumifera, Ptilocephala .. 132 
plumistaria, Eurranthis 167, 168 
plumularia, Lythria .. 168 
pluto (glacialis ad.), Erebia 13, 
podalirius, Papilio 44, 49, 51, 54, 

166, 167 
polaris (urticae race), Aglais 114 
polonus, Polyommatus, Agriades 

186, 187 
polychloros, Kugonia 51, 87, 89, 90, 

95, 115 
polygramma, Thalpochares 168 
polyxena=hypermnestra .. 144 
pomonae = ferschaultella 57 
pontana, Conchylis. . 
populata, Lygris 168 
populi, Amorpha oe 63 
porrecta (megera ab.), Pararge 
porcellus, Pergesa, Theretra i. OOD 
posticoobsoleta (icarus ab.), Poly- 

ommatus .. 37 
**nostmarginata (grsssulariata ab. i 

Abraxas 140 
potatoria, Cosmotriche .. 150 
potentillae, Coleophora 109, 111 
**praeaustralis (megera  ruce), 

Pararge 24, 28, 29 
praecox, Agrotis et, .. 180 
praeformata, Anaitis 168 
prasinana, Hylophila : 36 
prieuri, Hipparchia, Satyrus 68 
Proactica 9 
processionea, Thaumatopaea 127 
procida (galathea race), Melanargia 

49, 51, 

pronoé, Erebia a6 awl 
pronuba. Triphaena 59 ake) 
pronubana, Tortrix.. ae 65 
prorsa (levana race), Vanessa 
proto, Pyrgus .51, 52, 183 | 
Proutia - 80, 130, 131, 133 | 
proxima, Bijugis 83 
pruinata, Pseudopterpna a0 
pruni, Strymon 55, 160, 168 
pseudathalia, Melitaea 95 
ST ae Rumicia .. oo» (io) 
psi, Triaena . 36, 151 
Psyche w. 13251133 
Psychidea 82, 83, 84, 129, 130,131, 133 
Psychides 41, 42, 57, 58, 59, 79, 

116, 117, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134 
Psychina : 36 .. 130 
Pterophoridae Op cleit) 
Pt:lozephala . é Bs seml33 
ptorsas (pruni ab.), Strymon 00) 
pudibunda, Dasychira .. 36 
pudorina, Leucania.. 5 els 
pulchella, Deiopeia .. Avs .. 146_| 
pulla, Epichnopteryx soe, G4 oll 
pulveraria, Numeria 30 ae 


55 | 


89 | 


51 | 


56 | 


xa 
ee PAGE: 
pulverosella, Schlerocecis . se itelO 
purdeyana (cristana ab.), Peronea 55 
purpuralis, Zygaena 45. 
pusaria, Cabera 36 
pusilla, Apterona . 131 
puta, Agrotis , .. 162 
| pygmaeola (lutarella race), ‘Lithosia 161 
Pyralidae 9) 
Pyrameis 90 
pyrenaica, Plebeius, Latiorina 54 
pyrenaica (epiphron race). Erebia.. 54 
pyrenaica (stygne race), Hrebia 135 
Pyropsyche .. 133 
quadrangularis, Amicta 118 
quadrifasciaria, Ochyria, Goreng 
151, 153 
| quereana, Hylophila so. oll 
| quercifolia, Kutricha 150, 153: 
’ queretis, Bithys 51, 168 
| quercts, Smerinthus So il 
| radiana (hastiana ab.), Peronea .. 71 
radiata (cardamines ab.), Huchloé 179 
| radiata (phlaeas ae Heodes, 
|  Rumicia 56 
rapae, Pieris . 67, 71, 14, 6, 145 
| resinella, Kvetria 10 
| reticulatella, Bruandia 82 
revayana, Sarrothripus .. o4 
| rhadamanthus, Zygaena 167, 168 
| rhamnata, Scotosia.. Dist: 
| rhamni, Gonepteryx BY: 
| rhingiaeformis (tubaniformis ab, i 
| Sciapteron 30 9 
| rhomboidaria=gemmaria . 186 
| ribeata, Boarmia 168 
| Riodiniidae = Mrycinidae .. 159 
| ripartii (admetus race), Polyom- 
| matus, Hirsutina.. ,.44, 45, 49 
| ripheus, Chrysiridia RLS Seo; 
| roboris, Laeosopis .. 50, 54, 166, 168 
romana (ausonia race), Anthocbaris 
170, 171 
romanoides oeoe race), Antho- 
charis : 171 
rosella, Rhodophaea. 168 
**rothschildi (: sasouin race), " Antho- 
charis : ; 171 
roxelana, Pararge se 95 
| rubi, Callophrys 102, 174 
| rubi, Macrothylacia A .. 185 
| rubria (aethiops ab.), Erebia 135 
| rufa, Caenobia - 150 
| rufa (apollo .ab.), Parnassius 55 
| rumicis, Pharetra, Acronicta 50 
| rumina, Zerynthia, Thais 144 
| russula=sannio... a se 63; 
| rutilus (dispar race), Chrysophanus 
| 96, 127 
| Sabatinea . 188 
| sagittata, Cidaria ; 151 
| sagittata (revayana ab), Sarro 
thripus : if 54 
| salicolella =eppingella 80 
| salicorniae, Coleophora 105, 112 
==amaine helenae, Hieroxestis .. 85 


INDEX. 


staintoni, Bankesia.. 43, 
Standfussia a 12. 
| stanneella, Heliozela 60 
statices, Adscita 
statilinus, Satyrus .. 96, 122, 
steeveni (meleager a Polyom- 
matus 96 oo 50 
| stefanii, Coleophora a 
| stellatarum, Macroglossa, Sesia 
145, 
stelviana (nerine heck Erebia 
Sterrhopteryx 3 dle; 
| sticticalis, Spilodes .. fe 
stoechadis, Zygaena a 
straminea, Leucania 1layike 
Stratiotata, Paraponyx 60 
striata, Coscinia so LAG, 
| striata (semiargus ab), Polyom- 
matus, Cyaniris 


stygne, Hrebia . 96, 134, 135, 

stygne=pirene Sis 134, 

subalpina (dorilis race), Loweia 

**subangulata (erosee arate ab.), 
Abraxas ae 

subaudiata, Triphosa 

subflavella, Masonia 

subfulvata, Eupithecia 

sublineatella, Amphithrix .. 


| snblustris, Xylophasia 
| subrosea, Noctua 


xii. SPECIAL 
PAGE 
sannio (russula), Diacrisia.. .. 163 
santolinana, Conchylis  .. “go ) lO) 
sao, Hesperia a0 51, 168 
sapandia (aethiops race), Hrebia .. 135 
sapho, Psychidea Sh 56) 88) 
sarpedon, Zygaena .. Ba UGS) 
Sarracenica (nemoralis race), Platy- 
ptilia at ead 
taturatella, Coleophora LO 
saturniidae So Ba so) OO 
Satyridae (us) 108, 122; 153 
satyrion (arcania nO Coeno- 
nympha 5 Chay UO, OO 
saucia, Agrotis 180 
seatophaga, Neossiosynoeca . 187 
schepdaeli, (cardamines ab.), Eu- 
chloé ea O29 
schiffermilleri, Leptopteryx . 132 
schmidtii (phlaeas ab.), Rumicia, 
Heodes ae 56, a7: 
Scioptera so) JIB}, By! 
scotica, Fumea ..08, 81, 82 
scotica (aglaia race), Argynnis . 143 
scotica (semele race), auicee 
Satyrus sis 155 
secalis, Apamea 151, 162 
selasellus, Crambus 151, 180 
selene, Brenthis  .. oe 65 ae 
selini, Caradrina : .. 168 
semele, Hipparchia (Satyrus) dl, 
122, 153, 154, 155, 156, 180 


semialba (jurtina a).), Epinephele 
semiargus, Polyommatus, Cyaniris 


146 


55, 76, 96, 99 
senex, Nudaria 6s .. 150 
senthes (semele race), Hipparchia, 
Satyrus 0 Be 50 sie 
seplaria, Tephronia. alGs 
serena, Hecatera 153, 162 
sericata, Polyphaenis 51, 168 
sericealis, Rivula oo LéyIL 
sericeata, Acidalia . 168 
serpentina, Laxolomia 56 
seratella, Stigmatophora eee: 
serratulae, Hesperia ..76, 96, 98 
servillana, Grapholitha sa eld) 
sesamus (octavia race), Precis 188 
Sesiidae = Aegeriidae Aes 9, 173 
sibilla, Limenitis 18, 33, 90, 91 
siccifolia, Coleophora Ulta, 
siciliana (semele race), Hipparchia, 
Satyrus oa : .. 155 
sicula, Leucania 168 
sidae, Hesperia so Weil 
simplana, Hedya 18, 40 
simplonia=marchandiae .. 169, 171 
sinaica, Parapodia .. co Al) 
sinapis, Leptosia .. 50 45, 87 
socia, Xylina é so) dltsii) 
sociaria, Syropsia .. 168 
Solenobia 42, 57, 59, 129, 130, 133, 134 
sonthonnaxi, Copiopteryx. . OG 
sparganil, Nonagria 162, 163 
sparsata, Collix Salo 
spini, Strymon, Klugia 44, 49 


| sudetica (melampus race), Erebia.. 
| suifunella, Solenobia 


| taraxaci, Caradrina.. 
| tarnierella, Wpichnopteryx On 
taurinorum (aethiops race), Erebia 


sulphuralis, Agrophila 
suriens, Psychidea .. 
syllius, Melanargia .. A 
sylvanus Augiades ..,; .. 
sylvaticella, Coleophora 
sylvella, Cerostoma.. 


| synagriforme (t tabaniformis subsp. Jy 


Sciapteron 


| syngrapha (coridon ~ ab.), Polyom- 


matus, Agriades .. 
syringaria, Hygrochroa 
tabaniformis, Sciapteron 
Taduma 


Talaeporia (idae) 130, 131, 


134, 
telicanus, Syntarucus 
tentaculella, Ancylolomia .. 
tenuicornis, Incurvaria 


| tephrinella, Ephestia 
| tephroleuca, Dianthoecia .. 
| teres 


(semele wes) Hipparehia, 
Satyrus 4G 
testacea, Luperina .. 

testata, Cidaria 


| testudo (polychloros ‘ab.), Bugonia 


tetraquetrana, Epiblema 
tetrica (stygne race), Hrebia 
teucrii, Stigmatophora 
Thais— Zerynthia 
thaiwanus, Papilio .. 20 


SPECIAL 


PAGE 


thersites, Polyommatus, Agriades 
45, 49, 50, 51 
thetis, Polyommatus, Agriades 34, 
51, 56, 99, 174, 186, 187, 188 
thiemi (flavofasciata race), Erebia 
8, 79, 136 
thore, Brenthis ve h4e hoy 1298 
**tigeliclara (megera race), Pararge 28 
tigeliiformis (megera race), Pararge 
4, 26, 27, 29 
tigelius (megera race), Pararge 24, 
26, 27, 29, 155 
tigellina (megera race), Pararge 27, 29 
**tigellyssa (megera race), Pararge 
Pos PAs},-. 238) 
tiliae, Mimas, Smerinthus. . .. 160 
Tineidae ‘ 2 9, 105, 130 
tiphon, Coenonympha .12, 34, 180 
tithonus, ee. 96, 123 
Tortricidae 9, 173 
tragopogonis, Mania, .. 162 
transalpina, Zygaena 45, 51 
transcaspica (megera race), Pararge 29 
treitschkei, Mamestra .. 168 
triannuliformis, Aegeria, Sesia 9 
tridens, Triaena, Acronicta .. 151 
trifolii, Zygaena 20, 51 
trilinea, Grammesia ie Are teys) 
trinacriae (ausonia race), Antho- 
ckaris sa llr/il 
triopes (gorge ab.), Erebia.. 71, 100 
triquetrella, Solenobia 44, 43 
tritici, Agrotis 162, 180 
tritophus, Notodonta he .. 6595 
troglodytella, Coleophora .. 174, 1 184 
truncata, Dysstroma go Oe) 
tubulosa, Talaeporia ae oo OD) 
turatii (ausonia race), Anthocharis 
170, 171 
turbidella, Nepticula : 11 
tyndarus, Erebia 13, 76, hits 98, 168 
typhae, Nonagria i 162, 163 
uhagonis (prieuri ab. 2: Hipparcbia, 
Satyrus 56 SOS 
umbra, Charaeas .. =. 2ll62 
uncula, Hydrelia 150, 151 
undulella, Whittleia so JBL 
unicolor (satyrion ab.), Coeno- 
nympha 50 ore bo 5 aly 
uralensis (ausonia var.), Antho- 
charis C ote 50 59. yal 
urticae, Aglais 33, 69, 76, 87, 89, 
90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 102, 113, 114, 
115, 157, 179, 180 
urticae, Spilosoma .. 38 
valesiaca (oeme race), Erebia 13 
valesiaca (stygne race), Krebia 135, 136 
valesiana (epiphron race), Hrebia.. 12 
valesiella = plumifera 50 .. 132 
valesina (paphia ab.), Argynnis 32, 
33,51, 56 
valligera, Agrotis .- 162 
Vanessa 9 so JUNG 
varia, Melitaea Te, Wt 


INDEX. 
varleyata (grossulariata ab.), Ab- 
raxas oo AAO), 
velleda = fusconebulosa 
venosa,. (mendica race), Diacrisia 20, 
venosata, Hupithecia O16 
verbasci, Cucullia 
| vernalis, Thyridopteryx : 
vernaria, Geometra, Iodis .. ae 
| vestalis, Bruandia... 84, 
| vestigialis, Agrotis .. ae 
| vetulata, Scotosia, Bhilereme 
| vibicella, Coleophora ; 
villica, Arctia 145, 
villosella, Pachy thelia - 
viminalis, Cleoceris 
viminetella, Coleophora ae 
vinningensis (apollo race), Par- 
| nassius : a 
| vinolentella, Blastodacna He ae 
| vinula, Drepana 142, 
| virens, Luceria ae 
virgata, Mesotype 161, 
virgaureae, Coleophora ae 
virgaureae, Heodes .. 55, 96, 
| **vividior, (megera race), Pararge 
23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 
| **vividissima (megera nace), Pararge 
24, 25, 28, 
wahlbergi, Hypolimnas . 
| w-album, Strymon, Chattendenia 
51, 
**warreni(flavofasciata race), Exebia 
Whittleia od 00 
wiskotti (caja race), Arctia.. 
wockii, Solenobia a 
wolfensbergeri (maturna ab. \, Meli- 
taea po ley (Ao. 
xuthus, Papilio ig a 
| ypsilon, Agrotis 
| zebeana, Grapholitha a 
| zermattensis (virgaureae «b.), 
Heodes O60 
Zerynthia (Thais). 
Zeuzeridae Be a 
Zygaenidae (a) ..20, 69, 
NEUROPTERA. 
| appendiculatus, Macronemurus 
Ascalaphidae 
| bipennis, Nemoptera O6 
| Chrysopidae .. 68, 
Coniopterygidae ae 
Cymothales .. 
europaeus, Myrmeleon 
diaphanus, Chirocephalis .. BA 
Hemerobiidae #3 68, 
indecisum, Glenoleon a 
longicornis, Ascalaphus 53, 
lutaria, Sialis ap 
| lutescens, Hemerobius 
meridionalis, Panorpa 
nemausiensis, Nelees ye “s 
Myrmeleonidae 148, 149, 
Nemopteridae ky 


XIV. 
PAGE 
Osmylidae 68 
ottomanus, Ascalaphus .. 160 
Panorpa(idae) .. 149 
perla, Chrysopa eck 
prasina, Chrysopa . 149 
Psocidae ; sRAe OG 
sheppardi, Chasmoptera 59, 60 
stigma, Hemerobius .. 149 
storeyi, Pterocroce .. 5 42) 
subnebulosa, Boriomyia .. . 149 
tortricoides, Megalomus .. . 149 
vulgaris, Chrysopa .. aos 
walkeri, Chrysopa Ase tet) 
ORTHOPTERA. 

Acheta = Bae w. 125 
Acridiidae ; 1235 25 
albifrons, Dectieus:. oF Lhe aloe 

albopunctata (grisea), Metrioptera 
125, 148 

alliaceus, Parapleurus 125, 126, 
146, 148 
auricularia, Forficula 64 
bicolor = biguttulus .. neel2G 
biguttulus, Stauroderus 124, 148 
binotatus, Stauroderus 126, 148 
Blattidae 124 
borealis, Gryllotalpa 186 
brevipennis, Gomphocerus 148 
brohlemanni, Stenobothrus . 148 
caerulans, Sphingonotus 147, 148 
caerulescens, Oedipoda UAT 
campestris, Liogryllus 125 
cantans, Tettigonia.. 124 
‘Carausius a Heo 28 
cunii, Ephippigera . 125, 148 

declivus (pulvinatus race), Chor- 
thippus 30 126 
decolor, Ameles : a cB 
decorus (nigrofasciatus), Oedaleus 147 
dilatata, Chelidura .. 186 
Empusa 186 
Ephippigera . 53 
falcata, Phaneroptera 124 
fischeri, Barbitistes. . 52 
flavus = nigrofasciatus so. OL 
gallicus, Bacillus O28 
germanica (miniata), ern 147 
grammicus, Stenobothrus . 52 
grisea =albopunctata -. 125 
priseoaptera, Pholidoptera.. 124, 148 
erossus, Mecostethus 126, 146, 148, 185 
Gryllidae 125 
insubricus, Acrotylus 56 .. 147 
italicus, Caloptenus.. 52, 147, 148 
jugicola (cunii var.), Ephippigera.. 125 
Leptophyes... 3:5 124 
liliifolia, Tylopsis 124 
lineatus, Stenobothrus 125 
‘Liogryllus (Acheta).. 125 
Mantis (idae) a0 124 
‘marmorata, Diestrammena 55 
-mecostethus = Parapleurus. 125 
amegacephala, Hemideina .. 87 


nigrofasciatus, Oedalus’ .. 52, 53 
nigrofasciatus =decorus 147 
Oedipoda .. 148 
orientalis, Gryllotalpa 186 
orientalis, Periplaneta 16 
panzeri, Ectobia : Bis .. 124 
paralellus, Chorthippus 126, 147, 148 
pellucens, Oecanthus .. 125 
Phasgonura = Tettigonia 124 
Phasgonuridae 123 
Phasmidae .. 125 
pulvinatus, Chorthippus 126, 148 
punctatissima, Leptophyes 52, 124, 148) 
qnadripunctata, Phaneroptera .. 124 
religiosa, Mantis Jo) 124, d186, 
rossii, Bacillus 52, 128 
rufipes = ventralis ed 25 
scalaris (morio), Stauroderus 148 
sibiricus, Gomphocerus 148 
Sphingonotus 148 
sylvestris, Nemobius . 125 
tessellata, Metrioptera . 125 
Tettigonia (Phasgonura) 124 
thy mifolia =liifolia 124 
Tylopsis 124 
vagans, Stauroderus | 126 
ventralis, Omocestus 125 
viridissimae, Tettigonia 124 
viridulus, Omocestus 125 
vulgaris, Gryllotalpa 186 
PARANEUROPTERA. 
annulata, Cordulegaster 49, 119 
aenea, Cordulia oo NY) 
caerulescens, Orthetrum Sel) 
cyanea, Aeschna 51, 119 
cyathigerum, Knallagma sou 121 
depressa, Libellula .. be 51, 119 
elegans, Ischnura 119, 120, 121 
exigua (elegans ab.), Ischnura 120 
forcipatus, Lindenia BA 49 
haemorrhoidalis, Calopteryx 51 
hafniense, Brachytron 119 
| imperator, Anax ee og Ne) 
infuscans (elegans ab.), Ischnura 
; 119, 121 
melanotum  (nymphula ab.), 
Pyrrhosoma Bo Seq) UL 
_mercuriale, Agrion .. so) TUM), weal 
meridionale, Sympetrum .. ay cs) 
mixta, Aeschna So) lS HE) 
nymphula, Pyrrhosoma 119, 121 
occidentale, Aciagrion om) 
puella, Agrion 121 
pulchellum, Agrion.. : seme 
quadrimaculata, Libellula . 119, 185 
rufescens (elegans ab.), Ischnura 5 9 0) 
splendens, Calopteryx 119, 120 
striolatum, Sympetrum 119 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
miniata, Oedipoda .. He eh, te) 
miniata = germanica ee AT 
morio=scalaris 148 
morosus, Carausius.. 128 


SPECIAL INDEX. 


PAGE 
violacea (elegans ab.), Ischnura .. 120 
virgo, Calopteryx .. 52, 120 

RHYNCHOTA. 

Aphididae 9, 174 
aurita, Ledra Hil, oY 
Capsidae .. 104 
Cetacanthus . co Gis 
Cicada 4 oo 4@) 
coleoptrata, Myrmedobia 104 
concinna, Schizura . , ae 
corni, Schizoneura .. ae Mare oH 
flavescens, Ptylus : eee 20) 
formicaria, Forda .. ; Be ret) 
formicetorum, Piezostethus .. 104 
fraxina, Cicada we 49, 52 
gahani, Pseudococcus 96 sig (He) 
heraclei, Aphis 5.0 é oo «| CY 
holosericeus, Tropistethus. : .. 104 
inuncta, Podops ae .. 104 
iracundus, Harpacter 50 0 
Jativentris, Nabis 8, 104 
Miridae=Capsidae .. .. 104 


KY. 
PAGE 
Miraria 104 
Mirina : O6 $0 104 
Nabis.. 50 Sa 5 so CY) 
najas, Gerris 20 . 88 
perplexus, Pilophorus .. 104 
pedestris, Stygnocoris .. 104 
| purpureipennis, Carpocoris 50 OA 
remigis, Gerris . so. tee} 

rufipes. Pentatoma .. 52, 65. 
spumaria, Philaenus a L8G 
subterranea, Ripersia a so YD) 
troglodytes, Trama .. Sb soa 8) 


NOT CLASSIFIED. 
albina, Beckia (Collem.) .. Seay: 


cheopis, Stenopsylla (Siph.) . 189 
Embiidae (Neur?) .. .. 148 
hoffmannseggii, Platyarthrus (Crus. ) 23 
Hydroptilia (Trich.) 5 SY 
lapidum, Petrobia (Myr.) . 185 
Poduridae (Thys.) .. 5) 
Termitidae S00 143 
tuber, Merope 50 86, 142 


CORRIGENDA, Eve. 
Corrections in the spellings of specific names and in the genera used are made in 


the Special Index above. 
Page 15. 


The locality for H. simplana should be Kent, and not N. of Scotland. 


ee 
Shop + eanatc earebolge| 


alheemorendes iaicguinil | 


ae oe Bion fie ih 


) —o 
ee ee a cl ae aye 


can Feta 7 


They Loh ark 
Pe NECN ’ 


Aree” gi iit 
seam eeigebai or . f 


: abiaet, has Wie: eee 
SOR ER” ete pe ‘lielspeeitae: 
Arienenpe, estes hes 

Pee aoe be agi s ha Bie Me 
eGR Tor ERE pharrige8 
eet Spee aie 8 Geeteraihy = 
eae pieces ag Rela oan ag 

Paar 38 aren i: 


ge Pera: ee 


ta i seh wer 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM, (1) 


Races and Seasonal Polymorphism of the Grypocera and of the 
Rhopalocera of Peninsular Italy. 


(ANNOTATED List.) 
By ROGER VERITY, M.D., and ORAZIO QUERCI. 
Eixpianatory NotEs. 


After each name the locality of “ typical’’ specimens is quoted 
from the original description of its author and it is indicated by 
inverted commas (“ .... ”’). When this locality is not within the 
Italic Peninsular subzone we are dealing with, it is enclosed by square 
brackets [ ], whereas curved brackets ( ) are used simply when con- 
venient for other purposes. 

When a named variety has subsequently been shown to be a dis- 
tinct species, we have adopted the method of enclosing in brackets the 
author of the name and of placing after it the name of the author who 
has discovered the specific charaeters. 

To save space we use the abbreviations of “C.It.”” and “ P.It.” for 
“Central Italy ’’ and “ Peninsular Italy,” respectively. Geographically 
the division between Central Italy and Southern Italy is the line 
drawn across the peninsula from the mouth of the Garigliano (north 
of Naples) to that of the Sangro, north of the Gargano promontory, on 
the Adriatic. Entomologically the distinction between these two 
regions, which old authors, like Curd in his “ Saggio di un Catalogo 
det Lepidotteri d’Italia”’ (published in the Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., from 
1875 to 1889), make use of, seems absolutely artificial and useless, 
because real differences only exist between Calabria and the rest of the 
peninsula. A certain number of species, and chiefly those, like the 
Erebia, which only inhabit alpine-like surroundings in mountain- 
masses, do stop short at about the level of the line mentioned above, 
but in many cases in this List we give “C.It.”’ simply because the 
South of Italy is much less known to Lepidopterists, and many 
species exist there which have not been recorded of late with sufficient 
certainty. We make it a point not to quote any locality of which we 
have not made quite sure. Asa rule we give those where one of us 
has collected and whence, in most cases, specimens are preserved in 
the “ Verity’ collection. This we have had to do, not only to be 
perfectly accurate in our statements, but also because lists of the past: 
give no clue as to the features of races and generations, and are thus 
quite useless from our new standpoint. One is thus compelled to start 
observations afresh to make a region known. When information is 
drawn from other authors, we give their names; we are responsible 
for the rest. For the same reason we have not been able to deal with 
localities in Liguria, where we have not collected, although, as Verity 
has mentioned in his Introductory Remarks to this list (Ht. Rec., vol. 
Xxxly., page 179), from the point of view of its Lepidoptera, it should 
be joined on to Peninsular Italy. What Verity has seen of it, collecting 
round the Gulf of Spezia and at Levanto, the information received 
from Dr. Rocci of Genoa and the specimens sent to us by him clearly 
show that its species are the same as in Northern Tuscany and that. 
their races are also usually the same. The few races peculiar to 
Liguria, which have been described, we mention in our Notes. In 
connection with the altitudes we give, we must mention that they are 


(2) tHE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


those which in our experience are the most usual, but no doubt some 
will be altered by further observations and, anyhow, we have seen 
exceptions, both in the sense of single species found at unusual 
altitudes and of localities where quite a number of species exist lower 
or higher than usual, or where races exhibit features proper, as a rule, 
to other levels. For instance, amongst the localities we shall often 
mention in the following List, it will be noticed that on Mt. Conca, on 
the northern slopes of Mt. Morello, near Florence, at 400 m., and in 
the little basin of Ftrenzuola (prov. of Florence), at 500 m., quite a 
number of species produce their mountain race; on the contrary, at 
Vallombrosa (also near Florence) one meets at $00 and 1000 m. with 
species and races very unusual at so high a level, owing to its southern 
exposure [List of its Lepidoptera, by Verity, in Boll. Soc. Ent. [t., xxxviil. 
(1907)|. Along the western coast of the peninsula there is a strip of 
swampy grounds and marshes, which produces unusually melanic 
races in several species: Forte det Marmi and the mouth of the Arno 
are the two localities of this sort which Verity has collected in, so that 
they often appear in this List [List of the Lepidoptera of the former, 
by Verity, in Boll. Soc. Ent. It., xxxvi.-(1905)|. We must mention 
particularly the entomologically very rich and interesting Pian di 
Mugnone, about three miles north of Florence, which from m. 100 rises 
tc 600 on Mt. Hanna; in the spring and, to a certain extent, again 1 
the autumn it is covered with an abundant and varied vegetation; in 
the summer it is blazingly hot and gets extremely parched ; the result 
is that insects are abundant and that those which emerge in summer 
are in many species as southern in character as the most extreme 
forms produced in southern Italy, with the exception, of course, of 
the peculiar Calabrian races. A large number of Verity’s “types”’ are 
from the Pian di Mugnone and it is there we have made out the 
number of generations and their features in several species by 
methodical collecting [Tables of emergence through the year pub- 
lished in Boll. Soc. Ent. It., xlvi. (1915), xlviii. (1917), and 1. (1919). 
See also list of races by Querci in Hint. Rec., xxxii., p. 228 
and xxxlii., p. 72]. Alpine-like surroundings exist in Central Italy 
in the huge mountain-mass, which from the Svbillini Mts., in the 
Marche, stretches across the Abruzzi with the Gran Sasso d'Italia and 
the Majella. The Quercis have collected during many years in the 
Sibillini, and Bolognola, where they resided at 1200 m., is on this 
account often mentioned by us [List of the Grypocera and Rhopalo- 
cera by Verity in the Boll. Soc. Ent. It., xlvii. (1916). See also list by 
Querci in Hint. Rec., xxxiii., p. 70]. Verity has collected at 1300 m. 
on the Abetone Pass (Boscolungo) in the Tuscan Apennines, where the 
fauna is far from being as alpine as in the preceding, notwithstanding 
the altitude [List of the Grypocera and Rhopalocera by him in the 
Boll. Soc. Hint. It., xlv. (1914)|, and at Piteglio, m. 700, in the 
same mountains [List of Lepidoptera by him in Boll. Soc. Ent. It., 
xxxvi. (1904)]. Verity was in the Isle of Elba in 1908 and the 
Quercis in 1916, and the former has published two lists of the Grypo- 
cera and Rhopalocera in the Boll. Soc. Hnt. It., xl. (1909), and xlviii. 
(December, 1916). In Tuscany the Quercis have collected also in the 
prov. of Lucca in the Camatone and Feyana Valleys and in the Apuane 
Alps (see list of Mt. Sumbra, by Querci, l.c., p. 25). In the Roman 
Campania and Latium Querci has collected in the past in many 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (3) 


localities [Turati has published a list of the Lepidoptera collected by 
him in the Aurunci and Mainarde Mts. (prov. of Caserta), in the Attz. 
Soc. ltal. Sc. Nat., liii. (1914)], and recently in the Matnarde, in the 
Atina district [List by Verity of the Zyyaenides, Grypocera and 
Rhopalocera in Boll. Lab. Zool. gen. e agraria in Portici, xiv. 
(1920)|. Calabria has been visited twice by Querci (see his list of 
the Coast Range, about S. Fili,in Ent. Rec., xxxiii., p. 12). Other 
local lists published in this century, which we have quoted are: 
Stefanelli’s Cat. Illustr. Ropal. Toscani in Boll. Soc. Ent. It., Xxxii. 
(1901); Rostagno and Zapelloni’s Lepidopt. Faunae Romanae in Boll. 
Soc. Zool. Ital., 1908 to 1912; Stauder’s Sammelreise nach Unteritalien 
in Zeit. wissensch. Insektenb., 1914 and 1915; Stauder’s Lepidopt. aus dem 
Aspromonte—Geb., l.c., 1915 and 1916; Turati’s A 1000 m. sull’ Ap- 
pennino Modenese (on boundary with Tuscany) in Atéi Soc. Ital. Se. 
Nat., lviii. (1919) ; Rocci’s Osservazioni sui lepidottert di Liguria: Pap- 
ilionidae et Pieridae in Soc. Lig. Sc. Nat., xxx. (1919) and xxxi. (1920). 
These and other authors, such as Oberthiir and Frihstorfer, on a 
few occasions, have published also notes and descriptions dealing with 
single species and races, so that the amount of literature of this 
century in connection with Peninsular Italy is quite considerable. We 
hope we have not overlooked anything concerning races and genera- 
tions. As to times of emergence, we have thought it advisable not to 
deal with them, because to be of practical use we should have had to 
give those of each locality separately and this would have been a very 
bulky and at the same time a very incomplete attempt, whilst, on the 
other hand, broad, inclusive statements can much better be inferred 
from the general rules Verity has worked out in his papers on this 
subject in Hnt. Rec., vol. xxxi. (The various Modes of Emergence and 
the Number of Annual Broods of the Grypocera, and of the Rhopatlocera), 
and in vol. xxxil. (On the Emergence of the Grypocera and Rhopalocera 
in relation to Altitude and Latitude), to which we refer our readers. 


Superfamily : Grypocera. 
Family: Hesperiidae. 
Subfamily : Hesperiinae. 
Tribe: Hesperiidi. 
Nisoniades tages, L. [‘‘ Habitat in Europa,” with no quotation. | 

(a) race subclarus, Vrty.—l. gen. tages, L.; Il. gen. subclarus, Vrty., 
E.R., 1921, p. 172 [ S. Tyrol] —C.It., in damp localities. 

(6) race clarus, Carad.—l. gen. tages, L.; I. gen. clarus, Carad., 
Iris, 1895, p. 61. [‘* Amasia, in Asia Minor.’’]—P.It., up 
to 1200m., in dry localities. 

EHrynnis alceae, Esp.  [‘‘ Erlangen, in Frankonia.’’] 

(a) race australis, Z.—I. gen. alceae, Esp.; Il. gen. australis, Z., 
Isis, 1847, p. 285 [‘ Sicily (Syracuse, Messina, Catania) from 
April to September ”’] ; III. gen. australis, Z—P.It., up to 
1200m. 

Note.—The two forms are nearly always found together but alceae 
prevails largely in the first generation and australis in the two others. 
Erynnis altheae, Hb.  [‘* Germany, not in all regions.”’] 

(a) race australiformis, Vrty.—I. gen. altheae, Hb.; Il. gen. 
australiformis, Vrty., #.R., 1919, p. 27, “Tuscany ’”; TU. 
gen. australiformis, Vrty.—P.It., up to 1200m. 

Erynnis lavatherae, Esp.  [‘‘ France and Switzerland.’ | 


(4) THE ENTOMOLOGIS!’S RECORD. 


(a) race australior, Vrty., H.R, 1919, p. 27 (‘« Florence, at 200m.’’). 

—P.It., up to 1200m. 
Hirynnis baeticus, Rbr.  [* Andalusia.” | 

(a) race rostagnot, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 27.—* Oricola (Abruzzi),” 
and Sibillini Mts. (Marche), 800 to 1200m. 

Note.—In the South of France three generations are known; in 
Italy this species is so extremely scarce that nothing can be inferred 
from the few specimens collected. 

Hesperia sidae, Esp.  [‘* Volga, in Russia.’’] 

(a) race occidentalis, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 27 (“ Florence, at 
200m.’’).—C.It., up to 700m. 

Hesperia carthani, Hb.  [‘‘ No text.’’] 

(a) race carthami, Hb.—Sibillini Mts. (Marche), and Calabrian 
Coast Range, 500 to 1500m. 

Note.—This species is said to have two generations in some 

localities of the Alps, but here it has only one. 
Hesperia armoricanus, Obthr. [‘* Rennes, in N.W. France.’’| 

(a) race fulvoinspersa, Vrty.—l. gen. armoricanus, Obthr.; II. gen. 
fulvoinspersa, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 27 (“Florence, at 200m.’’). 
—P.It., up to 1200m. 

Hesperia onopordi, Rbr. |“ Andalusia.’’] 

(a) race fulvotincta, Vrty.—I. gen. onopordi, Rbr.; Il. gen. fulvo- 
tincta, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 27 (‘ Florence, at 200m.”).— 
P.It. up to 1200m. | 

(b) race quercti, Obthr., Et. Lép. Comp., vi., 107, figs. 1828-30 
(1912).—« Polleca, m. 700, in Aurunci Mts. (Caserta).”’ 

Hesperia alveus, Hb. [** Germany.”’| 

(a) race centralitaliae, Vrty., H.R., 1920, p. 4.—Sibillini Mts. 
(Marche), at 1300m. 

Hesperia foulquiert, Obthr.  [‘* Marseilles, in S. France.”’| 

(a) race picena, Vrty., H.R., 1920, p. 4.—Sibillini Mts. (Marche), 
1200m.—C.It., up to 1200m. 

Hesperia serratulae, Rbr.  [ Andalusia.’ | 

(a) race serratulae, Rbr.—Sibillini Mts. (Marche), 1500m. 

Hesperia malvoides, Klw. and Edw. [*‘ Biarritz, July 25th, in the 
Basses-Pyrenees.’’ | 

(a) race pseudomalrae, Vrty.—l. gen. pseudomalvae, Vrty., Soc, Ent. It., 
1913, p. 212 (“ Florence”’); II. gen. malvoides, Hlw. and 
Edw.—P.It., up to 1200m. 

Powellia sao, Hb. [‘ Germany, in various regions.’’] 

(a) race sao, Hb.—I. gen. sao, Hb.; Il. gen. presumably parvila, 
Vrty., H.f., 1921, p. 178. [< Atzwang, in 8. Tyrol.”*] — 
Calabrian Coast Range, 800m. 

(6) race gracilis, Vrty.—I. gen. subgracilis, Vrty., H.R., 1921, p. 
173 (‘« Florence”’); II. gen. gracilis, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 28 
(‘‘ Florence ”’).—C.It., up to 1200m. 


Subfamily : Pamphilinae. 
Tribe: Cyclopidi. 
Heteropterus morpheus, Pall.  [‘* Russia.’’} 
(a) race morpheus, Pall—Monterotondo (Rome), m. 165, and Atina 
(Caserta), m. 500. 


(To be continued,) 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (5) 


Tribe: Pamphilidt. 
Adopaea lineola, O.  [** Several parts of Germany.” 

(a) race clara, Tutt, B.B., 1905, p. 96.—P.It., up to 1200m. 
Adopaea flava, Brinn. [‘ Denmark.”’| 

(a) race iberica, Tutt, B.B., 1905, p. 107 [Spain and 8. France’’| . 
—P.It., up to 1200m. 

Thymelicus acteon, Rott.  [‘‘ Landsberg-on-the-Warthe, in Prussia.’*| 

(a) race acteon, Rott.—P.It., up to 1200m. 

(b) race ragusai, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 28 [‘‘ Palermo, in Sicily ’’] .— 
Calabrian Coast Range, 700 to 800m. 

Urbicola comma, Li. [‘‘ Sweden.’’] 

(a) race apennina, Rost., Soc. Zool. It., 1911, p. 72 [‘« Vallerotonda, 
m. 500, 1n the Prov. of Caserta ”].—C.It., up to 13800m., in 
dry localities. 

(b) race alpina, Bath, Hntom., 1896, p. 21 [on the Wengern, 
Scheideck Pass, at 6000 ft., in the Bernese Alps”’] .—C.It., at 
high altitudes, from 1100 to 1800 m. (Sibillini Mts.). 

Augiades sylvanus, Esp.  [‘* France.’’ | 

(a) race sylvanus, Esp.—l. gen. sylvanus, Esp.; Il. gen. minuta, 
Vrty., Lab. Zool. Portici, 1920, p. 44 (“Tuscany”); III. 
extraord. gen. sylvanellus, Trti., Soc. Se. Nat., 1914, p. 603 
(‘“Formia, 50m., in the Prov. of Caserta ’’).—P.It., up to 
1200m. 

Gegenes nostrodamus, KF. [** Barbaria.’’| 

(a) race nostrodamus, F.—Rome, 50m., according to Rostagno, 
from specimens in his collection, named genitallically by 
Reverdin ; Solfatare, near Naples, according to Oberthur. 

Geyenes lefebvrit, Rbr.  [** Andalusia.”’| 

(a) race lefebvrti, Rbr.—C.1t., up to 500m. 

Note.—Ragusa maintains most positively that in Sicily this species 
has two generations, so that it may be the same occurs in Peninsular 
Italy, although we have had no opportunity to ascertain it (see Hint. Rec., 
XXx1., p. 106). 


Superfamily : Rhopalocera. 
Division : Lycaenida. 
Family : Lycaenidae. 
Subfamily : Lycaeninae. 
Tribe : Chrysophanidt. 
Heodes virgaureae, L.  [‘‘ Sweden.”’| 
(a) race apennina. Calb., Iris, 1887, p. 125.—C.It., from 900 to 
1500m. (‘Gran Sasso, in the Abruzzi, and Boscolungo in 
the Tuscan Apennines, at 1300 m.’’) 
Thersamonia thersamon, Esp.  [‘‘ Sarepta, in S. Russia ’’. |] 
(a) race thersamon, Kisp.—l gen., according to Calberla, thersamon, 
Esp.; II. gen. thersamon, Esp.—Rome, 50m.; Frattocchie, 
m. 189, near lake of Albano. 

Note.—In the specimens I have before me of the II. generation 
from the Frattocchie a few males have short tails, but they are not as 
long and thin as in my Syrian examples; most of them have none. 
I think, on the whole, one cannot apply here the name of omphale, 
Klug, to this generation. All the authors I have consulted mention 
no other character for omphale but its long tails. (R. Verity.) 


(6) THE ENTOMOLOGIS1’S RECORD. 


Chrysophanus dispar, Hw.  [‘‘ Cambridgeshire, in England.” | 
(a) race rutilus, Wernb.—I. gen. (presumably, but still unknown) 
vernalis, Horm., Soc. Hnt., viii., p. 180 (1898) [‘‘ Roumania’’] ; 
If. gen. rutilus, Wernebg, Btr., i., p. 891 (1864) |‘« Northern 
and Southern Germany (also Sweden) ’’].—-Coast marshes of 
C.It. 
Chrysophanus hippothoé, L.  [‘‘ Sweden’’| . 
(a) race italica, Calb., Iris, 1887, p. 126.—C.It., 1800 to 1600 m. 
(‘Gran Sasso, at 1500m., in the Abruzzi’’). 
Rumicia phlaeas, L.  [‘ Westmannia, in Sweden.’’} 
(a) race initia-caudata, Tutt.—l. gen. phlaeas, L.; Il. gen. initia- 
caudata, Tutt, B.B., 1896, p. 374 [‘ Britain ’”’] ; III. gen. 
initia, Tutt, B.B., 1896, p. 374 [“ Britain ”].—C.It., 1000 
to 1400m., in dry localities. 
(b) race eleus, F.—I. gen. phlaeas, L.; I. gen. eleus, F., Suppl. E.S., 
p- 430 [‘* Germany ”] ; III. gen. initia-caudata, Tutt.—C.It., 
1000 to 1400m., in damp localities. 
(c) race nigrioreleus, Vrty.—l. gen. phlaeas, L.; I. gen. nigrioreleus, 
Vrty., H.R., 1920, p. 6 (Florence’’); III. gen. eleus, F. ; 
IV. extraord. gen. initia-caudata, Tutt.—P.It., up to 1000m. 
(d) race aestivus, Z.—I. gen. phlaeas, L.; IL. gen. aestivus, Z., Isis, 
1847, p. 89 [“ Etna, in Sicily’’]; IIL. gen. elews, F.—Isle of 
Elba, up to 500m., and probably southern Calabria. 
Loweta alciphron, Rott. [Type: Hifnagel’s description: ‘“ Berlin ”’.| 

(a) race romanorum, Frihst., Inter, Ent. Zeit., 1909, p. 112 

(«Rome ’’).—The most widespread race of C.It., from 600 
to 1200m. 
Note.—An extensive series collected in the Sibillini Mts. in 1922 
exhibits considerable variation in both sexes; the darkest males are 
similar to the ‘‘ types” of rwehli in the Turati collection, the lightest 
recall gordius, Sulz., of southern France, on upperside. 
(b) race ruehli, Trti., Societas entom., 1911, p. 83.—-(‘‘ Cerchio and 
Celano, in the Abruzzi.’’) 

(c) race mirabilis, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 28.—(“ Mt. Senario, near 
Florence, 700 to 800m.’’) 

(d) race calabra, Vrty., Boll. S. Ent. It., 1914, p. 229, t. L., £. 438.— 
(‘« Aspromonte, 1200m., in Calabria.”) 

Loweia dorilis, Hufn.  {** Berlin.”’] 

(a) race italorum, Vrty.—l. gen. italorum, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 29 
(‘‘ Florence ”’) ; II. gen. italorum, Vrty.; ILI. gen. italorum, 
Vrty.—P.It., up to 1200m. 


Tribe: Lycaenidt. 
Group: Scolitantidt. 
Scolitantides baton, Bgstr.  {‘‘ Hanau, in Germany.” 

(a) race baton, Bgstr.—l. gen. baton, Bgstr., mixed with the early 
form praecocior, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 29 (‘Florence’) ; II. 
gen. baton, Bgstr., mixed with the late form obscurata, Vrty., 
E.R., 1919, p. 29 (“« Florence”’).—P.It., up to 1400m. 


Group: Lycaenidi. 
Lycaena arion, L.  [** Europe.” Type: figure of Roesel, Insecten, 
suppl., Pl. 45, f. 3-4: “Germany.” | 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (7) 


(a) race punctifera, Grund, Int. Ent. Zeit., 1908, p.87 [* Dalmatia”) . 
—C.It., up to 1400m. 

Note.—Some individuals point distinctly to the culminating race 
ligurica, Wagner, Soc. E'nt., 1904, p. 1, described from ‘ Bordighera to 
§. Remo.” 

Lycaena arcas, Rott. [* Frankfurt-on-the-Mayn, in Germany.”’| 
(a) race arcas, Rott.—Cisterns of Mt. Cairo, 1700m., near Cassino 
(Caserta), found by Querci, and Gran Sasso d’ltalia, in the 
Abruzzi, according to Standfuss. 

Note.—We only give the name of the race tentatively, because the 
species was found by Querci many years ago and the specimens sent 
to Otto Staudinger, who named the species, but made no remarks as 
to their being different from the German examples. 

Lycaena ewphemus, Hib.  [‘‘ Saxony, in Germany.’’] 
(a) race peninsulae, mihi.— Sibillini Mts., in the Marche, below 
Bolognola, at 1000m.” 

Note.—Mann’s locality of Leghorn is certainly a blunder; Stand- 
fuss’s Abruzzi needed confirmation, because, to my knowledge, no 
actual specimen from central Italy was in existence in collections ; 
Calberla had not found it; Curd gives Liguria, but on what authority 
he does not state. The discovery made by Querci of a female of 
euphemus on June 26th, 1922, thus adds a species to this region. By 
its small size (28mm. of expanse) and washed out tone of colour it 
resembles some of my Geneva specimens, which I take to be paula, 
Schultz, but none of these are as pale and dull, nor are they so 
extensively covered by grey scales, which reduce the blue ones to a 
light powdering, mixed with the grey, in basal half of wings. The 
central row of spots are blackish on all the wings. The premarginal 
spots of hindwings are grey and all stand out in broad white circles, 
the marginal black band being quite abolished. The underside is of a 
pale grey, colder in tinge than in any other specimen I have seen, and 
a white streak runs down the middle of each internervural space, as in 
albocuneata, Spuler ; all the marginal and premarginal spots are small, 
but perceptible also on forewing. All these features, no doubt, are not 
racial, but one can infer from this individual that the race is small and 
pale and probably overshaded with dark scaling above and of a light 
grey on underside. There is a possibility that this be a very abnormal 
alcon, but the amount of blue and the broad white premarginal spaces 
of upperside makes it very unlikely. (R. Verity.) 

Lycaena alcon, Schiff.  [** Vienna.’’] 
(a) race italica, Trti., Atti Soc. It. Scienze Nat., 1919, p. 168.— 
(« Mt. Cimone, in Northern Tuscany, at 1000m.’’) on the 
boundary of Peninsular Italy. Specimens in the Verity coll. 
presented by Turati. 

Note.—The name of italica was unfortunately preoccupied in this 
tribe for a race of P. tithonus ; if it be considered necessary to alter it, 
I suggest that of turatiana. (R. Verity.) 

Glaucopsyche cyllarus, Rott.  [{‘* Germany.” | 
(a) race pauper, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 29 (“ Florence’’).—P.It., up 
to 1400. 


Group: Plebeiidi. 
Cyaniris semiargus, Rott. (Type: description of Geoffroy, Hist. Abr. 
laisse WES p G3, 0NOe ola <sParise|| 


(8) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


(a) raee ausonidarum, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 45.— Aurunci Mts. 
(Caserta), 600m.” 

(6) race cimon, Lewin, lns. Gr. Brit., I., p. 80, t. XXXVIII., f. 6-7 
[‘‘ Bath, in England’’] .—P.It., up to 700m. 

(c) race porrecta, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 45.—C.It., 1200 to 1700m. 
(Apuane Alps and ‘“‘ Abetone Pass, in Northern Tuscany ”’ ; 
Sibillini Mts. in the Marche.) 

(d) race quercit, Vrty. . H.R., 1919, p. 45.—“ Aspromonte, 1200m., 
in Calabria.” 

Aricia medon, Hufn. [‘ Berlin.”| =astrarche, Bestr. [‘* Hanau.’’] 

(a) race aestiva, Stgr.—l. gen. agestis, Schiff., S.W., p. 184 (1776) 
[‘* Vienna ’’]; II. gen. aestiva, Ster., Cat., ed. II., p. 11 (1871) 
[‘‘ Greece ”|.—C.It., in alpine surroundings (Sibillini Mts., 
1200m.). 

(6) race gallica, Obthr.—I. gen. subornata, Vrty., H.R., 1920, p. 148 
(“ Florence, 200m.’) ; II. gen. yallica, Obthr., Ht. Lép. Comp., 
IV., p. 252, and X., f. 2874 [* Cancale and Morbihan, in 
France’’]; III. gen. gallica, Obthr.— Pratofiorito Mt., 1300m., 
in Northern Tuscany. 

(c) race subcalida, Vrty.—l. gen. subornata, Vrty.; Il. gen. sub- 
calida, Vrty., H.R., 1920, p. 150 (“ Valley of the Fegana and 
of the. Gonione 350 to 550m., near Lucca”); III. gen. 
subcalida, Vrty.—P.It., up to 550m. 

(d) race calida, Bell.—I. gen. ornata, Stgr., Iris, 1892, p. 280 
(Tunis, in N. Africa’); Il. gen. calida, Bell., Soc. Hint. 
France, 1862, p. 615, t. 14, f. 6 [‘‘ Corsica]; III. gen. calida, 
Bell.—Isle of Elba, up to 500m. 

(e) race pallidefulva, Vrty.—I. gen. subornata, Vrty.; Il. gen 
pallidefulva, Vrty., H.R., 1920, p. 149 (‘ Florence”’) ; III. 
gen. pallidefulva, Vrty.C.It., in very dry surroundings, 200 
to 1200m. (Pian di Mugnone, 200m., near Florence” ; 
Camaione valley, near Lucca, and on the Apuane Alps in the 
exceptionally hot and dry summer of 1920.) 


Aricia chiron, Rott. |‘ Landsberg-on-the-Warte, in Germany.”] 
=eumedon, Hsp. [‘‘ Frankonia, in Germany.’’| 
(a) race chiron, Rott.—Southern Italy (Aurunci Mts. (Caserta), 
700m.; Aspromonte, 1200m., in Calabria). 
Plebeius argus, L.  [‘* Sweden.’’] 
(a) race philonomus, Bgstr., Nov. Insekt., II., p. 73, pl. XLIV., 
8 (1779) [‘* Hanau, in Germany’’]. =aegidion, Meiss. 
[(‘‘ high alps (Ursenenthal, Grimsel) ”|]. =alpina, Berce.,= 
valmasinii, Perlini [‘ Valtellina ’’].—Apuane Alps, in N.W. 
Tuscany (Mt. Matanna, m. 1300). 
(b) race lunensis, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 45.—‘ Pertusola, near 
Spezia,” on sea shore. 
(c) race italorum, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 45.—“ Abetone Pass, 1800m., 
in Northern Tuscany,” and Mainarde Mts. (Caserta), 500m. 
(d) race apenninicola, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 45.—“ Pratofiorito Mt., 
1000m., near Lucca,” and Sibillini Mts., 1200m., in the 
Marche. 
(e) race tuscanica, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 45.—C.It., in lowlands up 
to 700m. (‘ Baths of Casciana, near Pisa’). 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (9) 


(f) race calabrica, Trti., Societas entom., XXV., p. 84 (Jan., 1911) 
(==calabrica, Vrty.).—Calabria, 600 to 1000m. (“ 8. Fil, 
800m., on the Calabrian Coast Range.’’) 


Plebeius insulavis (Leech), Obthr.  [‘‘ Hakodate, in Japan.” | = speci- 
fically, ligurica, Obthr.  [‘* Cassarate (Lugano) and Cernobbio 
(Como).”’| : 

(a) race latialis, Rost., Soc. Zool. It., 1911, p. 50 (=mira, Vrty., 
Bull. Soc. Ent. Ital., XLV., p. 230 |1914] : “ Florence *’).— 
G.It., wp to 500m. (Co-types in Verity coll. from “ Monte 
Cavo, near Rome’). 
(b) race calabricola, Vrty., H.R., 1921, p. 175.—“ Calabrian Coast 
Range, 800m.” 
Note.—These Plebeius species seem doomed to confusion in their 
nomenclature and to synonymy! Among the latest names there is the 
case of ligurica, published at the same time by Courvoisier and by 

Oberthiir. Now I discover that the same thing has happened with the 

very interesting little race of Central Kurope. My name of aegusella 

was published in the Hnt. Rec. for October, 1921, and in that very 
month Stauder was writing a somewhat more lengthy description of it, 

which was published in the Hntomoloyischen Anzeiyer, Jahrgang MM; 

Nr. 10-11, issued, I presume, very soon after that date, although no 

date is mentioned on the extract I have of it. He names that race 

Lycaena difficilis, considering it a distinct species, “ intermediate 

between argyrognomon and ligurica.” As I possess specimens transi- 

tional to aegus, Chapm. (see Ent. Rec., |.c., p. 176), I do not think this 
view can be correct. (R. Verity.) 


* Plebeius idas, L. [Type: description in Fauna Suecica, 1075, of blue 
female supported by one of the oldest (unset) specimens in the 
Linnean — collection :—‘‘ Sweden.” | (=argyrognomon,  Bgstr. : 
[“ Hanau ”’] .) 

(a) race abetonica, Vrty., Boll. Soc. Ent. It.. 1912, p. 273.— 
« Abetone Pass, 1300m., in Northern Tuscany.” 
Note.—Quite distinct from argellus, Trti. [‘ Salsomaggiore 
(Parma),” (Societas Entomol., XXVL., p. 67)], of which I have seen the 
types in the Turati collection; the latter is smaller, frailer, 
of a pale, washed-out colour on both surfaces; females on underside of 
an extremely pale café-au-lait colour ; blue dusting of upperside much 
less pronounced than in abetonica and never reaching beyond basal 
half of wing. This weakly form may be expected to be found also in 

Peninsular Italy, in parched localities and during August. (R. Verity.) 

(b) race apenninophila, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 46.—C.It., in deep 
mountain valleys (‘‘ Fegana Valley, 500m., near Lucca,” and 
Mollarino valley, 500m., in the Prov. of Caserta). 

(c) race australissima, Vrty.. H.R., 1919, p. 46.—(‘‘ Forte dei 
Marmi, on coast of Tuscany.”’)—C.It., up to 500m. (Atina 
in Mainarde Mts.). 


* Referring to the name idas, L., as used by the author above, it is necessary 
to explain that Dr. Verity means thereby argus, L.=argyrognomon, Bergstr. The 
Rev. Geo. Wheeler has shown quite conclusively that the name idas was given by 
Linné to the female of his argus. Itis therefore a ‘‘nomen nudum.’’ It seems 
necessary to make the above explanation, as scarcely any British entomologist 
would know to what species Dr. Verity was referring.—Ebs. 


(10) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RWCORD. 


Note.— Plebeius insularis and P. idas have two emergences: end of 
May to beginning of June and end of July to September in lowlands ; 
beginning of July and middle of August at high altitudes. These 
emergences do not seem to be true generations, but a “ bipartite emer- 
gence,’ with an interval, which varies in length according to climate. 
Polyommatus tithonus, Hb.  [‘* No text.”’] =eros, O.  [‘* Tyrol and 

Swiss Alps.’’] ; 

(a) race italica, Obthr., Ht. Lép. Comp., IV., p. 282.—C.It., in 
alpine surroundings, 1200m. (“ Majella Mt., in the Abruzzi,” 
and Sibillini Mts. in the Marche). 

Polyommatus icarus, Rott. |‘ Landsberg-on-the- Warte, in Germany. ’| 

(a) race zelleri, Vrty.—I. gen. zelleri, Vrty., H.fi., 1919, p. 44 
(“ Florence’”’) (= meridionalis, Tutt, nomen praeocc.) ; II. gen. 
aestivalis, Tutt, B.B., 1910, p. 123 (“ Southern Europe ’’).— 
P.It., up to 1300m. 

Polyommatius meleayer, Esp.  [** Saxony, in Germany.”’| 

(a) race macra, Vrty., H.R., 1920, p. 144.—C.It., 500 to 1000m. 
(‘‘Pratofiorito Mt., l000m., near Lucca’’), and Mollarino 
valley, 500m. (Caserta). 

(b) race squalida, Vrty., H.R., 1920, p. 145.—C.It., in alpine 
surroundings (“ Sibillini Mts., 1200m., in the Marche ”). 

Note.—This is a very distinct race: out of a dozen females collected 
in 1922 only one exhibited any trace of blue: the others were entirely 
white and grey; the males are still smaller and paler than those of 
race macra. 

Hirsutina dolus. Hb.  [‘ No text.’’) 
(a) race virgilia, Obthr., Et. Lép. Comp., 1v., p. 268.—C.It., in 
alpine surroundings (‘‘Sulmona, 500m., in the Abruzzi” ; 
Sibillini Mts., 1200m., in the Marche). 
Hirsutina damon, Schiff. — [‘* Vienna.” 

(a) race ausonta, Vrty., Boll. Soc. Hut. I[t., 1918, p. 232, f. 46-47.— 

C.lt., at high altitudes (‘‘ Sibillini Mts., 1200m.”). 
Agriades thersites (Cant.), Chapman.  [‘‘ France.”’| 

(a) race meridiana, Vrty.—I. gen. hibernata, Vrty., H.h., 1919, p. 
43; II. gen. meridiana, Vrty., #.R., 1919, p. 44.—P.It., up 
to 1200m. (“ Florence, 200m.’’). 

Agriades amandus, Schn.  [‘‘ Sweden.”’] | 

(a) race isias, Frihst., Soc. Ent., 1910, p. 47 [‘‘ Moulinet, in 
Provence’’], (=splendida, Rost., Boll. Soc. Zool. It., 1911, 
p- 58: * Valle Fioio, in the Abruzzi”’).—C.It., from 400 to 
700m. 

(b) race apenninoyenita, Vrty., E.R., 1921, p. 190.—C.It., in alpine 
surroundings (‘‘ Costarotara, in the Sibillini Mts., 1700m.”’). 

(c) race bruttia, Vrty., H.R., 1921, p. 190.—‘ Calabrian Coast 
Range, 900m.” 

Agriades hylas, Esp. [‘‘ Saxony, in Germany.’’| 

(a) race golgus, Hb.—I. gen. correpta, Vrty., H.R., 1920, p. 144 
(Sibillini Mts., at 1800m.”); ID. gen. golgus, Hb., S.F., 
f. 688-689 (1808-1816) [‘‘Spain”].—C.It., usually at 700 
to 1300m., but two specimens were found at Formia 

; (Caserta), at sea level. 

Agriades eschert, Hb. [‘* No text.” ] 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (11) 


(a) race splendens, Stef., Boll. Soc. Ent. [t., 1904, p. 11.—Northern 
Tuscany, up to 600m. (“ Florence ’’). 

(6) race altivolans, Vrty., H.R., 1920, p. 144.—C.It., 500 to 900m. 
in cold localities (‘Firenzuola, 500m., in the Prov. of 
Florence’’). 


Agriades thetis, Rott. (=bellargus, Rott.) — [‘* Landsberg-on-the- 
Warte, in Germany.’ 

(a) race etrusca, Vrty.—lI. gen. maja, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 29; I. 
gen. etrusca, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 29.—C.It., up to 700m. 
( Florence *). 

(b) race apenniniyena, Vrty.—I. gen. apenniniyena, Vrty., E.R, 
1919, p. 29; II. gen. etrusca, Vrty.. H.R., 1919, p. 29.—C.It., 
700 to 1200m. (‘‘ Sibillini Mts.”’). 

Agriades hispana (H.S.), Vrty.  [‘ Spain,” as inferred by name, but 
no text to H.S.’s figure.| (=arayonensis, Vrty.) 

(a) race florentina, Vrty.—I. gen, florentina, Vrty., Annales Soc. 
Ent. France, 1916, p. 517; IL. gen. altera, Vrty., l.c., p. 517. 
—Northern Tuscany (‘‘ Florence,’ Leghorn), up to 600m. 

Note.—Northwards, along the Tuscan and then the Ligurian coast, 

race florentina gradually changes aspect and turns into the perfectly 
distinct race reaniceki, Vartel (Hnt. Zeit. Guben, 1904, p. 117), 
described from Rapallo and distributed all along the Riviera. I 
described its second generation in the Bull. Soc. ent. France, l.c., but 
I used for it the same name as for that of race florentina, which I now 
think was quite wrong, considering they differ from each other: the 
Ligurian one is larger, less pale on both surfaces and with bolder 
markings equally on both surfaces; for it I suggest the name of 
septembris, mihi, taking as “types” my series collected by Rocci 
at Quezzi, near Genoa. (R. Verity.) 

Agriades coridon, Poda.  [‘* Gratz, in Styria.”’| 

(a) race apennina, Z., Isis, 1847, p. 148 (“ Mts. above Foligno, in 
Umbria ”’).—-Northern part of C.It., 500 to 1000m.—Mt. 
Fanna, near Florence, and Palazzuolo di Romagna. 

(6) race sibyllina, Vriy., Boll. Soc. Hint. Tt., 1914, p. .133.— 
“ Sibillini Mts., 1200m., in the Marche,” and Mainarde Mts. 
(Caserta), 500 to 1000m. 

(¢) race apuana, Vrty., Boll. Soc. Ent. [t., 1914, p. 181.—‘‘ Apuane 
Alps, in Tuscany, 1000 to 1300m.”” 

(d) race superapennina, Vrty., Boll. Soc. Knt. It., 1914, p. 131.— 
C.lt., 500 to 1000m. (‘“ Pratofiorito Mt.,” and Feeana 
Valley, near Lucca; Abetone, Vallombrosa and Giogo Pass, 
in the Prov. of Florence). 


Group: Celastrinidi. 
Celastrina argiolus, L. [“ Type: Raio, Hist. Ins., sect., p. 182, No. 
16: “ Enfield, in England.”| 
(a) race calidogenita, Vrty.—Il. gen. calidogenita, Vrty., H'.R., 1919, 
p. 46 (“Florence”); Il. gen. canicularis, Vrty., F'.h., 1919, 
p. 47 (‘‘ Florence”); IIT. gen. bamtedlarts Vrty. (perhaps 
bipartite II. gen. only).—P.It., up to 1300m. 


(12) THE ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 


Group: Jolanidi. 


Jolana jolas,O.  [‘* Hungary.’’} 
(a) race jolas, O.—Santuario della Civita, 800m., m the Prov. of 
Caserta, and Fonte Tempesta, near Genzano (Rome). 


Group: Hveridt. 


Cupido minimus, Fuessl. |‘ Switzerland.’ | 

(a) race minimus, Fuessl.—P.It., up to 1300m. 

Note.—In very hot and dry localities one meets occasionally with 
individuals similar to trinacria, Vrty., described from Palermo in 
Sicily, where it prevails. 

(b) race alsoides, Boisd., Gee et. Ind. Méth., p. 12 (1840) [‘ Valais, 

in Switzerland ’|.—C.It., locally, but chiefly in mountains. 
Cupido sebrus, B.  [‘* Saint Maxim, in Provence.’’] 
(a) race sebrus, B.—C.It., up to 500m. 
(b) race angulosa, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 47.—C.It., 500 to 1600m. 
(“ Firenzuola, 500m., in Tuscany,” and Sibillini Mts. in the 
Marche.) 

Note.—We do not mention any second generation of either Cupido, 
even as partial, because it seems much more likely that the very rare 
individuals of both species one meets with in August are tardy ones, 
which emerge after the “summer pause,’ and not offsprings of the 
spring generation. 

Everes alcetas (Hoffmannsege, in Hubner), Chapman.  [‘ Austria.”’| 

(a) race diminuta, Vrty.—I. gen. diminuta, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 

47 (‘‘ Florence ’’); II. gen. alcetas, Hoffmannsege.—C.It., up 
to 1200m. 
Everes argiades, Pall.  [‘* Russia.’’] 
(a) race argiades, Pall.—I. gen. (mever seen by us); II. gen. 
argiades, Pall—Siena, Rome and Atina (Caserta), up to 
500m., in C.It. Very local as compared with the preceding. 


Group: Lamptdidt. 
Raywardia telicanus, Lang. [‘‘ Southern France.”’| 
(a) race telicanus, Lang.—I. gen. telicanus, Lang ; II. gen. telicanus, 
Lang.—C.It., up to 13800m. 

Note.—In 1919 (E.R., xxxi., p. 148) we considered this species as an 
annual, with an emergence of early sporadic individuals all through 
the summer, but in 1921 such a considerable number were collected 
near Florence in May, that it seems highly probable a partial extra- 
ordinary I. gen. may exist. One cannot of course make sure of it till 
it is shown that its offsprings grow up in time to emerge in the same 
year, joining the primary September emergence. In Egypt two 
broods are recorded. 

Lampides beeticus, L.  [‘ Habitat in Barbaria ”’ = Alger. | 

(a) race boeticus, L.—P.It., up to 1300m. 


Tribe: Vheclidi. 
Group: Callophryidi. 
Callophrys rubi, L.  [‘ Sweden.”’ | 
(a) race virgatus, Vrty., Linn. Soc. Journ. Zovl., 19138, p. 187 
(‘‘ Florence ’’).—P.It., up to 1000m. 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (13) 


Group: Theclidi. 
Strymon (Edwardsia) w-albion, Knoch. — [‘‘ Leipzig, in Germany.” | 
(a) race w-album, Knoch.—C.It., up to 500m. 
Strymon (Nordmannia) ilicis, Esp. [‘‘ France.’’] 
(a) race ilicis, Hsp.—Aspromente, 1000m., in Calabria. 
(b) race inornata, Vrty., Boll. Soc. Mnt. It., 1911, p. 278; 1913, 
p. 228, t. I. (“ Florence ’’).—P.It., up to 1200m. 
Strymon (Nordmannia) acaciae, F.  [‘* Southern Russia.”’] 
(a) race ttalica, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 48 (“ Florence ’’).—C.It., up 
to 1200m. 
Strymon (Klugia) spini, Schiff. [** Vienna.”’| 
(a} race major, Ruhl, Gross-Schmett., p. 180 (1895) [no locality] = 
Obthr., Ht. Lép. Comp.,iv., p. 69 (1910) [‘ Alpes Maritimes”). 
—Mainarde Mts., 500m.; Valle del Petrella, m. 1200, in 
Aurunci Mts. 

(6) race minuta, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 48.—*<Sibillini Mts.,” 

1200m. 

Note.— This species is recorded from the Abruzzi by Calberla and 
Rostagno, but we do not know which of these two very distinct races 
it produces there. Stauder records it from the Aspromonte, in southern 
Calabria, under the name of modesta, Schultz, but this is certainly a 
misuse of this name. As to the name of major, we find Ruhl’s des- 
cription and our specimens from the Maritime Alps both agree 
perfectly with those collected by Querci in the Mainarde and Aurunci 
Mts. 


Group: Ruralidi. 

Ruralis ( Bithys) quercus, Li. |Type: not Petiver’s figure, which does not 
correspond to Linneus’ colour description of “ caerulets”; conse- 
quently Linneus’ second quotation becomes typical: Raio, Hist. 
Insect,, p. 129, n. 8: presumably ‘“ England.” 

(a) raee interjecta, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 48 (“Florence ”).—C.It., 
up to 13800m. 

Ruralis betulae, L.  [** Sweden.”’] 

(a) race betulae, L.—C.1t., up to 900m. (Baths of Lucca, Giogoli, 
m. 400, near Hlorence, and Palazzuolo di Romagna in 
Tuscany; Oricola in the Abruzzi). Very local and scarce. 

Nore to Genus Lycamna.—All doubt concerning the existence of 

L. euphemus in the Sibillini Mts. has been removed by the capture of 

several specimens last July.—R.V. 


Family: Hrycinidae. 
Subfamily: Nemeobtinae. 
Nemeobius lucina, L. [‘‘ Habitat in Kuropa,” type; Petiver’s figure : 
‘‘Cambridge and London.’’] 
(a) race lucina, L.—C.It., from 500 to 1000m., in the colder and 
damper mountain localities (Mt. Falterona and Mainarde 
Mts.). Very local. 
(6) race praestans, mihi.—C.1t., in warm and dry lowland localities 
(‘Upper Vingone Valley, near Florence’’). Very local. 
Note.-—-The latter race is distinctly larger (26 to 30mm. ascompared 
to 23 to 26mm. of expanse), and is of a much brighter, more saturated and 


(14) THE KENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


warmer reddish fulvous than the former, but the extent of this colour 
is not: greater than in average nymotypical lucina. On the other hand 
the very dark form primipara, Costantini (Atti Soc. Nat. Modena, 
1916, p. 15) [‘‘Modena”’], which is not unfrequent in Northern Italy 
and Central Hurope, rarely occurs in this region. Rocci has named 
fulvior (Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital., 1928, p. 6) the form standing opposite to 
it by the extent of fulvous and holds that the name should be applied 
to the entire race of the “Genoese Apennines,” and especially to the 
second generation he has found there. In Central Italy Querci and I 
have never met with two generations, so that if praestans produces a 
second one, it may turn out to be fulvior, probably of large size and of 
a warm tone. The first generation of Geneva isa highly characterised 
fulvior of medium size and of a tone intermediate between Jucina and 
praestans; so is the one of Waidbruck in 8. Tyrol. A series from 
Belstead Wood, near Ipswich, is markedly fulvior and warm in tone, 
but of the smaller (28mm.) nymotypical lucina size. I think it will 
be convenient to introduce the name parvifulvior for it. (R. Verity.) 


Division : Papilionida. 
Family: Pieridae. 
Tribe: Gonepterygidi. 


Gonepterya rhamni, L. [** Sweden.”’] 

(a) race rhamni, L.—C.It., in cold localities (Sibillini Mts., 

1300m.). 

(b) race transiens, Vrty.—I. gen. secunda, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 

48 (‘Florence’); II. gen. transiens, Vrty., Linn. Soc. Journ. 
Zool., 1918, p. 180 (‘Florence ’’).—C.It., up to 1300m. 
Gonepteryx cleopatra, L.  [* Barbaria.”” =Alger.] 

Note.—I have been able to ascertain that this species has three 
flight-periods, like the following one, so that it seems about certain it 
has a second generation in August and September, although some 
individuals of the first generation of June may aestivate and then 
hibernate in company with those of the second. (R. Verity.) 

(a) race europaeus, Vrty.—I gen. secunda, Vrty., EH.R., 1919, p. 

49 (‘Florence ’’); II. gen. ewropaeus, Vrty., Linn. Soc. Journ. 
Zool., 1913, p. 180 (“ Florence”’).—P.It., usually at low 
altitudes, but occasionally up to 1000m. (Vallombrosa, near 
Florence). 

Note.—This year I have had a positive proof that cleopatra has at 
least two generations: one emergence in June and another in August 
and September. In my garden in Florence I found during July a 
large number of ova and some young larvae. These grew up rapidly 
and were on the wing at the beginning of August, together with others, 
which were seen at large. The Gonepterya would thus behave in the 
same way as Polygonia c-album and P. egea. There still remains, 
however, the possibility that the very fresh-looking individuals of the 
early spring flight-period are another generation and not hibernated 
imagos or tardy chrysalids of the preceding year. For the present I 
consider all the spring individuals as being the same as the late summer 
ones, so that the racial name I have given to the former must apply 
to the latter, and the name of tertia, Vrty., becomes a synonym of it, 
whereas that of secunda holds good for the June generation. (R. Verity.) 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (15) 


Tribe: Coliadt. 


Oolias hyale, L. [‘* Habitat in Europa, Africa”; type: not Petiver’s 
figure, which does not correspond to Linneus’ colour description 
of “flavus,” nor to Roesel’s, for the same reason, because both 
these authors figure CO. croceus; consequently Linneus’s third 
quotation becomes typical: Raio, Hist. insect., p. 112, n. 6: ‘‘ Bocking, 
in Hissex, and Canterbury.” | 

(a) race calida, Vrty.—l. gen. vernalis, Vrty., Rhop. Pal., p. 222, 
t. XLVIL., f. 832 (November 1908) [‘ Poltawa, in Southern 
Russia 2; Ll gen: calida, Vity.,  -R., 196) p. 99 
(‘‘Florence’’); III. gen. calida, Vrty.; IV. extraord. gen. 
hyale, L.—C.It., up to 1300m. 

Colias croceus, Fourcroy. [‘‘ Paris.”|] (=edusa, F.) 

(a) race croceus, Fourcroy.—lI. gen. vernalis, Vrty., Rhop. Pal., p. 
268, t. XLVI., f. 35, and t. XLYVII., f. 4-7 (‘‘ Florence ’’) 
(=mediterranea, Stauder [‘‘ Dalmatia and Triest”’]); II. gen. 
ampla, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 87 and 121 [‘ Palermo, in 
Sicily ’] ; ILI. gen. croceus, Fourcroy; IV. gen. vernalis- 
anpla-croceus, Vrty.-Fourer., or autumnalis, Rocei, Soc. Ligust. 
Sc. Nat., 1920, p. 18 [‘‘ Genoa ’’] .—P.It., up to 1300 m. 

Note.—On the coast Verity has observed at Forte dei Marmi that 

emergence and features of second generation differ from those of the 

hinterland in this species, as in some other Pieridae. It appears on 
the wing later, in the last days of June, and goes on emerging in 
gradually increasing numbers all through the summer, till the primary 
emergence of September, so that there is no interval between II. and 

III. gen. and one can only presume they overlap some time in August. 

Their aspect gives one no clue, because they are quite alike, form ampla 

not prevailing in the least in Il. gen., as it usually does. Many in- 

dividuals of this species must have an annual life-cycle. 


Tribe: Leptostidi. 


Leptosia sinapis, Li. [‘* Sweden.’’] 

(a) race bivittata, Vrty.—lI. gen. lathyri, Hb., H.S., £. 717-798; 
Il. gen. bivittata, Vrty., H.R., 1916, p. 98 (‘ Poggio Conea, 
400 m.”’); III. gen. transiens, Vrty., H.R., 1916, p. 98 
[(‘‘ New Forest, in England ’’|.—C.It., in damp loc :lities 
(Poggio Conca, 400 m., near Florence; Poggio, m. 500, in the 
Isle of Elba). 

(6) race diniensis, B.—I. gen. cana, Vrty., H.R., 1922, p. 92 
(“ Florence’); Il. gen. diniensis, B., Gen. et Index Meth., 
p- 6 (1840) [‘ Digne, in France” ; IIL. gen. diniensis, B.— 
C.It., up to 13800 m. (Forte dei Marmi, Mainarde Mts. and 
Sibillini Mts.) 

(c) race magna, Vrty.l. gen. lathyri, Hb.; I. gen. magna, Vrty., 
I.R., 1922, p. 91 [‘* Baths of Valdieri, m. 1875, in Maritime 
Alps”’]; III. gen. diniensis, B.—Calabrian Coast Range, 
700 m. ; 

(d) race grandis, Vrty.—l. gen. cana, Vrty. ; IL. gen. grandis, Vrty., 
E.R., 1922, p. 91; III. gen. diniensis, B.—‘* Pian di 
Mugnone, 200 m., near Florence.” 


(1.6) THE, ENZOMOLOGIS?’S RUCORD. 


(e) race niyrescens, Vrty.—I. gen. nigrescens, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 
87; II. and III. gen. unknown.—* Marina di Pisa,” in the 
marshes on coast. 

(f) race stabiarum, Stauder.—I. gen. stabiarum, Stauder, Zeit. 
wissensch. Insekt., 1914, p. 871, pl. IL., f. 5-6; TI. and III. 
gen. unknown.—“ Chestnut woods on the Faito and S. 
Angelo Mts., m. 700 to 1400, in the prov. of Naples,” 

according to Stauder. 


Tribe: Anthocharidi. 


_Anthocharis cardamines, L.  [‘* Sweden.”’| 

(a) race meridionalis, Vrty., Rhop. Pal., p. 190, t. XXXVIIL., f. 10 
(‘‘ Florence’’).—C.It., up to 1800 m. 

(b) vace turritiferens, mihi.—Calabria, as far north as Coast Range, 
up to 1000 m. ; also in C. Italy locally in very dry and hot 
spots, such as the little Sambre Valley, near Florence. 

Note.—The name of turritis was given by Ochsenheimer to one 

specimen from ‘‘ Italy” in the coll. of Abate Mazzola of Vienna; it is 
simply described as having the orange patch only reaching as far as 
the discocellular lunule. As this character is met with as an 
individual variation in nearly all races and it is particularly frequent 
in Italy amongst the meridionalis, Ochsenheimer’s name should be used 
to designate that character alone, in whatever race it is met with, as an 
individual form. The race of the extreme south of Hurope, of Asia 
Minor, etc., to which the name of turritis, O., has been applied by 
Staudinger and others, but which exhibits other characteristics, 
besides constantly showing the one described by Ochsenheimer, 
should, it seems to me, receive another name based also on the follow- 
ing features: smaller size, more rounded and shorter wings, paler and 
more yellowish orange patch, very bright green underside pattern, 
mixed with yellow abundantly and limited to irregular transverse 
streaks separated by broad white spaces. I propose the name of 
TURRITIFERENS, taking the specimens of Palermo (Sicily) in my collec- 
tion as typical. (R. Verity.) 

Anthocharis enphenotdes, Stgr.  [“ Southern France.’’] 

(a) race euphenotdes, Stgt., Stett. ent. Zeit., 1869, p. 92.—C.It., very 
locally (specimens in Turati’s collection collected by Kruger 
on May 25th on the Mt. Autore, at 1800 m., in the Abruzzi; 
collected by Luigioni at Marino, 8350 m., near Rome). 

Anthocharis damone, B.  {*‘ Sicily.’’] 

(a) race damone, Boisd., Spec. Gen., 1., p. 564. (1886).—San Luca 

on Aspromonte in Calabria, according to Turati. 
Euchloé ausonia, Hb. |‘ Ttaly.’’] 

(a) race romana, Calb.—I. emergence, romana, Calb., Lris, I., p. 
123, “Tivoli, 232 m., near Rome’’; II. emergence romanoides, 
Vrity., Rhop, Pal., p. 177, t. XXXVI, f£. 35-87 (« Florence”) ; 
Il]. extraord. autumnal emergence romana, Calb., and 
romanoides, Vrty.—P.It., up to 1000 m. Near Paola, in 
Calabria, Stauder has found this race, as bis figures prove. 

(b) race romana-romanoides, Calb.-Vrty.—-Single emergence romana- 
romanotdes, Calb.- Vrty.—C.1t., locally (‘« Montenegro, 300 m., 
near Leghorn ’’). 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (17) 


(c) race kruegeri, Trti.—I. emergence kruegeri, Trti.. Naturalista 
siciliano, 1905, p. 29, pl. III., f. 1-6 (Palermo, Ficuzza, 
Etna, in Sicily ”]; Il. emergence trinacriae, Trti., /.c., p. 31, 
pl. IV., f. 8-6 [ Busambra and Madonie Mts., in Sicily’’] .— 
Monte Alto on the Aspromonie in southern Calabria, accord- 
ing to Turati, Nat. Sic., 1919 (publ. December, 1920), p. 14 
of extract. 


Note.—I have pointed out in the Hint. Rec., 1919, p. 148, that the 
two generations all authors talk of with such assurance are a myth ; 
when they seem to exist, it is a case of ‘bipartite emergence.” In 
Oberthiir’s Ent. Lép. Comp., XVII., p. 48 (1920), G. Catherine con- 
firms my views by a discussion of the facts observed by him at 
Dosches (Aube). In Liguria, there is, according to Rocci, a eradual 
transition from the distinctly western race found at St. Remo to race 
romana of Central Italy. He has named the first emergence form of 
the intermediate race from Genoa genuensis and the second emergence 
form maritima (Atti. Soc. Ligustica Sc. Nat., XXX., n. 4 (1920)). See 
my paper on the nomenclature of this species in Hint. Rec., 1928, p. 169. 
(R. Verity.) 


Tribe: Pieridt. 
Pontia daplidice, L.  [‘ type: figure of Petiver: ‘ Cambridge, in Eng- 
land’; habitat ‘Southern Kurope and Africa ’’’]. 

(a) race daplidice, L.—I. gen. bellidice, CI., 2, p. 154 (1808) 
|‘ Leipzig in Germany” |]—or zellerica, mihi; Il. gen. 
eapansa, Vrty., H.R., 199; p. 87, “ Florence”; IIT. gen. 
subalbidice, Vrty.; IV. gen. daplidice, L.; V. extraord. gen- 
octobris, mihi.—P.It. up to 1000m. 

Note.—On the Tuscan coast, at Forte dei Marmi, I have discovered 
this year the existence of an unsuspected generation, which emerges in 
the first half of August. A few specimens of the same sort had been 
collected in Florence and other localities, but they were so scarce we 
had taken them to be early or late individuals of the other generations. 
It produces gigantic expansa at the end of June. The III. gen. of 
August is, on the contrary, distinctly smaller than the nymotypical 
daplidice of the IV. gen. of September; in this respect, and by other 
characters, it resembles the African albidice, Obth., very much, so that 
[ propose calling it suBaLBrpicr, mihi. The abdomen is very white, 
the black basal suffusion is quite obliterated on wings, the pattern very 
reduced on both surfaces; the green one of underside is very yellow, 
pale, and often indistinct. Form nitida, Vrty., Rhop. Pal., p. 182, pl. 
XXX., fig. 9, is prevalent in the male sex and frequent in the female. 
I have found two yellow females of form flavescens, Obth. It has 
thus become clear that European series, in which nitida and albidice- 
like specimens prevail, are simply this August generation, and 
not a local race, as I still thought in Ent. Rec., 1922, p. 126. 
We have detected the existence of the fifth extraordinary genera- 
tion of daplidice. Contrary to my statement in Vol. XXXIV., 
p. 126, that 1921 did not produce any; a fresh lot of specimens, which 
had not been set and examined at that time, has revealed that there 
- was an abundant emergence from the 7th of October in the Pian di 

Mugnone, near Florence. Its aspect differs slightly, but clearly and 


(18) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


very constantly, from that of the fourth generation (middle of Septem- 
ber) in that the underside pattern of the hindwings is more exten- 
sive, reducing considerably the white spaces, and is of a bright bluish 
ereen, sometimes slightly powdered with black scales, and with no 
trace of yellow in it or on the nervures. This carries out exactly my 
prevision that, if the fifth generation did exist, it could not exhibit 
the features of Rostagno’s zapellonit, but it must in some way approach 
the spring form. I must note the fact that Zeller, in sis. 1847, p. 
226, points out differences between nymotypical bellidice, O., of Ger- 
many and the spring generation of Messina, in Sicily, which he names 
messanensis. I lack the necessary materials to verify his statement, but 
anyhow this name cannot stand, because he had already used it for a 
totally different form (P. rapae, Li.) of a near ally. I think it 
should be replaced by that of zellerica, mihi, which suits also 
the form of Peninsular Italy. The names of syracusana, messania, and 
neapolitana of that author, applied to summer forms, are based on such 
subtle and very variable characters in the extent of the underside 
pattern that [ feel unequal to follow him and to make use of them. 
(R. Verity.) 

Pieris napi, L.  [** Sweden.” | 

(a) race meridionalis, Rihl.—I. gen. vulyaris, Vrty., Linn. Soc. 
Journ. Zool., 1918, p. 177 (“ Florence”’) ; II. gen. meridionalis, 
Riihl., Pal. Gross-schmett., p. 714 (1895) (‘‘ Central Italy ’”’) ; 
IIT. gen. tenuemaculosa, Vrty., H.R. 1922, p. 123.—“ Florence, 
and Atina in Mainarde Mts.’”’—Florence and Atina. 

(b) race micromeridionalis, Vrty.—I. gen. vulgaris, Vrty.; I. gen. 
nuicromeridionalis, Vrty., H.R., 1922, p. 138.—Vallombrosa, 
m. 800; Pitiglio, m. 700 (Pistoia); Prato Fiorito, m. 3800 
(Lucca); Bolognola, m. 1200, in Sibillini Mts. (Piceno). 
III. gen. doubtful. 

(ce) race wmoris, Vrty.—I. gen. umoris, Vrty., H.R., 1921, p. 210, 
‘‘Marshes on Tuscan coast at Forte dei Marmi’’; II. gen. 
micromeridionalis, Vrty.; III. gen. micromeridionalis, Vrty. 

Pieris ergane, H.-G. _[ Dalmatia.”] 

(a) race ergane, H.-G.—I. gen. semimaculata, Rost., Soc. Zool. It., 
1906, p. 6 (‘‘ Oricola in the Abruzzi”) (= italica, Trti.) ; IL. 
gen. ergane, H.-G.; ILI. gen. rostagni, Trti., Nat. Sic., 1907, 
p- 20 (‘ Oricola in the Abruzzi”’).—Very local in C.It. from _ 
the sea to 800m. (Formia, 50m., Aurunci Mis., 600m., and 
Atina, 500m., in the Prov. of Caserta; Oricola, 800m., in the 
Abruzzi; Sefro, 500m., in the Marche. 

(b) race exiyua, mihi.—I, gen. semimaculata, Rost.; I. gen. eryane, 
H.-G.; II. gen. eaigua, Vrty.—‘“ Upper Fargno Valley, at 
1400m., in the Sibillini Mts.” _ 

Note.—In 1922 Querci has discovered the species at this unusually 
high altitude; notwithstanding, he found it produces its three genera- 
tions there, as lower down: I. at end of May: II. at end of June and 
beginning of July: III. in second half of August. The first and second 
exhibit no special features, except that the latter does not seem to pro- 
duce any individuals with very large spots. The third is very striking, on 
the contrary, from its minute size (29mm. to 32mm. of expanse, so that 
it is not larger than an average Polyommatus icarus) and much less 


SEASONAL POLYMORPHISM. (19) 


than Costa’s figure of minor; the dark spots are remarkably pale, and 
often so faint as to be scarcely visible and partly obliterated ; the dark 
suffusion at the base on the upperside, and the dark scaling of the 
underside of the hindwings are, on the contrary, rather more accentu- 
ated than in other races. (R. Verity.) 


Pieris manni, (Mayer) Trti. [ Barren mountains near Spalato,” in 
Dalmatia. | 

(a) race rossti, Stef.—I. gen. farpa, Fruhst., Hnt. Zett., 1909, p. 41 
(Tivoli, 232m., near Rome”); II. gen. secundogemta, 
mihi; III. gen. rossi, Stef., Soc. Hnt. It., 1900, p. 178 
(“ Hiesole, 800m., near Florence”); IV. gen. septembrina, 
mihi; V. extraord. gen. quercit, Rost., Soc. Zool. lt., 1911, 
p- 64 ( Formia, 50m., in the Prov. of Caserta’’).—P.It., 
up to 1200m. 

(b) race montana, Vrty., Rhop. Pal., p. 158, t. XXXIV., f. 28 
(1908) (‘‘ Vallombrosa, 1000m., in ‘Tuscany’’).—C.It., in high 
mountains. Described from II. gen.; I. gen. unknown. 


Note. —Stefanelli’s name of rossti must apply to the third genera- 
tion, which in Florence emerges in ‘‘July and the beginning of 
August,” and the existence of which I have this year found out, as 
perfectly distinct from the second of June and the fourth of Septem- 
ber. I will deal with this subject more at length in my paper on 
«‘ Seasonal Polymorphism, etc.,’ but, as these generations must be set 
‘down correctly in this List, I am obliged to name them and describe 
taem briefly here. The II. gen. secunpoGEnita, mihi, is extremely 
variable in size, both individoally and locally; in some localities (Forte 
dei Marmi) many individuals (85% in my typical series) are not larger 
than spring farpa; in others (Mt. Panna, at 600m.,’”’ and Isle of 
Elba) the giant form creta, Vrty., H.R., 1919, p. 88, prevails largely, 
and constitutes a race. Abdomen never as white, and black basal 
suffusion of wings above never entirely obliterated, as it often is in 
{II. gen. rossii. Black markings never as deep in tone and often quite 
gray ; their outlines are irregular and shaded ; the apical patch rather 
crescentic than triangular and deeply indented in female; central spots 
of this sex never distinctly quadrate ; streaks, connecting them to 
outer margin in rossi7, never present or only represented by a light 
gray shading. Underside of hindwings always pale yellow or whitish, 
with an extensive, but sparse, black scaling, never entirely absent, as 
in many rossti. In the Isle of Elba the II. gen. consists of rossie, 
perfectly similar to those of the III. gen. On coast, at Forte dei 
Marmi, this species is extremely abundant all through the summer ; 
the Il. gen. from end of June to most of July, the III. during the 
whole of August. The IV. gen. emerges both there and in Florence 
from about September 10th to the end of the month. I thus name it 
SEPTEMBRINA, mihi. Its features consist in a combination of the very 
dark and sharp black markings of rossii with the following characters 
of the spring farpa; small size; black shading at base of wings in 
both sexes; spots on underside of forewing rather faint ; hindwing 
whitish or pale yellow with quite a considerable amount of dark 
scaling. My typical series is from the Pian di Mugnone; there the 
III. g. is nearly suppressed by the drought, but it is less scarce on the 

Fiesole Hill, above, whence Steffanelli described rossii. (R. Verity.) 


(20) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’'S RECORD. 


Pieris rapae, Li. [‘‘ Sweden.”’] 

(a) race secunda, Vrty.—I. gen. verna, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p. 221 
[* Messina, in Sicily]; IL. gen. secunda, Vrty., Soc. Ent. 
Ttal., 1916, p. 180 (‘Isle of Elba”); III. gen. tertia, Vrty 
l.c., p. 180 (Isle of Elba); IV. gen. rapae, L.; V. extraord. 
gen. ultima, Rocci., Soc. Ligustica Sc. Nat, 1919, p. 24 
(“Genoa ’’).—P.It., up to 1300m. 

(b) race syracusana, Zeller.—I. gen. verna, Zeller; Il. gen. syracu- 
sana, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p.221 [“ Syracuse, in Sicily’’] ; III. gen. 
messanensts, Zeller, l.c., [‘‘ Messina, in Sicily ’] ; IV. and V. 
extraord. gen. unknown.—Calabria. The specimens described 
by Stauder from Paola (Zeit. wissensch. Insektenb, 1914, p. 
869) and from 800m. to 1800m., on the Aspromonte (J.c., 
1916, p. 14) agree perfectly with this Sicilian race. 


Note.—In my paper on “‘ Seasonal polymorphism, ete.,” I will. 
point out that the first generation of rapae of Southern Hurope differs 
markedly from that of the north, chiefly on account of the large per 
centage of individuals belonging to form leucotera, Stefanelli, Catalogo 
Illustrativo di Lepidottert Toscani, p. 12 (1869) (‘ Florence’) and 
transitional ones, and that the name of metra, Steph., created for the 
English race, cannot be applied to it. That is why I revive the name 
of Zeller, which has actually been neglected, with several others, even 
by his own countrymen, for three-quarters of a century. Asa name of 
a race it luckily cannot be used, because the allied species, brassicae, 
has the priority in Zeller’s paper. This allows one to use the names 
of the second generation, which best characterise the two races men- 
tioned above. The specific name, of course, must apply to the northern 
European race. As to the name of messanensis, it might be discussed 
whether it really should be used for the third generation of syracusana, 
July and August being the time of capture given by Zeller, and speci- 
mens of P. manni being included amongst the ‘‘ types,” as I have 
pointed out in Rhop. Pal., p. 8384, but on the whole I think it may 
stand for it. The name of aestiva, Zeller, J.c., which in its author’s 
mind included both summer generations, but which the existence of 
syracusana restricted necessarily to the third generation, cannot be used 
for the latter, because it is preoccupied in brassicae for the second 
generation, and it cannot stand with different meanings in two nearly 
co-generic species. (R. Verity.) 

Mancipium brassicae, L. |‘ Sweden.’’] 
(a) race brassicae, L.—I. gen. chariclea, Steph., Brit. Ent., p. 17, 
pl. III., f. 1-2 [* Mnglané’’]; Il. gen. brassicae, L. = lepidir, 
Rober, Seitz Macrolepid., I., p. 45 (1907) [no locality] ; III. 
gen. brassicae, L., or tertia, Vrty., E.R., 1919, p. 88 (‘ Flo- 
rence ’’).—P.It., from 1000m. to 1800m. 

(b} race verna, Zeller —I. gen. verna, Zeller, Isis, 1847, p. 222. 

[‘« Messina, in Sicily ’] ; Il. gen. aestiva, Zeller, l.c. Ke Sy ra- 
cuse, in Sicily ’] =catoleuca, Rober., Ent. Nachr., 1896, p. 81 
[& Taurus and Syria]; ILI. gen. brassicae, Le or tertia, 
Vrty.; IV. extraord. gen. autwinalis, Rocci, Soc. Ligustice 
Sc. Nat., 1919, p. 19 (‘‘ Genoa ’’).—P.It., up to 1000m. 


Note.—The remarks I have made in rapae concerning the first 
generation can be repeated here. In the south of Kurope it differs 


! LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (1) 


List of the Macro-lepidoptera, including the Pyrales, Crambi and 
Pterophorina of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. 
Compiled by W. FASSNIDGE, M.A., 1923, 

FOR 


The Entomological Society of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight. 


Forrworp. 


In offering to its members and to the Kntomological public a - 
county list of Lepidoptera, the Entomological Society of Hampshire 
and the Isle of Wight hopes to supply a long-felt want. In the first 
place, there is no other list in existence which has any claim to be 
complete or up-to-date. The list given in the Victoria County 
History published in 1900, is admittedly most mcomplete, incor- 
porating as it does, the records of only a few of the large number of 
workers who have explored this favoured county. The list compiled in 
1887 and following years by the Rey. A. C. Hervey, and published in 
the Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club, suffers from the same 
defect, besides being now woefully out-of-date. Neither of these lists 
makes any attempt to show the distribution throughout the county, 
and neither has very much to say on the question of comparative 
abundance. 

In a work of this nature, errors must inevitably occur, and neither 
of the lists quoted is free from them, nor is immunity claimed for the 
present list. It is hoped, however, that the care expended has reduced 
their number to the absolute minimum, and that any discovered will 
be notified at once for correction in subsequent publications. It 
is felt too, that there must be many entomologists whose help was not 
available because their names were unknown to any of our members. 
To all such the Society appeals for help to make this list more 
complete, for there yet remain parts of Hampshire of whose 
entomological fauna we know little, or nothing. 

Our grateful thanks are due to all our members for their invaluable 
help; to all others who have kindly sent data; to Mrs. K. B. Robertson 
of Chandler’s Ford, for permission to use the notes of the late Major 
Robertson, and to Mr. H. J. Turner for help and advice on a multi- 
tude of questions.—W.F. 


ContTRIBUTORS. 
H. Ashby, Esq... Southampton. A. 
A. E. Burras, Ksq., FES. Portsmouth. ie 
A. Steven Corbet, squats! Fordingbridge. Ct. 
J. W. Corder, Esq. ... Ete New Forest. Cr. 
K. Cornell, Esq. ... te Ventnor. C. 
S. W. Dale, Esq. ... fa Southampton. D. 
A. Druitt, Esq. : Christchurch. Dt. 
J. K. Eastwood, Esq., E.E.S. Havant. Ei. 
W. Fassnidge, Esq. Bes Southampton. FP. 
Rey. G. M. A. Hewett = Winchester. He. 
Rev. I. M.Hick.  .... ae Southsea. Hk. 
Rev. E. A. Hopkins. ~ Pamber Heath. Jeb 
A. H. Jones, Hsq., F.E.S. ... Brockenhurst. dj: 
PF. J. Killington, Esq. wi Eastleigh. K. 


(2) THE ENYOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


J.C. Moberly, Esq. bp Southampton. M. 

C. EK. Newnham, Esq. ah Ringwood. N. 

W.S. Pearce, Esq. ... 6 Romsey. Pe. 

G. W. Pierce, Esq... ae Owslebury. 1, 

Aten Postans, Esq. ¥ Portsmouth. Ps. 

The late Major Robertson ... Chandler’s Ford. R. 

Rev. C. A. Sladen. ... ue District South of Newbury. sl. 

G. Stanton, Esq. ... ie Aldershot. Sn. 

E. A. C. Stowell, al we Alton. 8. 

Rev. J. E. Tarbat. ae Fareham. MW 
ABBREVIATIONS. 

gen. dist. generally distributed. sc. = scarce. 

c. ev. | =common everywhere. We 1 = very rare. 

(als =not common. 1 sp. =single specimen. 

lia) (Gr = fairly common. oce. =occasional (ly). 

loc. c. =locally common. abt. =abundant. 

REFERENCES. 

The Victoria County History, 1900. = VE 

Winchester College Lists from 1875 to 1917. == Wells 

Hampshire Field Club Lists, 1887-9. a lal JO, 


A Guide to the Natural History of the Isle of Wight.) “WG 
I’. Morey, 1909. mean 
Proceedings of the Isle of Wight Natural ole 


Society for 1921. = WO JBL 
Entomologist’s Record. Pe 
Entomologist.’ = Ent. 
Butterflies of the British Isles, by R. South. =B.B.L 
Moths of the British Isles, by R. South. =) EBA 


For the sake of convenience the County has been divided roughly 
into seven parts, and localities are given so far as possible in the order 
indicated by the division, viz. :— 


1. New Forest ... Lyndhurst, Brockenhurst, Ringwood, Beaulieu. 

2. West of N.F.... Christchurch, Fordingbridge. 

8, Cowaness- ... Southampton, Winchester, Bishop’s Waltham. 

Hes elbic BBE .... Portsmouth, Hayling Island, Portsdown Hills. 

Deaasc eee ... Forest of Bere, Ditcham, Hyden Wood, Woolmer 
Forest. 

6. North ... --- Alton, Andover, Basingstoke, Aldershot, Hare- 


wood Forest, Pamber Forest. 
7. Isle of Wight. 
The following abbreviated forms of place-names are used through- 
Oni S— 


New Forest. =N.F. Winchester. = Winton. 
Lyndhurst. == Lie Chandler’s Ford. =Ch. Fd. 
Brockenhurst. =Brockt. Portsmouth. = Ptsmth. 
Bournemouth. =Bnmth. Isle of Wight. =I.W. | 
Christchurch. =Christch. Ventnor. = Vent. 
Fordingbridge. =Fdge. Freshwater. = Freshw. 


Southampton. =Soton. 


LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (3) 


R#HoPALOCERA. 


Papilio machaon.—Single sp. have occurred, possibly escapes or 
attempts to introduce; ‘“ Formerly,’ H.F.C.; 1 sp. seen Bnmth., 
1900, R.; 2 sp. seen Ventnor, no doubt escapes, C.; Appears formerly 
to have been indigenous to I.W., 1 sp. Parkhurst, 1900, 1 sp. west 
of same, 1902, I.W.G. 

Aporia crataegi.—Now extinct in the county, formerly abt. though 
loc. in N.F., last sp. about 1888, V.; Otterbourne woods, July, 1872, 
W.L., 1875.; Used to bec. nr. Havant, Rev. A. J. Richards; Reported 
seen at Bonchurch about 20 yrs. ago, C.; Possibly now extinct, I.W., 
the few captures all in wood nr. Ryde, I. W.G. 

Preris brassicae.—eé. ev. 

P. rapae.—e. ev. ; Occ. var. nigropunctata (2nd brood ? ) Havant, KH. 

P. napi.—e. ev. 

Pontia daplidice.—Occ. sp. have been taken, probably all im- 
migrants; Ly., 1879, Hk.; Highcliffe, 1 sp. Aug., 1900, D.; Hayling, 
3 sp. taken, many others seen, Aug., 1859, Rev. A. J. Richards; Seen 
at Silchester, J. Cooper, teste H. ~ 

Euchloe cardamines.—c. ev. most yrs.; N.F., not c. but well dist., 
J.; Not gen. dist., Aldershot, Sn. 

Leptosia sinapis.—N.F., formerly abt. loc., rare since 1883, V.: 
Does not now occur in N.F., J., Ht. ; Rare and loc. Hursley, M.; Crab 
Wood and Silkstead, v. r., none lately, W.L., 1891; 1 sp. seen Hyden 
Wood, May, 1918, B.; Hambledon, H.F.C.; Formerly f. c. Basing- 
stoke, I)., A., T.; Plentiful in some woods in N. especially nr. Basing- 
stoke, V; A small colony nr. Basingstoke, 1920, Col. Welsh-Thornton., 
Hk.; Woolmer, loc. and r., E.; Formerly abt., Pamber, rarely seen 
for many yrs., T., H.; LW., No recent record, 1.W.G.; ‘1 believe it 
to be rare,’’ C. 

Colias hyale-—Ocec. immigrant sp. from all parts; 1892, 1900, and 
1911 the best of recent yrs.; Never plentiful and most yrs. absent ; 
N.F., Always found in migrant yrs., avoids uncultivated parts, J.; 
I.W., Vent., “I believe light forms of croceus are often recorded as 
hyale,” C. 

Colias croceus (edusa).—Much more plentiful than C. hyale and re- 
corded from all parts; Abt. some yrs. rarely entirely absent; var. helice 
occurs with the type; 1892, 1900, 1908, 1917, 1920 and 1922 were good 
years; I.W., Vent., var. helice and light forms nearly as c. as the type, C. 

Gonepteryx rhamni.—ec. usually almost ev.; N.F., sc. 1921, D.; 
Portsdown, f. c., Occ. sp. at Fareham, T.; Se. in 1921 at Alton, 8. 

Apatura tris.—Recorded from large oak woods in all parts, more 
or less scarce; N.F., sc., D., M. etc.; Southern and eastern parts of N.F., 
V.; f. c. in N.F. before 1920, bad weather the sole cause of present 
scarcity, J.; “‘ Have never seen it near Ringwood,” N.; Fdge., formerly, 
no recent record, Ct.; Bumth, 1 sp. Hnt., 1916, 214; Chilworth, 1 sp. 
Seens7 His) Basseti. ir. Asc (Cha ids) sp.) seen, BR: 3 oce., A. + 
Hiltingbury Woods, 1 sp. seen, K.; Romsey, 1 larva, Pe.; Crab Wood, 
rare, 3 larvae, 1918, Sweeting; 1 2 caught by a lad in the village 
street at Owslebury, 1919, P.; Seen several times in Sheepwash 
Woods, B.; Reported f. c. in Alice Holt, 8.; Oak woods round Alton 
and Basingstoke, V.; Occ. abt. Basingstoke district, Sherborne woods 
and Pamber, seen in some numbers, 1918, 1919, none 1920, one 1921, 


(4) THE ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD. 


has been taken in plenty in Doles Wood and Harewood, t{.; Durgh- 
clere, seen most years, Sl.; I.W., v. r., 1 sp. Parkhurst, 1890, 1 sp. 
seen Parkhurst three or four yrs. later, I.W.G.; Reported irom 
Parkhurst, ‘but I have grave doubts,” C. 

Limenitis sibilla.— Loe. ¢. in all larger oak woods; Single sp. seen 
even in town streets; ab. nigrina and intermediate forms occur with 
the type; I.W., not c. Parkhurst and Sandown woods, C.; Parkhurst, 
¢., Quarr Copse, Whitefield Woods, etc., I.W.G. 

Polygonia c-album.—N.F., Old records, no specified locality, J.; 1 
sp. Brockt., Aug., 1922, Bond; Winton, W.L., 1871; Owslebury, 
several sp. 1919, none since, P.; Formerly at Worldham, H.F.C. ; 
I. W., v. se., 1. W.G. 

Hugonia polychloros.—Gen. dist. Tas (Gg Pam gl os 3 Tie Ge, IDS WL dléy Girey S 

Aglais urticae.—c. nearly ev.; Soton, n. c., F.; Aldershot, r. Sn. 

Vanessa io.—e. ev. most yrs. 

EHuvanessa antiopa.—Oce. sp. io all parts, chiefly nr. coast. 

Pyrameis cardui.—e. some yrs. ev.; More c. in Spring than Autumn 
at Ptsmth., B.; Seen at Vent., early March, ‘“‘am convinced it hiber- 
nates here,” C. 

Pyrameis atalanta.—e. ev., sometimes abt. ; 1 sp. found in a hollow 
tree in Dec., Vent., C. 
fae Ng mole enn OP 

var. valesina.—N.F., C., B., M., T., ete.; ‘seems unaffected by 
one or bad weather,” J.; Soton, r., F.; Eastleigh, f. c., K.; Ch. 
Fd., r., R.; Owslebury, r., P.; Ampfield, r., Ht.; Seen in Alice Holt, 
San ne some plenty some yrs. at Pamber, H.; Andover, Sl.; I.W., 
Dares, I.W.G. 

Aryynnis cydippe (adippe).— Loe. c. in all larger woods; N.F., Quite 
unaffected by weather, abt. every yr., J.; Ch. Fd.,sc., R.; Alton dis- 
trict, n. c., S.; 1.W., Scattered, always sc., C. 

Arygynnis aylaia.—Loe. and n. ¢.; all large woods and downs ; N.F., 
Well dist., J.; Ptsmth, loc. and confined to certain woods, B.; Hare- 
WOO Cyn FVeneGen pha nel W., Often v. ec. on downs, C.; Loc. and not 
particularly Ay IE W. G ; ab. charlotta has been taken in N.E. 

Issovia taehonion rs sp. chiefly nr. coast; Highcliffe, six sp. seen, 
four taken, 1899, D.; 1 sp. reported seen 1922 nr. Mudiford, Dt.; Nr. 
Horndean, Rev. A. J. Richards; Pamber, by H. N. Davies, H.; I.W., 
occ. sp., L.W.G. 

Brenthis euphrosyne.—e. ev. in woods; Dark vars. occur with the 
type; A second brood occurs occ.; Owslebury, one locality on open 
downs, P. 4 

Brenthis selene.—loe. c. ev. in and nr. woods; occ. vars. occur; A 
second brood occurs fairly often; in 1915, H; in 1921, F. 

Melitaea cinwia.—Loc. in I.W. only, D., M., T., ete. Common along 
the coast from Luccombe to Chale, found several miles inland, on St. 
Boniface Down in fair nos., seems to be holding its own, C.; occ. sp. 
recorded from other parts of I.W., F.; Has increased considerably since 
1909, many new localities have been formed and old ones re-established, 
I.W.N.H.S. 

Melitaea aurinia.—N.F., 2 sp. Church Place, 1921, Adamson ; 
2 sp. 1922, Harris; Several at Royden, 1920-21, odd sp. elsewhere in 
N.F., several sp. Lady Cross, 1922, possibly put ‘down, J.; Ringwood, 
INV; - Fdge., “formerly, but I have never seen it,” Ct.; Fdge., plentiful 


LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (5) 


in itsold locality, 1919-21, N.; moist meadows nr. Fdge., V.; Soton, 1 sp. 
in a clearing, F. ; Lordswood, Mottisfont, formerly, Pe. ; Hursley, 
several sp. in a clearing, M.; Kastleigh, a: very strong colony, Ki 
Swathling, H.F.C.; Owslebury, a few sp. in a clearing, P.; Ch. Fd., 
1 sp. only, 1919, R.; Ch. Fd., sparingly, c. some years, has been taken 
at Winton, ae Woolmer, a strong colony, E.; Pamber, in some 
plenty, H.; nr. Fleet, V.; Titchfield, Oakhanger, H.F.C.; Sth. of 
Newbury, SI. ; Th W., ‘“ Exists, but I cannot find it,’ C.; Decidedly r., 
a few west of Parkhurst, single sp. Gurnard and. Newport, I.W.G. 

Anosia archippus (plexippus).—Oce. immigrant sp., have been 
recorded, chiefly nr. coast. 1 sp. Gosport, 1920, teste Ps.; I.W., 1 sp. — 
seen Vent., 1921, C.; 1 sp. on the Culvers, 1908, I.W.G. 

Melanargia galathea.—Loce. c. throughout; N.F., se., D. ; Colonies 
in various parts of N.F., H.F.C.; “I know of no loc. in N.F. at 
present day,’ J.; Owslebury, n.c., P.; Hayling, 1 sp., probably blown 
over from I.W., EK. 

Satyrus semele—c. on downs and heaths. In rides, Hiltingbury 
woods, K.; Unknown to Owslebury before 1910, now c., downs and 
woods, P. 

Pararge aegeria.—N.F., abt., D., J., M., ete.; Christch., Dt.; Fdge., 
gen. dist., Ct.; Ampfield, r., Ht.; Soton,r.,F.,A.; Hursley, Stoneham, 
f. c., M.; Romsey, Pe.; Owslebury, not found, attempt to introduce, 
1921, P.; Ptsmth, c., B.; Selborne, f. c., Alice Holt, sc., 8. ; Rowlands 
Castle, sc., Woolmer, c. some vears, E.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; not 
seen in Hants outside N.F., H.; I.W., decidedly se., C.; ¢. in woods 
and lanes, I.W.G. 

Pararge megera.—e. ev.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Aldershot, 3 broods 
1921, Sn.; abt. in Nth. Hants, seldom seen in other parts, H.; I.W., 
v.c. ev., ‘ I believe we have three broods,” C. 
Epinephele jurtina (janira).—abt. ev.; I.W., silvery white vars. 
oce., C. 

Epinephele tithonus.—v. ¢. ev.; 1.W. ab. albida and ab. minchii, all 
shades of colour from white to type., C. 

Aphantopus hyperantus.—e. ev. in woods; ab. arete and ab. caeca 
occur ev. occ. with the type; ab. lanceolata v. r. 

Coenonympha pamphilus.—v. c. ev. 

Ruralis betulae.—N.F.,sc. and v. loc., A., T., J., ete.; Ringwood, 
N.; Hursley, sc. and loc., M.; Farley Mount, r. and loc., Ht. ; Owsle- 
bury, sc., P.; Ptsmth, loc. c., B., Ps.; Alton, loc.,8.; Hawkley, Hnt., 
1915, p. 222; Monxton, 1 sp. 1901, 1 sp. between Whitchurch and 
Kingsclere, 1917, H.; Burghelere, 1 sp., Sl.; Nr. Liss and Thruxton, 
V.; Colmer, Ropley, ELEC: : 1.W., Vane Ont Nise avery si. ile, WisGr 

Bithys quercts.— Usually e. in all large oak woods. Has been se. 
for the last 2 or 3 seasons. 

Strymon w-album.—Rare in Hants, B.B., p.146.; Seen nr. Romsey, 
Pe.; Burghelere, 1 sp., Sl.; Colmer, 2 sp., H.F.C.; I.W., v. r., one 
docality only, C. 

Callophrys rubi.—Gen. dist. and c., woods and downs. 

Rumicia phlaeas.—Abt. ev.; a third brood some yrs.; ab. suffusa 
and ab. caeruleopunctata f. ¢., ab. cuprina oce.; Vent., 1 sp. mid- 
February, C. 

Lampides boeticus.— Occ. immigrant sp. only, B.B., p. 155; Win- 
ton, 8 sp. on Teg Down, 1898, Ht. 


(6) THK WHNLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 


Everes aryiades.— N.F., 1 sp. 1921, Mnt., LIV. 269; 1 sp. Bomth., 
Rey. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885. 

Plebeius aeyon.—Loe. c. on heaths and downs; N.F., 1 sp. 2nd 
brood Oct. 30,.1921, F.; I.W., f. c. only, C. ; uncommon, the only recent 
record nr. Parkhurst, 190%, 1.W.G. 

Aricia medon (astrarche).—-More or less c. and loc. throughout. 

Polyommatus icarus.—C. ev. ; OCC. vars. Occur. 

Agriades coridon.—Loc. e. on all chalk downs; N.F., odd sp. have 
been recently recorded, possibly escapes, J.; Winton, ab. albicincta 
taken, M. 

Ayriades thetis (bellargus).—Loc. c., but much more restricted than 
A. coridon; I'dge., c. some yrs., Ct.; Winton., r., Ht.; St. Catherine’s 
Hill, abt., reappeared 1920, Sweeting, F.; Portsdown Hills, loc. ¢., E., 
B., T.; Aldershot, v. abt., Sn. ; I.W., loc. abt., D., C., Hk.; Vent.,c., 
A.; loc. on the chalk, I. W.G. 

Celastrina argiolus.- Gen. dist., often c., usually 2  broods.. 
Aldershot, not seen till 1921, n. c., Sn. 

Cupido minimus.—v.c. on all chalk downs; nr. Christch., Dt.; N.F., 
a locality nr. Kverton on borders, J.; Ringwood, N.; Hinton Admiral, 
v.c., R.; I.W., ¢., but v. loe., C., 1.W.G. 

Celastrina seniaryus.—“ Formerly,” H.F.C., B.B., p. 178. 

Lycaena arion.—Winton, old records, Ht., B.B., p. 181. 

Hamearis lucina.—Loe. c. in larger woods. Fdge., formerly, “I 
have never seen it here,’’ Ct. ; Fawley Down, abt. miles from any wood, 
I. ; I.W., ‘ Reported from Parkhurst, but I have not seen it in the 
Island,” C.; loe. and n. c., I. W.G. 

Hesperia malvae.—ce. ev.; ab. taras, N.F., M.; Ch. Fd., RB. 

Nisoniades tages.—c. ev.; a more or less numerous second brood 
often occurs. 

Adopaea flava (thaumas).—c. ev. 

Adopaea lineola.—Nr. Bnmth., 1 sp., Pe.; Rumoured to be in N.F. 
(E.R., I. 181, ete.) ; Not found in N.F., J.; We would suggest careful 
and systematic search for this insect, which might easily be overlooked. 

Thymelicus acteon.—N.¥., ‘‘ One locality known to several entomo- 
logists ; whether originally put down or not I cannot say,” J.; I.W., 
Sandown, a pair, I.W.N.H.NS. 

Urbicola comma.—Loe. and more or less c. on all chalk downs ; 
N.F., oce. sp., Hk., V., A.; Baddesley, 1 sp., F.; I.W., has been 
taken, C, 

Augiades sylvanus.—c.ev. 


Herrrocera. (arrangement as in South’s Moths of Br. 1.) 


Mimas tiliae.—Gen. dist. and c. 

Amorpha populi.—Gen. dist. and c. wherever poplars are found. 
Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Winton, 1 sp., September, 1921, Sweeting ; Ptsmth, 
pink forms occ., B. : 

Smerinthus ocellatus.—Gen. dist. but n. c.. except in N.F. 

Manduca atropos.—Oce. sp. only from all parts; larvae found less 
rarely. 

Sphina convolvuli.—Oce. sp. from all parts exept from the extreme 
North. Much less rare than M. atropos. F. c. some years on and 
nr. coast, rarely entirely absent. Christch., larvae found, Dt. (Hnt., 
LV. 19). 


LIST OF THE MAORO-LEPIDOPTERA. (7) 


Sphinx ligustriicGen. dist. but n. c. 

Hyloicus pinastri.—Winton, 1 perfect sp. on lamp post in the city, 
E.R., XIV. 248); Has been recorded from Soton Common, but 
certainly is not there now, F. 

Hyles euphorbiae.—Nr. Soton, 1 sp. in a garden, M.B., I. 38, and 
Ent., 1872; Hayling, 2 larvae taken by Dr. Kelso, B. 

Celerio gallii—Recorded for N.F., V.; Lymington, 1 sp. by 
A. R. D. Patterson, R.; Colmer, H.¥.C.; I.W., I sp. 1831, M.B., 
I. 39; Freshw., 4 larvae and 2 imagines, 1859, I. W.G. 

Phryxus livornica.—Oce. sp. all along the coast. Ly., 1 sp. 1888, 
V.; Boscombe, about a dozen, R.; one by a labourer, May 20th, 1904, 
R.; Christch., observed 1904 and following years, Dt.; Hayling, 1 sp.: 
Dr. Hay; Alverstoke, 1 sp. May 18th, 1922, E.R., XX XIV., 115; I.W., 
2 sp. at Brightstone, M.; Vent., v. r., C.; Ryde, 6 larvae, July, 1870, 
M.B., 1. 42; See Tutt, Brit. Lep. (IV. 165). 

Hippotion celerio.—Christch., 1 sp. in the eighties by J. M. Adye, 
Dt.; 1.W., v.r., 5 sp. are recorded by I.W.G. 

Daphnis nerii.—2 sp. g and 2 in Ptsmth., 1908, Ps.; Portchester, 
1 sp., H.F.C. 5 

Theretra porcellus.—N.F., lrockt., sev. sp. in garden, J.; Bassett, 
A.; Ch. Fd., r., R.; Romsey, Mottisfont, Pe.; Bnmth., r., Ct., Dt.; 
Winton, loc. and n. c., M., Ht.; Hayling, loc., sometimes c., Dr. Hay, 
Ps., B.; Portsdown Hill, loc., B.; Alton, S.; Pamber, 4 sp. at flowers, 
H.; Monxton, 1 sp., H.; I.W., n.c., C.; Fairly plentiful, I. W.G. 

Fumorpha elpenor.—Widely dist. but n.c.; N.F., c., J., Hk.; Ring- 
wood, N.; Bnmth., Ct., Dt.; Fdge., taken by Dr. Rake, Ct.; Soton, 
Bassett, occ., M., F.; Eastleigh, r., K.; Marchwood, Hk.; Ch. Fd., 
sc., R.; Romsey, Mottisfont, Pe.; Winton, occ., Ht.; Hayling, Dr. 
Hay; Fareham, occ., T.; Alton, occ., S.; larvae c. at Ovington, S.; 
Nr. Andover, Pamber, 1 sp., H.; I.W., moderately c., I. W.G. 

Macroglossa stellatarum.—Gen. dist. and loc. abt. some yrs. 

Hemaris fuciformis.—Gen. dist. and f. c. in all larger woods; I.W., 
must be v.r., 1.W.G. 

Hemaris tityus (bombyliformis).—Much more loc. and less c. than 
H. fuciformis. N.F., Ringwood, N.; loc. c., D., M., J.; Soton, larvae 
abt. 1922, F., B.; Ch. Fd., f. c., R.; Winton, n. c., Ht.; Ptsmth., 
n.c., B.; Hayling, once, B.; Pamber, f.c., H.; Sth. of Newbury, SL. ; 
I.W., must be v. r., I. W.G. 

Cerura bicuspis.—Brockt., 2 larvae, 1922, J.; Ptsmth, v. r., 1 larva, 
1921, 2 larvae 1922, B. 

Cerura bifida.—N. F., Hk., J.; Soton, rv. F., A.; Fisher’s Pond, 
r., K.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, f. c., Ht.; Ptsmth., 
f. c., B.; Bedhampton, c., Ps.; Havant, c., E.; Kingsclere, S1.; I.W., 
sc., A.; Rare, 1.W.G. 

Cerura furcula.—Widely dist. throughout but sc. ; especially sc. in 
N. and N.E. 1I.W., rare, I.W.G. 

Cerura vinula.—Gen. dist. and f. ¢. 

Stauropus fayi.—Gen. dist. but n.c. Larvae on oak, beech, birch. 
I.W., v. v.,. West Cowes, I.W.G.. 

Drymonia trimacula.—N.F., oce., M., F.; Ringwood, occ., N.; Ch. 
Wd., f. ¢., Ri; Ampfield, Ht.;. Ptsmths; ns c.,- Bi; Fareham, at 
light, H. 

Drymonia chaonia.—N.F., occ., sometimes c., F.,.M., T., ete..; 


(8) . THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Christch.; 1 sp., Dt.;,Soton, mn. c.,, Ey.) Ch iid. £.\cavk-= Ptsmth., 
n.c., B.; Fareham, at light, H.; I.W., Shanklin, a few, Sandown, 
oce., East Cowes, I.W.G. Be We 

Pheosia tremula (dictaea).—N.F., oce., M.; Ringwood, N.; Christch., 
Dt. ; Soton, r., F.; pete 7B ae Pe.; Winton, c., Ht.; Fareham, 
at light, lela, T.: Ptsmth., f.¢., B.; I.W., Shanklin, f. ¢., Sandown, 
East Cowes, Jk, W. G. 

Pheosia dictaeoides.—N.F., occ., Pe., M.; Ringwood, N.; Ly., 1 sp., 
Ht. ; Christch., Dt. ; Soton,. = Bet - Winton, ta GAy Aelia? Ch. Hadseiz «ch, 
we Ptsmth. un. Ca B.: Hayling, 1 sp., Dr. Hay; Pamber, H. 5 LE Wee 

1 sp. at ‘Sandown, LW. G. 

Notodonta ziczac.—N.¥., c., M.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, Chien Ch: 
Fd., sc., R.;: Romsey,. Pe. ; Cray. Wood, Ht.; Wiratont n.C., walle 
1891 ; ee fo. CO Ore Hursley, en M. : Pismph pel B.: Fare- 
ham, H.; 1 sp., T.; Alice Holt, c.,.S.; Pamber, H.; Kingsclere, SI. ; 
L.W., f. plentiful, LW.G) 11 

iMetiedlanie dh onicdar eo aN Fe occ, M., Pe. Ht.; Sway, Ct. ; 
Soton, r., F:,.A.; Romsey, Pe. ; Ch. Bde se.4 Re = Wimtonhnres welt... 
Pismth., Mle Goa Bee Alioval Nicolmen S2; Pamber. His) lk Weer 
Freshw., Sandown, I.W.G. 

Notodonta trepida.—-N.F., occ., M.; sparingly, Ht. ; sometimes f.c¢., 
F.; Ringwood, loc. c., N.; Ch. Fd., se., R.; Romsey, Pe.: Ptsmth., 
n.¢., B.; Fareham, H.; Pamber, H.; Kingsclere, Sl.; 1.W., Hast 
Cowes, several, I. W.G. ; 

Leucodonta bicoloria.—Hayling, larvae found on maple and 2 
imagines bred, Dr. Hay. 

Ljphop tanya cuculla.—Winton, ought to be on our maple, Ht.; 
Romsey, r., Pe. ; Waterlooville, v. r., B.; Alton, 8 larvae, S. 

Lophoptenya camelinaGen. dist.andc. ‘N. F. TOCe.s Els Ess LW., 
ECs eWeGe 

Oulopinate carmelita.—N.F., has ene fale Et peal. WS: 
Ptsmth, r., Horndean, 1920, By Ps. 

Puilontone Pine cee wantont said to occur, Ht. ;. Ptsmth., r. at 
light, nr. Horndean, B.; Liss, Petersfield, Ps.; Alton, not unc., 8. 

Pterostoma palpina.—N.F., c., M.; Ringwood, N.; Brockt., Ct. ; 
Christch., Dt.;. Soton, f. ¢., F.; Eastleigh, occ., K.; Romsey, Pe. ; 
Winton, Ht.; Ch. Fd.,.sc.,.R.;. Ptsmth, n.¢., B.; Alton, S.; Monxton, | 
Pamber, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W.,-A.; uncommon, I.W.G. 

Phalera bucephala.—Abt. ev. 

Pygaera curtula.—N.F., Hk., H.F.C.; Ent., 1917, p. 15; Soton, 
r., 2 larvae beaten from aspen, F.; Ch. Id., se., occ. larvae beaten 
from aspen, R.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, has occurred, W L., 1891 ; 
Fareham, ilo nae West End, ae I.W., Seaview, A. 

Pyyaera anachoreta. —Christch., 1 sp. in garden, [peo balay an escape, 
R.; Hayling, 1 sp., Dr. Hay. 

Pygaera pigra. HEN) 1B, Hi. F.C., A.; Holmsley, a few, R.; Ly., Ht.; 
Soton, loc., v. c. some yrs., F., Ab) ChabdtisceRe-setsmuib.slockct, B.: 
Nr. Basingstoke, T.; Tadley, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl. 

Habrosyne derasa.—Gen. dist. and c.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Alton, 
1 sp., 8. 

Thyatira batis.—Gen. dist. and f. ec. 

Palimpsestis octogesima.—Havyant, 1 sp., A. H. Sperring; v.r., Ps. ; 
Alton, 1 sp. at sugar, S. 


LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (9) 


Palimpsestis or.—Bassett, n. c., A.; Soton, r., F.; Crab Wood, c. at 
sugar, Ht.; Winton, oce. at sugar, M.; Harewood, a Ej0e4 lal. ¢ Sth. of 
Newbury, SI. 

Palinpsestis duplaris.—N.F., f.c., T., oes ; Woodgreen, Ct. ; Bassett, 
lis Gon os OOM, Hey las Ola Fa., ere Crab Wood, c., Ht. ; 
Prenithe n. c., B.; Alton, 1 Sp- SO far, ‘S Pamber, c., H.: Horeca 
H.; Sth. of Newbury, SI. ; I Wieeoieeces LW.G.: Freshw., Pe. 

'Palimpsestis fluctuosa. Joasnesitad NGS Colmer, HLE.C.; known 
to occur in Hants, M.B./., I1., 91. ; 

Asphalia errata: — NEE c., M., B.; Ringwood, 1 sp., N.; Sway., 
Ct.: Soton, c., F., A.; Ch. Fd., v. ¢., R.; Marehwood, Hk. ; Crab 
Wood, en Hite? Ptemths Cog Bins Alton, imlice Holt, §.; Parmber! Wes ins 
Harewood, Doles Wood, Shp HL. ; Sth. of Newbury, SL: IAN eals eet 
I.W.G. 

Polyploca flavicornis.—Gen. dist. among birch and f.c. I.W., rare, 
Kast Cowes, I.W.G. 

Poluplocamdens AON EL, larvae sometimes c., T., M., I’., etc.; Ring- 
wood, v. c. 1918, N., Ly., Ht.; Soton, A.; Ch. Fa., Ts, Pe., R. ; 
Ptsmth, larvae a ane yts., B.; Doles Wood, I larva 1912, He: aie 
old records only. 

Orgyia gonostigna.—Fdge., v. c., Ct.; Selborne, r., H.F.C.; 
Pamber, n. une., H. 

Orgyia antiqua.—e. ev. 

Dasychira fascelina.—Occurs, V.; Ringwood, occ., M.,; Petersfield, 
taken by Dr. Buckell’s son, Pe.; I. W., old records only. 

Dasychira piinnte Gon “dist: and G. 

Nyamia phaeorrhoea (Euproctis chrysorrhoea).—Ringwood, N.; 
Fdge., n. c., Ct.; Winton, 1 sp. 1889, Ht.; I.W., Vent.; C., A.; one 
nest, 1920, S.; St. Lawrence, f.c., B.; Sandown, A.; sometimes c. 
nr. Shanklin, and has been taken in many localities, I.W.G. 

Leucoma chrysorrhoea ( Vorthesia similis).—e. ev. 

Stilpnotia salicis-Bnmth., abt., 1912, Ct.; Christeh., R. Dt. ; 
Winton, n. c., Ht.; Ptsmth., f. c., B.; Lee on Solent, Hk.; Fareham, 
H., T.; Havant, fein ie: Ewe Shanklin, Sandown, I.W. G. 

ST pnnaminia dispar. "Hayling, ‘two males at light, Dr. Hay; Southsea, 
1 sp. in shop window, H.R., Ill. (87; I.W., 1 sp. some yrs. ago, 
Parkhurst, I.W.G. These sp. were possibly escapes; attempts to 
introduce the species in the Soton district were unsuccessful. 

Lymantria monacha.—Gen. dist. and c. in all woods; var. erenrita 
occurs occ. 

Malacosoma neustria.—e. ev. 

Trichiura crataegi.—N.F., occ., M., Ht.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, 
n.c., F., 4.; Ch. Fd., sce., R.; Ptsmth, n.c., B.; Alton, §.; Pamber, 
c., H.; I.W., 1 sp. at light, H.; Rare, the Undercliff, 1.W.G. 

Poectlocampa populi.—Gen. dist. and f. ¢. 

Eriogaster lanestris.—Ring wood, N.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, f. o., 
eee M., F.; Farley, Hursley. and Shawford downs, f.c., R.; Ptsmth, 

BEE Hambledon, se., Ps.; Fareham, occ., T. ; Andover, c., H.; Sth. 
of Newbury, Sl. ; I.W., sparingly, I.W.G. 

Lasiocautpa quercus. Gen: dist: and f.-¢. 

Lastocampa trifolii.—N-¥.,loc., J-;-occ., M.; ¢.; Ht. : One locality, 
possibly now extinct, A.; M.B.L., I. 121; Christch., larvae reported 
taken, Dt.; Hayling, one season, Dr. Hay; Hayling, v. foc., 1921, 


? 
(10) THE ENTOMOLOGIS?’S RECORD, - 


B., Ps. ; Heaths. nr. coast, H.F.C.; Heaths nr. Ly., c., V.; Occurs on 
Hayling Ty V3, 1. W..eare, Nettlestone, St. Helens, LW.G. 

iiaenat i inlaesa rubi-—Gen. dist. and abt. on heaths and commons. 

_ Cosmotriche potatorta.—Gen., dist. and ¢. by river sides and in low- 
lying parts. 

Gastropacha quercifolia.— Widely dist. but n. e. 

Endromis versicolor.—1 sp. seen (?) Cranbury Park, 1910 R.; Ch. 
Fd., 1 sp. seen (?) A.; Isp. seen Harewood, 1913, H.; Andover, f. c., 
81. 


Saturnta pavonia.—N.F., well dist., seldom e., J.; occ., M., T., F., 
tex; bnmbhs. fic. ee n.c¢., Ct., Dt.; Soton, occ., F.; Eastleigh, 
occ., K. ; Ptsmth., 138 Hayling, Dr. “Hay ; Headley Heath, 8.; 
Tadley andl elemiden commons, H.; Aldershot, c., Sn.; I.W., Vent., 
C.; Downs between Shanklin and Vent., oce., I. W.G. 

Drepana falcataria.—Gen. dist. among birch but n. ec. 

Drepana binaria.—N.F., oce., M., N.; Fdge., f. ¢., Ct.; Christch., 
Dt. Soton, n. ¢:, F.,, A.» Ch:.Kd., sc., Rus Crabs Wood, tf .¢3) Hit, ; 
Hursley, oce., M.; Ptsmth., n. c., B.; Denmead, Sheepwash, f.c., Ps. ; 
Fareham, H.; Harewood, Pamber, H.; I.W., f. c., Shanklin, Ning- 
wood, 1 sp., Sandown, a few, Werrar Wood, Bembridge, Whippingham, 
I.W.G. 

Drepana cultraria.—N.F., oce., M., F.; Ringwood, N.; Ch. Fd., 
ee.,. R.; Crab Wood, Ht.; Ptsmth:, e258... Wickham sic..ek. ; 
Selborne, abt., S.; Forest of Bere, c., H.; Harewood, H.; Burghclere, 
Sl. 

Drepana lacertinaria.—Gen. dist. and c. among birch. I.W., old 
records only. 

Cilia glaucata.—Gen. dist. and f. c. 

Nola cucullatella.—N.F., c., T., %.; Ringwood, N.; Fdge., Ct.; 
Christch:,, Dt; \Soton, cH, Avs Whi. Hd yt.1c.. Rin Walton tes Gx 
Ht.; Diteham, abt., B.; Havant, c., E.; Little Park, Hk.; Alton, 
S.; Pamber, c., H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Binstead, c., M.; 
Sandown, Bembridge, J. W.G. 

Nola strigula.—N.F.,.loc. c., J. ;- oce., T.,.M.; .c., Ht.; Holmsley; 
Rega Clava Hide SCie im eevee SO OLOMM SCone Fiat VGLINGO Tae ateeacermm elias: 
Horndean, n. c., B.; Pamber, occ., H. 

Nola confusalis.—N.F., c.,.T., M., Ht., Ringwood, N.; Christcb., 
Dt. ; Rassett, f. c., A.; Ch..Fd., sc., R.; Winton, c., Ht. ; Horndean, 
Tile (Ose 18% SL AWS Bembridge, 1857, ie W. G. 

Neale avibolli i sp. nr. Freshw., V.; this is probably the sp. noted 
by Barrett from I.W.; Hants., several sD. Hint Olay pao. 

Nola centonalis._-A few sp. Bembridge, LW. VV... MBE, A: 148. 

Earias chlovana.—Christch., larvee beaten from osiers, KR. JD Viee LE \Wiee 
Yarmouth, V.; Sandown, sparingly, L.W.G. 

isbflernila prasinana. — Gen. dist. and c. in woods. 

Aylophila bicolonana: —N.F., f. c., B.; Wood Fidley, f. c., M.; Ch. 
Kids, fice, R.,:A: > Soton, 2 ine Ptsmth., NAG dae lontile Epa Hk. 5 : 
Harewood, f. Ors Pamber, leg: Sth. of Newbury, r. Sl, 

Sarrothripa revayana. —_N.F,, loc. c. and very variable, Dred Con lap 
B.; Holmsley, R.; Soton, r., E., PAG i ChigE da tics a ke, he Ptsmth., 
le. Re Cap Ie Alice Holt, i Sp., ‘Mampage Wood, 1 sp., S.: We; 

1. Sp... WG. 


Spilosoma menthastrt, —=@, OY; 


LIST OF THE MAORO-LEPIDOPTERA. (11) 


_ Spilosoma urticae—Ringwood, N.; Christch., loc: f. c., Dt.; Soton, 
2 sp. at light, 1912, Johnson; Winton, by the river, n. c., Ht.; 
Romsey, loc. f. c., Pe.; I.W., Shanklin, 1 sp., Ent., LIl. 138; 1 sp. 
nr. Sandown, 1902, I. W.G. 

Spilosoma lubrictpeda.—Gen. dist. and usually c. Fareham, usually 
c., but none the last 3 yrs., T.; Alton, apparently n. c., S. 

Diaphora mendica.—Gen. dist. but n. o. 

— Phragmatobia fuliginosa.—Gen. dist. but somewhat Eo 3 ILAWAS tis Gay 
I.W.G. 

Parasemia plantaginis.—Loc. abt. throughout the county on downs 
and in wood clearings; Soton, n. c., F.; Alton, Alresford, n. C., S.; 
I.W., Combley, 1 sp., reve N. iat S. 

Diacrisia sannio.—Loe. f. c. on heaths in all parts; I.W., rare, 1 
sp. 1907, nr. Osborne, Parkhurst, 1.W.G. 

Arctia cata.—c. nearly ev.; N.F., sc., J:; Soton, n.c., F.; Ch. Fd., 
n. ¢:, R.- Alton, nm. c:;'S: 

Arctia villica.—N.F., f. c., J.; Brockt., oce., T.; Ringwood, N. ; 
Fdge., Milton, Hinton Admiral, Ct.; Christch., Dt.; Soton, oce., F., 
M. ; Eastleigh, OCC Kee ChigHodeanarcs okver Romsey, Rew Winton, no 
recent record, Ht. ; ‘Portsdown Hills, Gs; Bay HL; ; Hayling, f.c., E., B.; 
Fareham, occ., T., ees SIE MWe alte. Dis, Ke ie, I.W.G. 

Callimorpha quadripunctaria.—I.W., 1 sp. 1877, M.B.I., I., 164. 

Callimorpha dominula.—Rinewood, N: : Swathline o, sc., F.; East- 
leigh, Bishopstoke, abt., K. ; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, Shawford, abt., 
Ma, Hicohy, Sere; Nursling, cu Ha Aue Sth. of Newbury, SI. 

Coscinta cribrum.—N.F., Ringwood, T., M., N., ete.; Hinton 
Admiral, T.; Christch., Dt.; Between Ringwood and Bnmth., Ht.; 
North Gate, R.; Nr. Bnmth., V.; the Verwood locality is reported 
utterly destroyed by fire; I.W., Freshw., 1859, I. W.G. 

Detopeia pulchella.—Oce. immigrant sp. in favourable yrs., chiefly 
on and nr. the coast. 

Hipocrita jacobaeae.—e. ev. 

Atolmis rubricollis.—N.F., c., J.; occ., T:, B., Ringwood, N.; Hurst 
Hill; c.f Me; (Christchs,, Dt.) Soton, £2¢.;, Fu, A.;.. Chi Wd. 'r.> RS. c., 
As; Grab Wood, Ampfield, necks Ht. ; Pismth., loc. f. c:, B. ;“sth- of 
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Vent., C.: Parkhurst, Uk; America Woods, 
East Cowes, LW.G. Z 

~ Nudaria mundana.—N.F., Beaulieu, H.F.C.;-Christch., se., R. ; 
Fdge., n. c., Ct.;. Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Winton, f.c., Ht.; Ptsmth.,. occ. 
B.;- Havant, occ., Ei: ; 1.W-,: Freshw., 0ce., MS Undereliff, re 
Brading Down, n.r., Hast Cowes, I.W.G. 18 

Comacla cetien <=N: F., c. in many bogs, V.; Fdge, f.c., Ct. ;. Soton, 
loge abt, Bo; Ch. Nas, vs ‘abt., R.A; Winton; c. in water meadows 
Ht.; Pim braelk. albis.. 1B & esearch 0CC., T.: -Alton, loc. abt., 5.5 
Woolmer, loc. abt., E.; I1.W., Carisbrooke, abt., I.\W.N.H.S. 

- ‘Miltochrista miniata.—N.¥., ¢., T., F.,..J.; Ringwood, N.; Fdge., 
se.; Ct. ; Christch., Dt.; Soton, s¢., EF. “Eastleich, “f. Gr, K.: ; Romsey, 
Pev,iCh, Fd.sc., Bs fee Ao: Ampfield, a few, Ht. ; Fareham, ay 
Risotto nce, Bee Harewood! Pamiber! H.; Sth. of Newbury, S1.; LW 
£63 1.W.G-; Vents C., A.; Freshw., c.,.M, - 

Dradirone ional — Winton, Teg Down, Ht. : LW., Freshw., abt., 
Tey M.,. S:,-Ac joMent., a. Be, L 178 .5\:ab. signata occ. ‘taken, LW.G. 

Omontis monoualla: ye, & eA F.: ; Ringwood, N.; - Christch., Dt.; 


(12) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’ S. RECORD. 


Soton, c., M.,; F.; Ch. Fd., ¢., R., A.; Winton, n.e., Ht.; Ptsmth., 
used to be c., now se., B.; Havant, loc. c., B.; Pamber, c., H.; Sth. 
of Newbury, Sl.; A yellow form occurs rarely; I.W., Bembridge, 
Parkhurst, I1.W.G. 

Oenestis quadra.—N.F., oce., T., M., Ht.; Ly., f.¢., F.; Holmesley, 
e., Hk.; Christch.,,{Dtw; Winton, W.L.., 1882 ; pide, PAOB.S 
Andover, olla: LW., old records only. 

_ Lithosia- deplana.—N.F., f. c., M., Ht.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, c. 
some yrs., F,, A.; Eastleigh, f. ¢. and variable, K.; Ptsmth., v. e. 
some yrs., Ditcham, c., B.; Dark forms occur, f. ¢. 

Lithosia griseola.—N.F., Brook, n.c., B.; Ringwood, N.; Fdge., 
f. c., Ct.; Christch., Dt.; Bassett, A.; Ch. Fd.,.se., R.; Winton, f. c., 
Ht.; Eastleigh, c., K.; Ptsmth., loc. f. c., B.; Havant, oce., H.: 
Ovington, §.; Longparish, H.; var. flava ev. with the type; I.W., 
Sandown, #.R., VIII. 174; Nr. Yarmouth, Bordwood, I.W.G. 

Lithosia lurideola.—Gen. dist. and more or less ¢. 

Lithosia complana.—N.F¥., Ht.: Ringwood, N.; Brook, n. ¢., B.; 
Fdge., sc.; Hinton Admiral, Ct.; Soton, f.c., F., A.; Ch. Fd., ¢., R.; 
Hastleigh, oec., K.; Havant, n.c., E.; Headley Park, 1 sp., S.; I.W., 
nr. Sandown, I.W.G. 

Lithosia sororcula.—N.F., loc. r., T., F., B.; Ringwood, N.; 
Christch., Dt.; Soton, r., F.; Ch. Fd., sce., R.; Ampfield, n.c., Ht. ; 
Hursley, loc., M.; Ptsmth., n. c., B.; Harewood, Pamber, f. ec, H.; 
I.W., Parkhurst, Hk. 

Pelosia muscerda.—Very occ. sp. recorded from Matley Bog, E.R., 
V., ete. 

Diphtera orion.—N.F.. oce., T., M., Ht. ; Hurst Hill, J.; Ringwood, 
N.;, Holmsley, Hk, R.; Soton,'sc.; ¥.;. Ch.old.;se.; RB. 5: 'f. e270; 
Ptsmth., f. c., B.; Forest of Bere, in some plenty. H.; I.W., Rare, 
Parkhurst, Freshw., Bembridge, I. W.G. 

Demas coryli.—N.F., c., M., Ht., N.; Soton, oce., F., A.; Ch. Fd., 
sc., R.; Crab Wood, c., Ht.; Ptsmth, c., B.; Havant, f. c., E.; Alton, 
f. ¢., S.; Doles Wood, H.; I.W., Shanklin, 1 sp., I.W.N.H.S. 

Acronicta leporina.—N.F., oce., Pe., T.; f.¢,, B.; Holmsley, R. ; 
Christch., Dt.; Soton, f.¢., F., A.: Bassett, occe., M.; Ch. Fd., n.¢., 
R.; Crab Wood, St. Cross, Ht.; Winton, oce., M.; Ptsmth., n. ¢., B.; 
Fareham, H.; Pamber, Harewood, oce., H.; I.W., n.c¢., I.W.G. 

Apatela aceris—N.F., Hk, N.; n. ¢., B.; Christch., Dt. ; Fdge., 
ne :c.,, Ct.; Soton, occ, Fy Mi; :Ch., Fd.,se.,\R.5 ‘Romsey, Pe. ; 
Winton, c., Ht.: Fareham, H., T.; Ptsmth., n. c., Bo Hk.; Havant, 
occ., K.; Andover, H.; Sth. bf Newbury, Shep I. W., @., 1.W. G. 

Cuspidia teqacephala = Nate Pe. ; Rhamnor., R.; Ringwood, N.; 
Bnmth., Ct.; Christeh., Ds. ; Soron Heese Ge Ch. Fd., se., R. 3 
Winton, Ht.; Ptsmth., loc. c., B.; EareR aut OGes,2 HE: Alton, 1;spt; 
S.; Aldershot, c., Sn.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.5 LW. C.; LW.G. 

Jocheaera ab NEE, r., M., J., etc.; Ringwood, N.; Holmsley, 
R.; Soton, r., A.; Ch. Fd., r., R.: Winton, Ht.; Ptsmth., B. ; Sheep- 
wash, r., Ps. ; Privett, Tay By Burehelere, Highelere, oce., Sl. ; LW., 
old records only. 

Triaena tridens and 1’. psi.—Tbose who have reared and so differ 
entiated these two species, record them equally ¢. ev. 

Pharetra auricoma. sop ninclettelal H.F.C.; larvae on raspberry, 1871, 
W.L..,. 75. 


LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA. (18) 


Pharetra rumicis.—Soton, f. ¢., F., A.; Hastleigh, occ., F.; Ch. 
Fd., r., R.; Winton, f.c., Ht.; Swanwick, n.c., A.; Lee on Solent, 
Hk.; Horndean, r., B.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, 
Freshw., Newport, Yarmouth, I.W.G. 

Bisulcia ligustrimRingwood, N.; Soton, oce., F.; Romsey, Pe. ; 
Ch. Fd., oe Hursley, Winton, occ., M.; Crab Wood, f. ¢c., Ht.; 
Ptsmth., ee Havant, 1 sp., E.; Alton, f. c., S.; Harewood, 1 sp., 
Pamber, 1 Sp., H.; Sth. of New bury, later W., Freshw., Sandown, 
St. Blea, Lane 

Bryophila perla.—Gen. dist. and c. ; Rare in N.F. 

Bryophila muralis (glandifera).—Ringwood, N.; Christch., f.c., R. ; 
Ptsmth., n. c., B.; Southsea, Hk.; Fareham, 1 sp., T.; Sth. of New- 
bury; Sl.; I.W., n:¢, A:; Freshw., singly, .#.R., iL. 2385; -f. c. 
throughout, I. W.G. 

Agrotis segetum.—Abt. ev. 

A gear vestigialis.—Rineg wood, N.; On the coast, Ht. ; nr. Ptsmth., 
Pe; Haylinost) ce), 0B meso Wrist: "Helens, C., LW.N.H.C. 

Agra corticea.—Gen. dist. and f. c. 

Agrotis cinerea.—Ch. Fid., 1 sp., R.; occ., A.; Winton, n.c., Ht., 
T., M., A. ; Horndean, n. en 15)-6 Datsdlont Hills, n. c., T.; Pamber, 
1 sp., H.; I.W., Vent., oce., C.; Very uncommon, I.W.G.; Freshw., 
Pe. 

Agrotis puta.—Gen. dist. and ec. 

Agrotis lunigera.—I.W., Freshw., abt., T., M., A., ete.; Cliffs, Ht.; 
Sandown, E.R., V. 227. 

Agrotis cursoria.—Hayling, f. c., B. 

Agrotis nigricans.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Fdge., Ct.; Bassett, A. ; 
Ch. Fd., n. c., R.; Portsdown Hills, c., H., B.; Ptsmth. and Hayling 
salterns, f. c., B., Ps.; I.W., Freshw., f.c., M.; Sparingly, 1.W.G. 

Agrotis triticiRingwood, N.; Hayling, abt., B.; Havant, f. ¢., 
K.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Freshw., c., Pe., M.; St. Helens, c., 
B.; Sandown, n. c., 1. W.G. 

Agrotis aquilina.—N.F., sc., B.; Ringwood, N.; Boscombe, r., R.; 
Hayling, sc., B.; I.W., Freshw., n. c., M.; Shanklin, Sandown, 
I.W.G. 

Agrotis obelisca.—Bnmth., E.R., IX. 39; I.W., Freshw., c., M., T., 
Ht., etc. ; Vent., Newport, Niton, Freshw., it We Gg. 

gratis poilaationte —Abt. ev. 

Agrotis ypsilon (suffusa).—Gen. dist., f. c. 

Agrotis ripae.—Mudiford, A.; Ptsmth., C., B.; Hayling, abt., T., 
E., etc.; I.W., St. Helens, abt., T.; Freshw., f. c., M., Pe. 

Aagrotis strigula.— Well dist. on heaths and commons, c.; I.W., nr. 
Sandown, I.W.G. 

Agrotis praecox.—Pokesdown, H.F.C. 

Ayrotis saucia.—Gen, dist , sometimes c. 

Agrotis lucernea.—Bassett, 1 sp., A.; Meon Valley, sc., H.F.C. ; 
I.W., Freshw., T., M., etc. 

Agrotis simulans.—I.W., v. r., I1.W.G. 

Agrotis agathina.—N.F., loc., f. ¢., B., M., Ht.; Ringwood, N., 
Bassett, r., A.; Ch. Fd., loc., f. ¢, R., Pe. 

Agrotis obscura.—Bassett, | sp., A.; Portsdown Hills, 1 sp., 1921, 
Ps. 

Noctua augur.—Nn.F., c., T., B.; Ch. Fd., r., R., A.; Crab Wood, 


(14) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Ds Cs, | Eta) -Purbrookes ne ies bas ae elaarateena Caner p eA On bun 
Monxton, Pamber, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl. 

Noctua ylareosa.—N.F., formerly, Ht.; Christch., r., R. ; Purbrook, 
n.c., B.; I.W., Freshw., 1 sp., #.R., V. 263; Sandown, Freshw., 
fairly plentiful, I.W.G. 

Noctua castanea.—N.F.; f. c., T., M., B.; Ly., Ht.; Sway, Ct.; 
Bassett, A.; Pamber, all forms c., H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; var. 
neglecta is the usual form in N.'.; I.W., n.¢., var. neglecta only, I.W.G. 

Noctua baja.—Gen. dist., more or less c. 

Noctua c-nigrum.—Gen. dist., c. 

Noctua flammatra.—Two of the three Brit. sp. from I.W., 1859, 
1876, M.B.I., 1. 222. 

Noctua ditrapezium.—N.F., v., B.; Horndean, r., B.; Pamber, 1 
larva, H. 

Noctua triangulwmn.—Gen. dist., more or less c. 

Noctua stigmatica.—N.F., f. c., Pe., B., V.; Ch. Fd.,sc., R.; Farley 
Mt., f. c., Ht,; Michelmersh, c., M.; Horndean, n. c., B.; Alton, S.; 
Monxton, Harewood, H. 

Noctua brunnea.—Gen. dist., c.; I.W., Freshw., I. W.G. 

Noctua primulae (festiva).—Gen. dist., c. 

Noctua dahlii.i—N.F., t. c., Pe.. M.; Farley Woods, occ., Ht. ; 
Michelmersh, f. c., M.; Harewood, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., 
old records only. 

Noctua rubi.—Gen. dist., c. 

Noctua wnbrosa.—N.F., n.c., B., M.; Bassett, r., A., Ch. Fd., c., 
R.; Winton, occ., Ht.; Purbrook, n. c., B.; Ovington, c., S.; Sth. of 
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, I.W.G. 

Noctua wanthographa.—e. ev. 

Noctua plecta.—Gen. dist., c. 

Aaylia putris.—N.F., Bramshaw, sc., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, 
oce., F., A.; Romsey, occ., Pe., M.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Winton, Ht. ; 
Ptsmth., n. c., B.; Havant, occ., E.; Fareham, Andover, H.; Sth. of 
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., c., I.W.G. 

Triphaena comes.—ce. ev. 

Triphaena orbona (subsequa).—N.F., n. c., M., B., T.; South and 
Kast of N.F., V.; Fdge., Ct.; Christch., Dt.; Soton,r., F., A.; Ch. Fd., 
n. c., R.; Winton, f. c., Ht.; Michelmersh, n. c., M.; Monxton, 
Harewood, H.; I.W., n.c., B.; Freshw., abt., H.R., V., 268; Cowes, 
Sandown, Parkhurst, Vent., I. W.G. 

Triphaena pronuba.—Abt. ev. 

Triphaena fimbria.—Gen. dist., more or less ec. 

Triphaena tanthina.—Gen. dist., more or less c. 

Triphaena interjecta.—N.F., ¢, 13.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, f. «., 
F.; Ch. Fd., se., R. ; Crab Wood, Ht.; Marchwood, Hk. ; Portsdown, 
f. c., B.; Havant, f. c., H.; Gen. dist. in North, H., Sl.; [.W., Freshw., 
far, bes. Mike tec VinGre 

Hurots prasina.—e. in all larger woods. | 

Aplecta tincta.—Ch. Fd., r., R.; Kastleigh, occ., K.; Winton, f. c., 
M.; Crab Wood, sometimes c., Ht.; Pamber, c., H. 

Aplecta advena.—Christch., Dt.; Soton, f. c., M.; Bassett, 1 sp., 
A.; Winton, f. c., M., Ht.; Alton, 2 sp., S.; Woolmer, c., K.; Sth. of 
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Fresh W., occ., I.W.G. 


Aplecta nebulosa.—c. ev. in woods. 


LIST OF THE MACRO-LEPIDOPTERA, (15) 


Barathra brassicae.—e. ev. 

Mamestra persicariae.—e. ev. 

Mamestra albicolon.—Bnmth., Ct.; Christch., H.F.C.; Hayling, 
T.; Nr. Ptsmth., sometimes abt., Ps., B. 

Mamestra oleracea.—e. ev. 

Mamestra genistae.—N.F., f. c., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, f. c., 
A.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, f. c., M., F.; Portsdown, 
n.c., B.; Alton, Itchen Abbas, S.; Harewood, Pamber, H.; Sth. of 
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, n.c., T.; Freshw., Vent., I.W.G. 

Mamestra dissimilis. —N.F., Pe., Ht.; Havant, c., T., K.; Ptsmth. 
salterns, c., B.; Cosham, Hayling, Ps.; I.W., Sandown, Freshw., ¢., 
I. W.G. 

Mamestra thalassina.—N.F., Ringwood, N.; Forest Side, Hk. ; 
Bassett, A.; Ch. Fd., f. c., R., A.; Romsey, Pe. ; Winton, c., Ht., M.; 
Portsdown, c., B.; Pamber, c., H., T.; Harewood, c., H.; Sth. of 
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Freshw., I.W.G. 

Mamestra contiqua.—N.F., sometimes c., Pe., B.; Bumth., f.c., M.; 
Bassett, Hursley, f.c., M.; Romsey, Pe.; Ch. Fd., r., R., A.; Crab 
Wood, 1 sp., Ht.; Horndean, n. c., B.; Pamber, r., H.; I.W., 
old records only. 

Mamestra pisi.i—N.F., n. c., B., M.; f. ¢., Ht.; Ringwood, N. ; 
Milford, Ct.; Soton, sc., F.; Ch. Fd., sc., R.; Romsey, Pe.; Oak- 
hanger, S.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; Langley Clumps, 1 larva, H. ; 
I.W., Lake, a few larvae, I.W.G. 

Mamestra trifolii—N.F., Bramshaw, occ., B.; Ly., L.R., XI. 347; 
Christch., R., Dt.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, loc. c., Ht.; Havant, c., 
T., E.; Fareham, c., T., H.; Hayling, c., K.; I.W., Freshw., f. c., M. ; 
Shanklin, Sandown, f. c., I. W.G. 

Mamestra nana (dentina).—Gen. dist., usually c. 

Mamestra peregrina.—8 Brit. sp. all at Freshw., M.B.I., I. 246, 
I.W.G. 

Dianthoecia conspersa.—Romsey, Pe.; Winton, a few sp., Ht. ; 
Fareham, n. c., T.; Portsdown, n. c., B.; Alton, L sp. bred, S., 
Colmer, H.F.C.; Monxton, oce., H. 

Dianthoecia albimacula.—1 sp. at Gosport, 1865, H.F.C., T., M.B.I., 
I. 249. 

Dianthoecia capsincola.—N.F., Bramshaw, c., B.; Ringwood, N.; 
Soton, n. c., M., F.; Ch. Fd., c., R., A.: Eastleigh, f.c., K.; Romsey, 
Pe.; Winton, c., Ht., K.; Portsdown, f.c., B.; Alton, occ., S.; Sth. 
of Newbury, SI.; I.W., c., I. W.G. 

Dianthoecia cucubali.—N.F., Bramshaw, sc., B.; Ringwood, N. ; 
Christch., Dt. ; Milford, abt., Ct.; Soton, n.c., F.; Ch. Fd., sc., B., 
A.; Eastleigh, f. c., K.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, occ., Ht.; Portsdown, 
n.c., T.; Hayling, f.c., B., E.; Ditcham, f. c., B.; Alton, occ., S.; 
Monxton, c., H.; Sth. of Newbury, SI.; I.W., Sandown, oce., Freshw., 
I.W.G. 

Dianthoecia carpophaya.—Ringwood, N.; Soton, f. ¢. F., A.; 
Netley, f. c., K.; Ch. Fd., f.¢., Farley, ¢., R. ; Romsey, Pe.; Portsdown, 
n.c., T.; Hayling, Ditcham, f.c., B.; Havant, f. ¢., E.; Alton, c., 
S.; Monxton, c., H.; Sth. of Newbury, SI. ; I.W., Sandown, r., I.W.G. 

Hecatera chrysozona.—Oecurs, V. 

Hecatera serena.—Gen. dist. except N.F., f. ¢. 

Neuria reticulata. —Fdee., f. c., Ct.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, occ., 


(16) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


Ht.; Ptsmth., n. c., B.; Fareham, oce., T.; Alton, oce., S. ; Andover, 
c., H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Sandown, oec., Newport, Shanklin, 
I.W.G. 

Hpineuronia popularis.—Gen. dist., sometimes ec. 

Tholera cespitis.—N.F., f. ¢., Ht., M.; Ringwood, N.; Christch., 
n. c., M.; R., Dt.; Bassett, r., A.; Ch. Kd., sc. R., A. ; Fareham, 
1 sp, T.; Ptsmth., B.; Havant, n. c., B.; Silchester, c., Ho; I. W., 
Freshw., E.R., V1. 304, etc. 

Charaeas graminis.—Ringwood, N.; Bnmth., n. c., M.; Rock- 
bourne, 1 sp., Ct.; Hurslev. n.c., M.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, n. c.,. 
W.L., 1891; Hayling, sc., B., E.; Hyden Wood, sc., B.; Fareham, 
Kingsclere, H.; Selborne, H.F.C.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I. W., 
Sandown, Vent., single sp., 1. W.G. 

Humichtis adusta.—N.F., f. c., B.; Ringwood, N.; Ch. Fd., r., RB. ; 
Romsey, Pe. ; Crab Wood, r., Ht.; Portsdown, f. c., B.; Woolmer, 
f. c., K.; Harewood, Pamber, H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.: I.W., 
Sandown, n.c, I.W.G. 

EHumichtis protea.—Gen. dist,, sometimes abt. Usually very variable. 

Bombycia viminalis.—N.F., f. c., B.; Ringwood, N.; Soton, f. ¢., 
F., A.; Ch. Fd., ¢.,.R:, A; Romsey, Pe.; “Winton, fle.) Me3n@rab 
Wood, Ht.; Portsdown, f. c., B.; Fareham, n.c., T.; Alton, f. c., 8.; 
Pamber, occe., H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; I-W., Bembridge, St. Helens, 
1 sp., 1. W.G. 

Kremobia ochroleuca.—Christch., H.F.C.; Winton, 1 sp., 1872, 
W.L., 1875; I.W., Sth. coast, V., H.F.C.; Bembridge, Sandown, 
I.W.G. 

Diloba caeruleocephala.— Gen. dist. more or less ec. 

Heliophobus hispidus.—I.W., Freshw., 1 sp., H.R., V. 229; Freshw., 
sce:, 1.W:G., Pe. 

Luperina testacea.x—Gen. dist., ¢. 

Luperina dumerilit._l.W,, Freshw., 3 sp., 1859, I.W.G. 

Cerigo matura.—N.F., n. c., M., B.; Bassett, c., A.; Ch. Fd., n. c., 
R., A.; Marehwood, Hk.; Romsey, Pe.; Shawford, occ., K.; Ports- 
down, n.c., B., H., T.; Hayling, f. c., E.; Andover, H.; Sth. of 
Newbury, Sl.; I.W., Newport, f. c., B.; Sandown, c., I.W.G. 

Celaena haworthii.—Nr. Sandown, 1 sp., H.R., XIX. 308; Occurs, 
Vv 


Hama abjecta.—Christch., Dt. ; Fareham, Cosham, T., H.; Hayling, 
f. c., B., Ps.; Havant,.T., E.; 1.W., Sandown, Freshw., Pe., M.B.1.; 
I. 270; Yarmouth, St. Helens, I.W.G. 

Hama sordida.—Ringwood, N.; Bassett, f. ¢., A.; Cb. Fd., se., 
R.; Romsey, Pe.; Winton, c., Ht.; Fareham, c., T.; Portsdown, c., 
B.; Gen. dist. in Nth., H.; Sth. of Newbury, Sl.; 1.W., Sandown, 
Freshw., c., I. W.G. 

Hama furva.—Occurs, V.; Ringwood, N.; Fareham, 1 sp. H.; 
Little Park, Hk.; Winton, a doubtful record, Ht. 

Apamea gemina.—Gen. dist., more or less c.; Winton, a banded 
form, Ht. 

Apamea basilinea.—Gen. dist., ¢. 

Apamea unanimis.—Shawford, n.c., R.; Romsey, Pe. ; Winton, c.,. 
Ht.; Havant, 1 sp., E.; n.c., B.; Alton, Ovington, occ., S. ; Pamber,. 
Monxton, H.; I.W., Sandown, 1 sp., St. Helens, 1.W.G. 

Apamea secalis (didyma).—Abt. ev. 


Vou. XXXV. Puate J. 


The Entomologist’x Record. Photo. B. C. S. Warren. 
EREBIA FLAVOFASCIATA. 


I. & II. The Tschierva race. III. The Campolungo race. 
Last figure of each ?. Last 2 figs. ¢. 


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